Nursing Research

Michael Kenneth A. Desierto, R.N., M.A.N. Research -Research is an honest, scientific investigation undertaken for the purpose of discovering new facts which will contribute to the present body of knowledge and can lead to an effective solution of existing problems. (PNA) Nursing Research -seeks or utilize knowledge specific to ________________. It aims to: Phenomenon -An occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses. -A fact or event of scientific interest susceptible to scientific description and explanation. General Purpose of Research 1. Description -research describes a phenomenon that relates to the nursing profession. 2. Exploration -research explores or investigates the phenomenon by recording and observing events. It answers _______ questions. a. What factors relate to a patients stress levels? b. What do insulin-dependent patients want to know about their ailment? c. How do nurses react to aggressive patients? 3. Explanation -seeks clarification _____ a phenomenon occurred. a. Why do geriatric patients need lower drug dosage than young adults? b. Why is care of chronically ill patients done more effectively at home than in a hospital? c. Why do younger children need more parenting than older children? 4. Prediction and Control -____________ events that could arise from the study and ____________ barriers that can hinder effective client care outcomes. Four Characteristics of Research 1. Control 2. Empiricism 3. Generalization 4. Orderly and Systematic Criteria in Choosing Research Problems 1. F 2. I 3. N 4. E 5. R Will it improve nsg practice? Ethics in Research 1. Informed Consent 2. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 3. Right to Self-Determination 4. Anonymity and Confidentiality 5. Justice Major Steps in the Research Process 1. Formulation of the Problem 2. Formulation of the Hypothesis 3. Determine the Research Design 4. Selection of Tools for Collecting Data 5. Data Collection 6. Organizing, Processing, Interpretation 7. Conclusion & Recommendation 8. Writing the Research Report

 Format Guide for the Written Report 1. Title and Author 2. Introduction 3. Methodology 4. Findings 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion and Recommendation 7. References A general purpose of research that projects events that may result from conducting the study: What are the 4 general purposes or research: Characteristic of research that eliminates research constraints or barriers: Use of experiences & own observations as source of knowledge for the study is: When research findings may be applied to the general population, it refers to the characteristic: One criteria in choosing a research problem is its potential researchability, the term is : Another criteria in choosing a research problem is the consideration of the subjects rights: When the Research subject decides for himself whether to participate or not in the study, he is exercising: The researcher does not disclose any information regarding the subject to anyone who is not a part of the study, the researcher observes: The subject has signed the informed consent for the research experiment, but later he decided not to participate. What can the subject do: The only APO for nurses in the Philippines:

CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM FORMULATION a. Source of Topic b. Purpose or Objective c. Review of Related Literature d. Theoretical & Conceptual Models e. Delineate the Population f. Assumptions g. Scope and Limitation h. Definition of Terms A. SOURCE OF TOPIC 1. Natural Curiosity 2. Nursing Problems 3. Appointed by a Superior Title of the Study -embodies substantive words which gives the idea of what the research study is all about. Examples: Self Concept and Professional Attributes of Staff Nurses in Relation to Patients Satisfaction Index. Work Values of Nurses and Their Clinical Performance in Selected Government Hospitals in Metro Cebu Introduction -a brief discussion of the rationale and background of the problem. -stimulates the ___________ of the reader. Statement of the Problem -indicates the population and the major variables of the study. Ways of Stating the Problem a. Interrogative Form Do patients in open wards in Tertiary Hospitals receive less nursing care than those in private rooms? b. Declarative Form To determine whether people who always watch TV read fewer books. B. PURPOSE or OBJECTIVE -describes WHAT is to be studied and WHY. -states the reason why the research is being conducted. Major Problem Ex: The purpose of this study is to secure information regarding the nursing personnels activities to determine how much time they spend on specific levels and areas of activity. Minor Problem Ex: 1. To state clearly the tasks of nursing personnel and compare it with actual job performance. 2. To help set up an in-service training program designed to upgrade actual job performance.

3. To guide nursing service administrators in conducting similar studies. C. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE -use of _______________________ that provides a basis related to the proposed study. 2 Types of Related Literature: 1. Conceptual Literature 2. Research Literature 2 Sources of Related Literature: 1. Primary Source -data are taken from the ____________________ of the reference material. 2. Secondary Source -data are taken from an author who _____________________________________ in his work. Preparing the Related Literature: 1. Visit the Library 2. Organizing the Review 3. Note-taking & Documentation 4. Consolidate Ideas 5. Present the Content Note-taking & Documentation a. Summarizing b. Quoting c.Paraphrasing d. Acknowledging Sources Footnotes Endnotes

D. THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL MODELS THEORY -provide description and explanation of a phenomenon and are subject to further development or revision. CONCEPTS -concrete or abstract ideas. CONSTRUCTS PROPOSITIONS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM E. DELINEATE THE POPULATION UNIVERSE POPULATION SAMPLE SAMPLING SAMPLING BIAS Types of Sampling 1. Non-Probability Sampling -subjects are selected ____________________. a. Convenience b. Purposive c. Quota Sampling d. Snowball e. Cross-cultural Sampling 2. Probability Sampling -involves __________________ selection of subjects. a. Simple Random Sampling b. Systematic Sampling c. Cluster Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling

F. ASSUMPTIONS -statements describing a fact or condition that is accepted to be true on the basis of logic and reason . -does not need verification nor testing. G. SCOPE, LIMITATIONS, & DELIMITATIONS 1. SCOPE 2. LIMITATIONS 3. DELIMITATIONS H. DEFINITION OF TERMS -facilitates understanding of the study by defining the terms according to their contextual use. Types: 1. Conceptual Definition 2. Operational Definition CHAPTER 2: HYPOTHESIS -statements of the researchers expectations regarding the relationship of variables. -a shrewd guess or inference that is formulated to explain conditions and to guide further investigation. -stated in such a way that they are either accepted or rejected. Types of Hypothesis a. Simple or Univariate Ho -predicts the relationship between _________ and ___________. Ex. Performance in the College of Nursing is related to success in the PNLE. b. Complex or Multivariate Ho -predicts the relationship between ____________ IVs and Ex: Heredity, home environment, and quality of instruction are related to intelligence, motivation, and performance in school. c. Directional or Predictive Ho -_______________________ of the relationship between the variables. Example: People who smoke are more prone to lung cancer than those who do not smoke. d. Non-Directional Ho -________________________________of the relationship between the variables but states that there is a relationship. Example:There is a difference in the level of anxiety of preoperative patients who received preoperative instructions than those who did not receive such instruction. e. Alternative Ho -__________________________ ___ between variables. Example: There is a significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants. f. Statistical or Null Ho -____________________________ between the variables. Example: Infants born to heroin-addicted mothers do not have the same birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mothers. VARIABLES -quality, property, or characteristic of the person or thing to be studied that can be quantitatively or qualitatively measured. -any factor that varies. Kinds of Variables 1. Explanatory refers to the phenomenon under study that assumes different values. a. Independent Variable b. Dependent Variable Examples: -Work values of Nurse Managers and Clinical Performance of Staff Nurses. -The Relationship between the Use of Tawa-tawa Herbs and the Healing of Patients with Dengue Fever. -Self-concept, Personal, and Professional Characteristics of Staff Nurses in Relation to Patients Satisfaction Index -Thermoregulation of Infants Utilizing Mineral Water Container and Droplight 2. Extraneous or Exogenous Variables -not the direct focus of the study but tend to affect results.

DVs.

a. Organismic physiologic, psychologic, and demographic factors. b. Environmental economic and sociological factors. 3. Abstract or Continuous Variables -factors that have different values which are _______________ measured. 4. Dichotomous Variables -factors with only _____ values and are used in _____________________ 5. Active Variables -factors that are ___________ and ____________________ by the researcher. . CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Research Designs

A. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH -an inquiry on ______________ and ________________. -Rschr controls and manipulates the ______________________ and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions. 1. True Experiment Elements of a True Experiment 1. Manipulation 2. Control 3. Randomization 4. Validity Threats to Validity: a. Hawthorne Effect -behavior of subjects are affected because they are aware that they are being observed. b. Halo Effect -tendency of the researcher to rate the subject high or low because of first impression on the subject. c. Experimenter Effect -researchers behavior influences the reaction of the subjects. *Double-Blind Experiments 2. Quasi-experiment -an experiment that ____________ an element of a true experiment. B. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH -researcher _________ control or manipulate the IV. 1. Basic , Pure, or Library Research -intends to increase or generate new knowledge and to improve patient care. Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers 2. Applied or Action Research -seeks solutions to immediate problems. Remedial Teaching: Its Effect on the Performance of Slow Learners Types of action Research: a. Historical Design -critical investigation of events and experiences of the past. Types of Historical Design a.1. Longitudinal RD designed to collect data over an ________________ time period. a.2. Cross-sectional RD collection of data at ______________________.

b. Descriptive Design -describes the nature of the phenomenon under investigation. Types of Descriptive Design b.1. Descriptive Normative Surveys -self-reported data collected from respondents through questionnaires or interviews. Example: A survey on Staff Nurses to determine their position regarding the Reproductive Health Bill. b.2. Correlational Studies -examines the ____________________________ between variables. Example: Is there any significant correlation between the academic performance of nursing students and their performance as staff nurses? b.3. Comparative Studies -examines the ________________ between variables. Example: Is there any significant difference in the chance of passing the PNLE for those who attend review classes and for those who do not?

b.4. Case Study -an ______________________________ of people in relation to nursing issues that are important to the client and researcher. b.5. Content Analysis -___________________ of the content of written materials. c. Quantitative Research -________ Science -studies that produce ___________________ data which can be subjected to statistical analysis. -includes Surveys and Evaluative Rsch. Rate of Medical Visits of Elderly Individuals in Cebu City d. Qualitative Research -________ Science -concerned with the _____________________________________ to an individual. Menopause: Womens Perceptions and Experiences Types d.1. Phenomenological Research -examines the _____________ of individuals about a phenomenon through description and analysis. Example: Lived Experiences of People Living with HIV d.2. Ethnographic Research -collection and analysis of data on the lifestyle and daily activities of _________ and _________ groups. Example: The Lifestyle and Health Beliefs of the People of Capiz d.3. Grounded Theory -generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena grounded in _________ to ___________________. CHAPTER 4: INSTRUMENTATION INSTRUMENTS -specially prepared tools or devices used to collect needed data. 1. Questionnaire -most common type of research instrument. -a paper and pencil approach in which respondents are asked to a set of printed questions. 2. Interview -second most common method of data collection. -face to face meeting and conversation to illicit answers from the respondent. 3. Observation -most direct means of studying the subjects. CHAPTER 5: DATA COLLECTION 1. Use of Medical Records 2. Use of Observers Data a. Non-participant Observer b. Participant-Observer 3. Use of Self-recording CHAPTER 6: ORGANIZATION, PROCESSING, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Measurement of Variables a. Nominal Scale -______________ of measurement that assigns characteristics of variables into categories. Ex: Sex: 1-Male; 2-Female Religion: 1-Catholic; 2-Islam b. Ordinal Scale -used in ____________ observations according to intensity. Data are ____________. 1. Likert Scale-respondents are asked to rate to which they ___________ or _____________. 2. Visual Analog/Graphic Rating Scale

3. Semantic Differential - respondents are asked to rate on bipolar_____________ adjectives. 4. Interval Scale no ________ value. 5. Ratio Scale with __________ value. Measures of Central Tendency Mean Median Mode

Range

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusions -summary of _____________ that focus on the answers to ______________. Recommendations -suggestions of possible applications of the research findings. God Bless!!!