APPENDIX A Proportioning of the Concrete Mix

JOB SPECIFICATION
Type of Construction Exposure Maximum Aggregate Size Slump Specified fc at 28 days Beam Mild, Non-air entrained 3-4 4500 psi

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Properties Bulk Specific Gravity Bulk Density, kg/m (lb/ft ) Dry-rodded Unit Weight, kg/m (lb/ft ) Fineness Modulus Moisture Deviation
3 3 3 3

Cement 3.15 3150 (196) -

Sand 2.40 2400 (150) 2.50 +1.4%

Gravel 2.8 2800 (175) 1574 (98) +0.3%

STEP 1 SLUMP
Table A-1 Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction*

Slump, mm (in) Concrete Construction Reinforced foundation walls and footings Plain footings, caissons, and substructure walls Beams and reinforced walls Building columns Pavements and slabs Mass Concrete Maximum** 75 (3) 75 (3) 100 (4) 100 (4) 75 (3) 75 (3) Minimum 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1)

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1) ** May be increased 25 mm (1 in) for consolidation by hand methods such as rodding and spading. Plasticizers can safely provide higher slumps.

Based on the given, a 3-4 slump range is desired and Table A-1 suggests a range of 1-4 for beams. Hence, a slump of 3- 4 is to be required.

STEP 2 Maximum Aggregate Sizes (MAS)

as maximum aggregate size is to be used as stated in the given.

STEP 3 Water Content

Table A-2 suggests that for MAS of and non-air entrained concrete a water content of 340lb per yd3 of concrete should be used. Approximate air content as obtained in Table A-3 is 2.0%.
Table A-2 Approximate Mixing Water in kg/m (lb/yd ) for Different Slumps and Nominal Maximum Aggregate Sizes* Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size in mm (in)** Slump, mm(in) Non-air-entrained Concrete 25 to 50 (1 to 2) 75 to 100 (3 to 4) 150 to 175 (6 to 7) Air-entrained Concrete 25 to 50 (1 to 2) 75 to 100 (3 to 4) 150 to 175 (6 to 7) *American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 318) ** These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious material contents for trial batches. They are maximums for reasonably well-shaped angular coarse aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications. *** The slump values for concrete containing aggregates larger than 40 mm (1 in) are based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 40 mm by wet screening. 216 (365) 205 (345) 197 (325) 184 (310) 174 (290) 166 (280) 154 (260) ______ 202 (340) 193 (325) 184 (305) 175 (295) 165 (275) 157 (265) 133 (225) 119 (200) 181 (305) 175 (295) 168 (280) 160 (270) 150 (250) 142 (240) 122 (205) 107 (180) 243 (410) 228 (385) 216 (360) 205 (340) 190 (315) 178 (300) 160 (270) ______ 228 (385) 216 (365) 205 (340) 193 (325) 181 (300) 169 (285) 145 (245) 124 (210) 207 (350) 199 (335) 190 (315) 179 (300) 166 (275) 154 (260) 130 (220) 113 (190) 9.5 (3/8) 12.5 (1/2) 19 (3/4) 25 (1) 40 (1 ) 50 (2)*** 75 (3)*** 150 (6)***
3 3

Table A-3 Approximate Target Percent Air Content Requirements for Different Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates* Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (in) 3/8 Non- air-entrained Concrete Air-entrained Concrete** Mild Exposure Moderate Exposure 4.5 6.0 4.0 5.5 3.5 5.0 3.0 4.5 2.5 4.5 2.0 4.0 1.5 3.5 1.0 3.0 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 1 2 0.5 3 0.3 6 0.2

Severe Exposure

7.5

7.0

6.0

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 318) ** The air content in job specifications should be specified to be delivered within -1 to +2 percentage points of the table target value for moderate and severe exposures

STEP 4 Water/ Cement Ratio

Since no studies were conducted to determine the standard deviation of the compressive strength of concrete prior to this experiment, we use the suggested increase in strength given in Table A-4. That is, the specified strength 4500psi is increased to 5700psi. Interpolating from Table A-5, we have a W/C equal to 0.43.
Table A-4 Increase in Strength for Different Specified Strengths (Standard Deviation Not Available) Specified Compressive Strength (fc) MPa <21 21-35 >35 psi <3000 3000-5000 >5000 Required Increase in Strength Mpa 7 8.5 10.0 psi 1000 1200 1400

Table A-5 Typical Relationship Between W/C Ratio and Compressive Strength of Concrete* W/C by Mass Average 28-day Compressive Strength, MPa (psi) 48 (7000) 41 (6000) 35 (5000) 28 (4000) 21 (3000) 14 (2000) *American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 211.3) ** Strength is based on cylinders moist-cured 28 days in accordance to ASTM C31 [AASHTO T23]. Relationship assumes nominal MAS about (3/4 in to 1 in) Non-Air -Entrained 0.33 0.41 0.48 0.57 0.68 0.82 Air-Entrained 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.59 0.74

STEP 5 Cement Content

The cement content is given for a 1yd3 concrete is given by: C = W/ (W/C) = 340 lb/ 0.43 = 790.70 lb

STEP 6 Weight of Gravel

Using Table A-6, we find the volume fraction of gravel by interpolation. Hence, for an FM of 2.50, a concrete of MAS has a volume fraction of 0.65. Consequently, the dry-rodded volume of gravel is 17.55 ft3. Moreover, the weight of gravel therefore is given by: G = (17.55 ft 3) (98 lb/ft3) = 1719.90 lb.
Table A-6 Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregates per Unit Volume of Concrete* MAS, mm(in) Bulk Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Volume of Concrete for Different Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate** Fineness Modulus 2.40 9.5 (3/8) 12.5 ( ) 19 () 25 (1) 37.5 (1 ) 50 (2) 75 (3) 150 (6) 0.50 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.87 2.60 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 2.80 0.46 0.55 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 3.00 0.44 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.81

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1) ** Bulk Volumes are based on aggregates in a dry-rodded condition as described in ASTM C29 [AASHTO T19]

STEP 7 Weight of Sand

Using Absolute Volume Method for a 27 ft3 concrete, we have the following:

Total ( )

STEP 8 Moisture Corrections

Applying moisture corrections for the sand and gravel components, we have the table below:
Material Calculated Weight (lb) C S G W 790.70 1069.29 1719.90 340 3919.89 +0.014(1069.29) +0.003(1719.90) -0.014(1069.29)- 0.003(1719.90) Moisture Correction Corrected Weight (lb) 790.70 1084.26 1725.06 319.87 3919.89

STEP 9 Trial Batch Adjustments

The trial batch has a total volume of . We then need to increase in

volume about 20% from the total volume of molds. Finally, we proportion the concrete mix to this trial volume.

Summary Batch Ingredients Weight Required for the 9 Molds Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate 7.44lb 18.40lb 40.14lb 25.23lb

University of the Philippines Diliman College of Engineering Institute of Civil Engineering 2nd Term A.Y. 2012-2013

CE 121 TL1 Laboratory Report #4:

Proportioning, Batching, Mixing, and Testing of Portland Cement Concrete

Submitted by: Arvin D. Sanchez 2009-24184

Submitted to: Nathaniel B. Diola, Dr. Eng Instructor

I. Objectives Civil and construction engineers are primarily concerned for the quality control of Portland cement concrete and the mix proportions used for it. The quality of concrete is directly affected by the extent of chemical reactions produced by its components. For example, the quality is controlled by the composition of the Portland cement used, rate of hydration and development of microstructure, admixtures and aggregate composition. The methods of mixing, transporting, placing, and curing of concrete strongly affect the serviceability of the structure developed from the mix. It is also true that the ingredients of good concrete and those that constitute bad concrete may be the same but the difference resides on the expertise of the ones handling the concrete during construction. (Mamlouk and Zaniewski, 2011) Proportioning of concrete mixes are of crucial importance whether on the solid or plastic state. During the plastic state, the main concern of the engineer is the workability and finishing characteristics of the concrete. Proper batching, mixing and handling of fresh concrete contribute to the strength and durability of concrete structures. Curing is the process of maintaining the desired moisture and temperature condition necessary for hydration of cement for a definite period of time. Proper curing not only increases strength, but also provides durability, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume stability and freeze-thaw resistance. The choice of curing method depends on availability of curing material, size and shape of the structure, economics, and aesthetics. Concrete as a material for construction is usually utilized for the design of compression members. Compressive strength is one the structural design specifications necessary in ensuring that the structure can carry the intended load. Hence, the compressive strength is the most commonly performed test on hardened concrete. From a job description given to the control group, the experiment aims to properly proportion, batch, mix, cure and test the concrete for compression. Results of compression testing are to be evaluated with respect to the standards of DPWH and ACI. II. Experimental Procedure A. Materials and Equipment used A weighing balance or scale accurate within 0.1% of the sample having at least 0.05kg (0.11lb) graduation was used extensively for determining masses. In ensuring the coarse aggregate sample to have a nominal maximum size of 3/4 in. but not to pass sieve No. 4, the sample is sieved in sieves of size 3/4in. and 4.75mm. For the fine aggregate, the sieve no. 200 is used to ensure that no particles should pass. A mechanical mixer is used to aid mixing of concrete. A tamping rod made of steel having a length of 60mm and diameter of approximately 16mm was used in striking the fresh concrete mass in the measure in determining the slump. Nine cylindrical metal molds having a

height of approximately equal to twice its diameter are used for hardening fresh concrete to desired testing size and shape. A curing pond is then used to immerse the concrete specimens until the day of testing. In testing the compressive strength of the specimens, a testing machine as required by ASTM C192 or ASTM C31 was used with the aid of the laboratory technician. B. Methodology Proportioning of the Concrete Mix: The 9 step concrete mix design procedure suggested by ACI was implemented in this procedure. Figure 1 illustrates the summary of the procedure. The proportioning of the trial mix for this experiment is completely shown in Appendix A.
If the slump is not given, decide the slump using Table A-1 Calculate the amount of fines using absolute volume method and adjust for moisture content in the aggregates used. Then adjust for the trial mix.

Decide the maximum size of aggregate; choose the maximum possible size using the following guidelines: maximum size > 1/5 narrowest dimension between forms. > 1/3 depth of slab > 3/4 clear spacing between reinforcing bars.

Choose the amount of coarse aggregate using Table A-6

Calculate Cement Content, C C= W/(W/C)

Decide the amount of water and air content based on Tables A-2 and A-3

Select the W/C ratio on Table A-5

Figure 1 Summary of ACI mix design procedure

Batching the Proportioned Concrete Mix: Concrete should be mixed thoroughly either by hand or in a mixer, until uniform consistency is achieved. The concrete in this experiment was batched by weight to eliminate problems created by bulking of damp sand. The mixer was first charged with 10% of the water, followed by uniform addition of fines and cementitious materials. Incrementing the amount of water until 80%, the mixer was allowed to mix the materials for about 3 minutes. Then, a 2-minute period of setting was allowed to scrap all unmixed materials. Next, all of the gravel mass was put into the mix and mixed thoroughly up to 3 minutes. Again, a 2-minute setting is allowed to be able to make a slump test of the fresh concrete. After checking that the required slump is achieved, the specimen tested for slump was put back into the mixer and was allowed to mix with the remaining material inside. Lastly, the fresh concrete mix was distributed into the 4 diameter by 8 height cylindrical molds for testing following ASTM C39.

Slump Test: In the slump test, the concrete in the plastic state is formed into a conical metal mold as described in ASTM C143. At each incremental level, the mix is tamped up to 25 strokes. The mold was then lifted, leaving the concrete to spread or to drop in height. The drop in height measured from the inverted conical mold to the center of the slumped concrete will be the slump measure of the degree of workability of the fresh concrete. An illustration of the slump test is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Illustration of the Slump Test

Curing and Testing of Concrete Specimens: Curing should start after the final set of the cement. Not curing concrete after setting results to shrinkage which eventually leads to cracking. After the surface of the fresh concrete is finished, specimens are kept in the mold for the first 248h. Specimens are then removed from the molds and cured at temperature of 231.70C (73.430F) by immersion in saturated-lime water until the time of testing. Using a testing machine, specimens are axially loaded by compression with a specified rate of loading until failure. The specimen compressive strength is calculated using Equation (1). Three specimens are tested for each test age (i.e. 7-day, 14-day, and 28-day testing ages). (1) where, lb and is the compressive strength of the specimen in psi, P is the ultimate compressive load in in2 is the cross sectional area of the specimen

III. Results and Discussion Table 1 summarizes the concrete mix proportion used for 10.8 times the volume of a single cylindrical mold (i.e. 0.6283 ft3). The strength specified for the control group is 4500psi. For detailed calculation steps for this proportion see Appendix A.

Table 1 Concrete Mix Proportion Used for Batching

Batch Proportions Batch Ingredients Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Weight Required for the 9 Molds 7.44lb 18.40lb 40.14lb 25.23lb

Using the proportions stated in Table 1 for mixing, the fresh concrete tested for workability gives a slump of 3 which is within the specified range as given in the job description. The obtained slump is the stiffest workable consistency for the desired mix. The 9 specimens were divided into 3 batches for testing: 3 specimens for each testing age (i.e. 7, 14, and 28 day test). The specimens were cured in the curing tank until the day of testing. The test results for ultimate compressive strength of the specimens were summarized in Table 2. The specified strength given for the experimental group has been attained as early as the 14th day of curing. That is, the average strength at the 14th day test is already greater than 4500psi.
Table 2 Compressive Test Results for the Laboratory Prepared Specimens
Compressive Strength of Proportioned Concrete for Different Day of Testing Day of Testing Specimen # 1 7 2 3 Diameter (in) 4 4 4 Height (in) 7.875 7.875 7.875 L/D 1.96875 1.96875 1.96875 Ultimate Load (lb) 51500 52500 54000 AVERAGE= STD DEV= 1 14 2 3 4 4 4 7.875 7.9375 7.9375 1.96875 1.984375 1.984375 57500 56500 56000 AVERAGE= STD DEV= 1 7 2 3 4 4 4 7.875 7.875 7.875 1.96875 1.96875 1.96875 58500 61500 62000 AVERAGE= STD DEV= Strength (psi) 4100 4180 4300 4190 100 4580 4500 4460 4510 60 4660 4890 4930 4830 150

The 28-day average compressive strength is 4830psi which is about 830psi greater than that of the specified strength. Considering only the test results, this is very satisfactory. But, the mix is of higher cost than the target if it is for use in actual engineering projects. Take note that if the standard deviation of the mix is needed, larger sample sizes must be tested.

Evaluating the 28-day result with respect to the DPWH standard, the concrete proportioned by the group is acceptable because 3 consecutive strength tests results are all greater than the specified strength. With respect to the ACI standard, the concrete is still acceptable for the average of all sets of 3 consecutive tests is greater than the specified strength. Also, no individual test results fall below the specified strength by 500psi. For further analysis of the results, we consider the prediction equation given by Equation (2). Equation (2) reflects the relationship of the time of curing to the mean compressive strength at that testing day. Let be the mean compressive strength at age t days, be the mean 28-day com-

pressive strength and t be testing age, days. (2) Equation (2) is obtained empirically so that we can compare our results to verify this empirical relation. The use of the above equation gives us the following: for the 7-day curing period the strength is predicted to be 3400psi while 4250 psi is for the 14-day test. Figure 3 shows the graphical representation of the data fitted with Equation (2). To achieve this, we plot vs t and setting a

y-intercept of 0. For the regression line, we expect that the coefficient that will appear corresponds to . The 0.983 goodness of fit parameter tells us that the equation actually represents the data

and the data conforms to the empirical relation. It must be noted that fitting data with a trend line will ask us to perform least squares analysis with the testing age and compressive strengths paired.

Investigation of the Empirical Relation

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 0 5 10 15
t, day fcm(t) {4+0.85t}, psi.day

y = 4913x R = 0,9837

20

25

30

Datenreihen1

Linear (Datenreihen1)

Figure 3 Plot of the Strength vs. Testing Age fitted with the empirical relation

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations In this experiment, we have clearly seen that the accuracy of the concrete mix proportions greatly affect the desired result for compressive testing. Miscalculations will surely give erroneous strength results whether too low or too high than the specified strength. In our case, we have shown that the ACI method for concrete mix design is indeed valid with the absolute volume method being the most accurate.

In batching the specimens for testing, we have noted the importance of properly choosing the ingredients to be mixed. For the aggregates, a grading suggested by standards should be sought. Also, the data for aggregates to be used for computations should be determined with great precision and great accuracy. That is, the bulk densities, bulk specific gravities, dry-rodded unit weights, moisture contents, fineness modulus etc. should be reported with the greatest possible accuracy meaning previous experiments should be done ensuring minimization of errors as much as possible. The cement should be sieve to ensure that there are no coagulated components present. Care in weighing should also be observed. In putting the fresh concrete in the molds, proper tamping should be followed. The results of the experiment were satisfactory in the context of our objective. That is, the 28-day compressive strengths of the specimens are all greater than the specified strength. In projects, it is recommended to optimize the cost of the mix in line with the proportions to be made. Lastly, concrete as a composite material derived from other construction materials is usually acceptable if all its components were standardized making the complete mix standardized as well.

APPENDIX A Proportioning of the Concrete Mix

JOB SPECIFICATION
Type of Construction Exposure Maximum Aggregate Size Slump Specified fc at 28 days Beam Mild, Non-air entrained 3-4 4500 psi

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Properties Bulk Specific Gravity Bulk Density, kg/m (lb/ft ) Dry-rodded Unit Weight, kg/m (lb/ft ) Fineness Modulus Moisture Deviation
3 3 3 3

Cement 3.15 3150 (196) -

Sand 2.40 2400 (150) 2.50 +1.4%

Gravel 2.8 2800 (175) 1574 (98) +0.3%

STEP 1 SLUMP
Table A-1 Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction*

Slump, mm (in) Concrete Construction Reinforced foundation walls and footings Plain footings, caissons, and substructure walls Beams and reinforced walls Building columns Pavements and slabs Mass Concrete Maximum** 75 (3) 75 (3) 100 (4) 100 (4) 75 (3) 75 (3) Minimum 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1) 25 (1)

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1) ** May be increased 25 mm (1 in) for consolidation by hand methods such as rodding and spading. Plasticizers can safely provide higher slumps.

Based on the given, a 3-4 slump range is desired and Table A-1 suggests a range of 1-4 for beams. Hence, a slump of 3- 4 is to be required.

STEP 2 Maximum Aggregate Sizes (MAS)

as maximum aggregate size is to be used as stated in the given.

STEP 3 Water Content

Table A-2 suggests that for MAS of and non-air entrained concrete a water content of 340lb per yd3 of concrete should be used. Approximate air content as obtained in Table A-3 is 2.0%.
Table A-2 Approximate Mixing Water in kg/m (lb/yd ) for Different Slumps and Nominal Maximum Aggregate Sizes* Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size in mm (in)** Slump, mm(in) Non-air-entrained Concrete 25 to 50 (1 to 2) 75 to 100 (3 to 4) 150 to 175 (6 to 7) Air-entrained Concrete 243 (410) 228 (385) 216 (360) 205 (340) 190 (315) 178 (300) 160 (270) ______ 228 (385) 216 (365) 205 (340) 193 (325) 181 (300) 169 (285) 145 (245) 124 (210) 207 (350) 199 (335) 190 (315) 179 (300) 166 (275) 154 (260) 130 (220) 113 (190) 9.5 (3/8) 12.5 (1/2) 19 (3/4) 25 (1) 40 (1 ) 50 (2)*** 75 (3)*** 150 (6)***
3 3

25 to 50 (1 to 2) 75 to 100 (3 to 4) 150 to 175 (6 to 7)

181 (305)

175 (295)

168 (280)

160 (270)

150 (250)

142 (240)

122 (205)

107 (180)

202 (340)

193 (325)

184 (305)

175 (295)

165 (275)

157 (265)

133 (225)

119 (200)

216 (365)

205 (345)

197 (325)

184 (310)

174 (290)

166 (280)

154 (260)

______

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 318) ** These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cementitious material contents for trial batches. They are maximums for reasonably well-shaped angular coarse aggregates graded within limits of accepted specifications. *** The slump values for concrete containing aggregates larger than 40 mm (1 in) are based on slump tests made after removal of particles larger than 40 mm by wet screening.

Table A-3 Approximate Target Percent Air Content Requirements for Different Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates* Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (in) 3/8 Non- air-entrained Concrete Air-entrained Concrete** Mild Exposure Moderate Exposure Severe Exposure 4.5 6.0 7.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 2.5 4.5 5.5 2.0 4.0 5.0 1.5 3.5 4.5 1.0 3.0 4.0 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 1 2 0.5 3 0.3 6 0.2

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 318) ** The air content in job specifications should be specified to be delivered within -1 to +2 percentage points of the table target value for moderate and severe exposures

STEP 4 Water/ Cement Ratio

Since no studies were conducted to determine the standard deviation of the compressive strength of concrete prior to this experiment, we use the suggested increase in strength given in Table A-4. That is, the specified strength 4500psi is increased to 5700psi. Interpolating from Table A-5, we have a W/C equal to 0.43.
Table A-4 Increase in Strength for Different Specified Strengths (Standard Deviation Not Available) Specified Compressive Strength (fc) MPa <21 21-35 >35 psi <3000 3000-5000 >5000 Required Increase in Strength Mpa 7 8.5 10.0 psi 1000 1200 1400

Table A-5 Typical Relationship Between W/C Ratio and Compressive Strength of Concrete* W/C by Mass Average 28-day Compressive Strength, MPa (psi) 48 (7000) 41 (6000) 35 (5000) 28 (4000) 21 (3000) 14 (2000) *American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1 and ACI 211.3) ** Strength is based on cylinders moist-cured 28 days in accordance to ASTM C31 [AASHTO T23]. Relationship assumes nominal MAS about (3/4 in to 1 in) Non-Air -Entrained 0.33 0.41 0.48 0.57 0.68 0.82 Air-Entrained 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.59 0.74

STEP 5 Cement Content

The cement content is given for a 1yd3 concrete is given by: C = W/ (W/C) = 340 lb/ 0.43 = 790.70 lb

STEP 6 Weight of Gravel

Using Table A-6, we find the volume fraction of gravel by interpolation. Hence, for a FM of 2.50, a concrete of MAS has a volume fraction of 0.65. Consequently, the dry-rodded volume of gravel is 17.55 ft3. Moreover, the weight of gravel therefore is given by: G = (17.55 ft 3) (98 lb/ft3) = 1719.90 lb.
Table A-6 Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregates per Unit Volume of Concrete* MAS, mm(in) Bulk Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Volume of Concrete for Different Fineness Moduli of Fine Aggregate** Fineness Modulus 2.40 9.5 (3/8) 12.5 ( ) 19 () 25 (1) 37.5 (1 ) 50 (2) 75 (3) 150 (6) 0.50 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.87 2.60 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 2.80 0.46 0.55 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 3.00 0.44 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.81

*American Concrete Institute (ACI 211.1) ** Bulk Volumes are based on aggregates in a dry-rodded condition as described in ASTM C29 [AASHTO T19]

STEP 7 Weight of Sand

Using Absolute Volume Method for a 27 ft3 concrete, we have the following:

Total ( )

STEP 8 Moisture Corrections

Applying moisture corrections for the sand and gravel components, we have the table below:
Material Calculated Weight (lb) C S G W 790.70 1069.29 1719.90 340 3919.89 +0.014(1069.29) +0.003(1719.90) -0.014(1069.29)- 0.003(1719.90) Moisture Correction Corrected Weight (lb) 790.70 1084.26 1725.06 319.87 3919.89

STEP 9 Trial Batch Adjustments

The trial batch has a total volume of . We then need to increase in vol-

ume about 20% from the total volume of molds. Finally, we proportion the concrete mix to this trial volume.

Summary Batch Ingredients Weight Required for the 9 Molds Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate 7.44lb 18.40lb 40.14lb 25.23lb

References:
Mamlouk, M.S. and Zaniewski, J.P.; Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers 3rd ed.; Pearson Education Inc.; 2011. ASTM C31/C31M-03a; Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field ASTM C39/C39M-12a; Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens Online References: http:// www.ce.memphis.edu/1112/notes/project_2/beam/ACI_mix_design.pdf http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/cce/winter2012/ce492/Modules/05_mix_design/05-8_body.htm