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Bangladesh's textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments along with specialized textile products, is the nation's number one export earner, accounting for 80% of Bangladesh's exports of $15.56 billion in 2009. Bangladesh is 2nd in world textile exports, and China which exported $120.1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3.5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh's textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating. As of 2012 wages remained low for the 3 million people employed in the industry, but labor unrest was increasing despite vigorous government action to enforce labor peace. Owners of textile firms and their political allies were a powerful political influence in Bangladesh. The textile dyeing and washing industry plays an important role in the economical growth as well as the environmental sectors of Bangladesh. The textile dyeing industries has been condemned as being one of the worlds most offenders in terms of pollution. There are many dyeing industries in Bangladesh which are mainly located at Gazipur and Narayanganj industrial area. This study was aimed at the dyeing industries to assess the present situation of environmental impacts arising from the activities of dyeing industries in Bangladesh. This was done by analyzing numerous data obtained from different laboratory test concerning a range of water quality parameters of Bangladesh. Important water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, TSS, BOD, COD and presence of metals were measured by testing samples. The samples were collected from effluent water of a renowned and international buyer recognized industry named UNIQUE Washing and Dyeing industry Limited in Gazipur. The results show that all the water quality parameters are within the permissible limits. Though the water test report shows no vulnerable change in water quality for this particular industry, but the overall EIA report shows the highest negative impact on physico-ecological environment. The human interest related factors make the total EIV positive. Bangladesh has emerged, in just under decade, as the twelfth largest garment-manufacturing nation in the world, thanks largely to the Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA), and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) of the European Union, that conferred significant quota benefits to
the country. The garment sector now accounts for about 77% of the countrys foreign exchange earnings, and 50% of its industrial work force . Textile is the most important sector of Bangladeshs economy. Textile industry uses large quantity of water in its production processes and highly polluted and toxic waste waters are discharged into sewers and drains without any kind of treatment. The textile dyeing industries of Gazipur and Narayanganj generate large amount of effluents, sewage sludge and solid waste materials everyday which are being directly discharged into the surrounding channel, agricultural fields, irrigation channels, surface water and these finally enter in to Turag and Shitalakkhya River.
Textile and dyeing industrial effluents may cause alteration of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of aquatic environment by continuous change in temperature, odor, noise, turbidity etc that is harmful to public health, livestock, wildlife, fish, and other biodiversity. The presence of dyes in surface and subsurface water is making them not only aesthetically objectionable but also causes many water borne diseases, viz. mucous membrane, dermatitis, perforation of nasal septum and severe irritation of respiratory tract. Contamination to this aquatic system brings serious threat to the overall epidemic and socio-economic pattern inside.
Industrial effluents impart a minor fraction of chemical load to the environment; its integrity renders the environmental quality fairly deplorable. For this, nearly 30 numbers of villages at Gazipur and a large number of people living near the D.N.D Embankment area are now being threatened due to the environmental degradation. People who live in these areas are utilizing surface water for their house hold washing, bathing, irrigation, fish culture and other necessary works. Furthermore no systemic data had been obtained on water quality of these areas. So, proper analysis is needed to assess the pollution level also for the protection of environment and natural resources. Such information is important for the authorities to take proper action in preventing pollution of the area for the good health of the population. Therefore in the present study we tried to determine the extent of pollution level of various physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in order to characterize the effluents of the textile dyeing industries
waste.Exploring and implementing sustainable textile materials and products through sustainable design approach.
4) Sustainable Processing of Textiles: There is need for ecofriendly wet processing that is sustainable and beneficial methods. Number of sustainable practices has been implemented by various textile processing industries such as Eco friendly bleaching; Peroxide bleaching; Eco friendly dyeing and Printing; Low impact dyes; Natural dyes; Azo Free dyes; Phthalates Free Printing.
SOURCE :- http://www.ijesd.org/papers/164-D580.pdf
Associated reasons are as follows: Reactive dyes are easily soluble in water The dyes have very stable electron arrangement and can protect the degrading of ultra violet ray Reactive dyes give brighter shades and have moderate rubbing fastness Dyeing method of reactive dyes is easy. It requires less time and low temperature for dyeing. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap. Available in market Fixation occurs in alkaline condition Various shed formed. Fabric damage is less Stripping and topping is easy.
Source:- http://www.docstoc.com/docs/78810161
Major products exported from Bangladesh include polyester filament fabrics, man-made filament mixed fabrics, PV fabrics, viscose filament fabrics and man-made spun yarns. Major garments exported include knitted and woven shirts and blouses, trousers, skirts, shorts, jackets, sweaters and sportswear, among other fashion apparel
The handloom industry provides employment for a large segment of the population of Bangladesh and supplies a large portion of the fabric required by the local market. According to the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), the total fabric requirement in the captive market is about 3 billion yards, of which roughly 85 to 90 percent is imported from countries such as China, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Korea, Indonesia and Taiwan. Fabric demand is increasing at the rate of 20 percent per year.
Although the industry is one of the largest in Bangladesh and is still expanding, it faces serious
problems, principally because the country does not produce enough of the raw materials necessary for the industry to expand. The primary materials used in the spinning sector are raw cotton and man-made fibers such as viscose and polyester staple fibers. Unfortunately, none of these raw materials are produced in Bangladesh.
Most spinning mills in Bangladesh produce low-grade yarn. Available figures show that current yarn production satisfied only 22-percent of the total yarn demand. In spite of this drawback, as many as 116 new spinning mills, each having the capacity of 25,000 spindles, will be established in the near future.
The weaving sector also is plagued by a lack of organization and coordination. The existing weaving capacity in Bangladesh can meet only about 40 percent of fabric demand; the rest is imported. However, the increasing trend of expansion in the weaving sector is clear from the fact that 223 modern weaving plants, each with an annual capacity of 10 million meters, will be set up in the near future.
The knitting and hosiery sectors look brighter than weaving, and about 80 percent of garment accessories like cartons, threads, buttons, labels, poly bags, gum tapes, shirt boards and neck boards now are being produced within Bangladesh and contribute to the the national gross domestic product. However, the textile industry is just budding. Source: http://www.textileworldasia.com/Articles/2006/January/Features/Bangladesh_Country_Profile.ht ml