4.

4 Linear Dielectrics
r stable F

F stable

magnetic dipole superconductor image dipole

4.4.1 Susceptibility, Permitivility, Dielectric Constant

r If E is not too strong, the polarization is proportional to the field. r r r r r r P = e 0 E (since D = 0 E + P , D is electric displacement from free )
r r D = P = 0

e is called the electric susceptibility.

e =

M P , m = 0E H

r r r r r D = 0 E + P = 0 (1 + e )E = E , is called the permittivity.

r =

= 1 + e is called the relative permittivity, or dielectric constant. 0

Dielectric Constant Material 1 1.000065 1.00054 1.00055 Benzene Diamond Water KTaNbO3 Dielectric Constant 2.28 5.7 80.1 34,000

Material Vacuum Helium Air Nitrogen

What is high K material?

+++++++++

E Vacuum ------------------------It may discharge for an electric field higher than E.

+++++++++ +++++++++ r = 2 E

Example: A metal sphere of radius a carries a charge Q. It is surrounded, out to radius b, by linear dielectric material of permittivity . Find the potential at the center. r r r Q Q Q and b > r > a , E = r > b, E = r D= r r 2 2 4 0 r 4r 4r 2

a b

V=

Q 4

a b Q 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 dr = + dr r2 r b 0 4 0b b a

r r Q b > r > a , P = e 0 E = e 0 2 r 4r r b = P = 0
r r Q Q ) = e 0 2 and r = b , b = P (r ) = e 0 2 r = a , b = P ( r 4a 4b If the space is entirely filled with a homogeneous linear dielectric, then r r E D = f and D = 0 When crossing the boundary: r r D = P 0
vacuum P

Example: A parallel-plate capacitor is filled with insulating material of dielectric constant r . What effect does this have on its capacitance?
2 AD = A + D+ = 2 AD = A D =

---------++++++++++

+
2

, E+ ,up =
=

+ , E+ ,up , out = + , E+ , down = + 2 2 0 2 0

+ , E , down = + , E , doun , out = + 2 0 2 2 0

+
2

, E ,up =

Ein =

Q Q A V = d = d, C= = = r Cvacuum A V d

4.4.2 Boundary Value Problem with Linear Dielectrics

If we place free charge inside a linear dielectric, r r r 0D e b = P = e 0 E = e = 1+ f e

If we place the free charge on the boundary:

D , above D ,below = f above E , above below E ,below = f

above

Vabove V below below = f , continuity: Vabove = Vbelow n n

Example: A sphere of homogeneous linear dielectric material is r placed in an otherwise uniform electric field E0 . Find the E0 electric field inside the sphere.
Method 1:

V V The free charge is on the boundary out out in in = f = 0 r r Only bound charge exists, no free charge. r >> R , Vout E0 r cos

r = R,

Vin V = 0 out and Vin = Vout r r A cos , Vin = Br cos r2

Vout = E0 r cos + E0 R +

A 3 2A 0 = BR , B = 0 E0 3 B = E0 , A = R 3 2 R R 2 + / 0 2 0 + r 3 3 3 V = Vin = E0 r cos = E0 z E = z E0 z 2 + r 2 + r 2 + r z
Method 2:

r may produce electric field Uniformly polarized sphere with polarization P = Pz r P inside. E= z 3 0
r P inducing the polarization: Total field inside: E = z E0 3 0 r r 3 3 3 e P = e 0 E = e 0 = Pz E z P E E E0 z E0 z = = 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 + + + 0 e e r

Example: Suppose the entire region below the plane z = 0 is filled with uniform linear dielectric material of susceptibility e . Calculate the force on a point charge q situated a distance d above the origin. Considering q without dielectric material: q d 1 E z ,below = 2 2 2 4 0 r + d r + d2 r E z , above = b and Considering dielectric material without q: b = P z 2 0

E z ,below =

b 2 0

r b qd = b = e 0 Ez ,below,total = e 0 Total effect: P z 3 2 2 2 0 4 0 r + d

b =

1 e qd 2 2 e + 2 r + d 2

3/ 2

Total bound charge:

e Qb = b da = q + 2 e e Use image charge Qb = q at z = -d to solve the problem. + 2 e V=

1 q + 4 0 x 2 + y 2 + ( z d )2

x 2 + y 2 + (z + d )

Qb

z>0

q + Qb 1 2 2 2 4 0 x + y + (z d ) r 1 qQb z attractive force on q: F = 4 0 (2d )2 V=

z<0

4.4.3 Energy in Dielectric Systems

To charge up a capactor, it takes energy of Q Q2 1 dQ = = CV 2 C 2C 2 Change of capacitance in dielectric materials: Cdielectric = r Cvacuum increase the energy because of an increase of charge

dW = VdQ W =

r r r W = f Vd , f = D W = D Vd = D Vd

( )

r r r r r r r DV = D V + D V D V = DV + D E
Choose V=0 at r . r r 1 r r r r W = D Ed for a linear dielectric D E = D E 2

( )

( )

( )

W=

1 r r D Ed 2 l

4.4.4 Forces on Dielectrics

fringing field
Cvacuum = Q wl 0 wl = = V d d

Cdielectric = r Cvacuum C =

0w
d

x + r

0w
d

(l x ) = 0 w ( r l e x )
d

Assume that the total charge on the plate is constant ( Q = CV ), W =

F = dW Q 2 dC 1 2 dC w = = V = 0 e V 2 attractive force 2 2d dx 2C dx 2 dx

1 Q2 2 C

If you start from constant voltage, the work supplied by a battery must be included.
F = d 1 dQ 2 CV + V dx 2 dx

If the voltage is constant and the charge is varying, you must include the force due to the battery for maintaining a constant voltage. ++++++++ + + + + ++++

Exercise: 4.18, 4.23, 4.28

1. Dielectric material increase the capacitance of a capacitor store much more charges 2. P
E+ P 3 0 P 3 0

E P E
E + P / 0

3. Ferroelectricity: BaTiO3

ferroelectric Transition temperature? Curie-Weiss law?

antiferroelectric