Vol.20 No.

Journal of Wuhan Universityof Technology- Mater.Sci. Ed.

Dec. 2005

Four-function Principle for Optimization Design of Green High Performance Massive Concrete*
Z H U Pinghua 1'2 JIN Weiliang 1 (1 .Postdoctoral Station of Civil Engineering, ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou 310027, China; 2. Deparlmentof Civil Engineering,Yangzhou Polytechnic College,Yangzhou 225000, China) Abstract: A four-function principle was proposed for the optimization design of green high pe~Cormance
massive concrete (GHPMC) based on the theory of value engineering and the adiabatic temperature change control. A set of concreteformulas were designed according to the orthogonal experiment. The experimental results were analyzed by applying the variance analysis method to find out the effects of influential factors and determine the optimum mixture formula. In addition, the four-function principle was successfully applied to optimize the mixture formula in field mztssive concrete engineering. The practical results show the adiabatic temperature change of massive concrete could be effwiently controlled, and the excellent durability, good workability and high compressive strength could be achieved. Key words: four-function principle ; GHPMC; general assessment coefficient ; durability ; adiabatic temperature change control

1 Introduction
The green high performance concrete (GHPC) possesses a good flowability, high strength and excellent durability, which has been widely used in the fields of civil engineering such as high-rising building, underground, bridge and roads across the world in recent yearsI~l . However, two problems will be encountered when GHPC is used in massive concrete engineering due to the high cement content of GHPC. One problem is that the crack will appear on the surface of concrete when the temperature difference between core concrete and surface concx~ete exceeds a critical value, which is 25 ~ by the current code. The other question is that concrete will show a great shrinkage when the temperature of concrete falls down after the completion of cement hydration. In addition, a considerable shrinkage is also observed during the process of pore water evaporation. Thus the control of adiabatic temperature change has become one of the most key questions for massive concrete. Whereas, the final goal for designing mixture proportion of GHPMC is not only to control the adiabatic temperature change, but also to achieve an excellent durability by reducing the occurrence of cracks caused by temperature gradation. For this purpose, on the basis of previous researches, a four-function principle was proposed for the optimization design of GHPMC based on the theory of value engineering and the adiabatic temperature change control. ( Received:Feb. 12,2005 ; Accepted:Sep.25,2005) ZHU P i n g h u a ( ~ q ~ ) : Ph D; Assoc. Prof. ; E-mail: pinghuazhu661215@zju. edu. cn * Funded by the Guide Plan Item of Universityfor Natural Science Study of Jiangsu Provinee(04KJD560240)

In this paper, the experimental program was designed according to the orthogonal experimental method. The six factors mainly influencing the adiabatic temperature change of concrete were systematically investigated, which are the W/B, cement content, dosage of high-effective water reducer, percentages of fly ash and types of coarse aggregates. And the variance analysis method was applied to find out the effects of influencing factors. The optimum mixture proportion was determined and applied in the construction of Surgery Building at Wuhan Xiehe Hospital. The building is of a frame-shearing wall structure of 34-layers, whose raft-style foundation is 2 . 5 m thick belonging to massive concrete and whose design strength grade is C40P12. The results show the feasibility of the above principle.

2 Four-function Principle
Let the total numbers of mixture proportions of concrete be n, and the general assessment coefficient of the i th mixture proportion be d. The general assessment coefficient is calculated by Eq. ( 1 ) :
d = ~/ dl " d2" d3 " d4

(1)

where, dj, d2, d3 and d4 are the normalization of permeability, adiabatic temperature change, workability, and compressive strength of the concrete, respectively. The optimum mixture proportion corresponds to the largest one in all the general assessment coefficients. It is worth stating that the above optimum method of mixture proportions of massive concrete is not only on basis of the adiabatic temperature change or 28 d compressive strength. The final goal is to achieve the excellent durability, which only can be obtained when the adiabatic

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Journal of Wuhan Universityof Technology- Mater.Sei. Ed. If gravel stones was used, then:

Dec. 2005

temperature change is controlled within a suitable range, the 28d compressive strength satisfies the design requirement, and the workability can ensure a good construction.

3
3.1

Experimental

Materials Two types of cement were used in this study: Grade42.5 Porland cement was from Wuhan Yadong Cement Limited Company with a compressive strength of 5 4 . 0 MPa at an age of 28 days. Fly ash blended cement was from Huaxin Limited Company with a compressive strength of 55.0 MPa at an age of 28 days. Grade H fly ash, similar to ASTM Class F fly ash, was supplied by Hanchuan Electricity Factory. Lake style sand with a fineness modulus of 2.78 and two types of stones (crushed stone and gravel stone) with a maximum size of 31.5 mm were used. FDN-5R was used as high-effective water-reducer and UEA was used as expansive agent.

3.2

Methods

Adiabatic temperature change is calculated by the following Eq. (2) I21 : O = ( C + k F ) Qo(1-e .... )/cp (2) where, C is the cement content(kg/m3); k the reducing coefficient of mineral admixtures ( k = 0.80 for fly ash) ; F the content of mineral admixtures ( kg/m3 ) ; Q0 the hydration heat of per kg cement at 28 days (kJ/kg) ; c the specific heat of concrete (kJ/kg) ; p the apparent gravity of concrete ( kg/ms ) ; m a coefficient ( m = 0.318 for concrete in the raft foundation of Surgery Building of Xiehe Hospital) ; and r the time (h or d). The workability was tested by an L-style rheometer and assessed v/a two parameters: I.s (slump value) and Lf (slump flow). The 28 d compressive strength was conducted according to GBJ107-85. The C1- permeability was conducted in term of Nemst-Einstein method I31 .

(5) where, W is the water content in per cubic meter of conerete(kg/m3 ) ; W/( C + F) the water-to-binder ratio. Generally, the content of cementitious materials per cubic meter of GHPC, i e, C + F, varies from 450 kg/m~ to 600 kg/m~, and could be determined according to the different trial-produced strength. At the same time, the content of water could be calculated based on the water requirement of cement and the water reducing ratio by water-reducer. The content of mineral admixtures depends on the types of mineral admixtures and their adding approaches. When only one type of mineral admixture is used, the contents of silica fume, slag and fly ash are 5%-10%, 20%-40% and 15%-25%, respectively. When two or more types are used simultaneously, the contents of silica fume and slag (or fly ash) are 8%-10% and 15%-30%, respectively. The sand-to-( sand + stones) ratio is in the range of 33% to 44%. The dosage of high-effective water-reducer is determined by trial experiment and is usually 0 . 8 % - 2 . 0 % of the cementitious materials.

Rt, =0.0.304fe29[(C+ F)/W+0.62]

3.4

Orthogonal experiment design

3.3

Basic mixture proportion

At present no standard, guidance or regulation is available for the design of GHPC. In this paper, the formula proposed by China Academe of Building Material was used to choose the basic trial-produced strength of concrete. In term of this formula, if the trial-produced strength was Rh and the design strength was R, then: Rh = (R + T) + K,a (3) where, T is the corrected coefficient of temperature ( T = 4-6 MPa); a the standard deviation of concrete strength (a = 3.5 MPa according to Japanese criterion JASS5); Kl a constant ( Kj = 2.0-2.5). In addition, the formula proposed by Tongji University was suggested to choose the basic water-binder ratio: If crushed stone was used, then: Rh = 0.296f~.2s[(C + F)/W+0.71] (4)

Once the basic dosages of all materials are decided, the level of every factor can be chosen according to the experimental purpose: water-binder ratio ( 0 . 3 6 , 0 . 3 8 , 0 . 4 0 , 0 . 4 2 ) , cement content inper cubic meter of concrete (360,365,370,375 kg/m3 ), content of water reduce (2.5% ,2.9% , 3 . 1 % ), confent of fly ash( 18% ,20%, 22% ,34% ), coarse aggregate type( Banast, Cobble) and the variety cement( PO, PF). The corresponding 16 formulas of concrete mixture were designed according to L16(44 x 23 ) orthogonal design principle. Variance analysis I41 was performed on these experimental results in order to find out the significance and influencing extent of factors. And the results of four test indexes were studied by the gradation analysis, as shown in Table 2.

Results and Discussion

According to four-function principle this paper choosed the workability, 28 d strength, penetrate coefficient and adiabatic temperature change and their integration, i e, general assessment coefficient as test indexes in experiments. The sensitivity of six factors on five test indexes was analyzed.

4.1

Water-binder ratio

The water-binder ratio has very significant influences on five test indexes apart from adiabatic temperature change. When the adiabatic temperature change is considered as a test index, the influence due to water-binder

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No. 4

ZHU Pinghua et a / : Four-function Principle for Optimization Design of Green . . . .

95

Table 2
C[- penetrate coefficienl /( 10-14 ) 11.53 14.16 7.06 17.32 12.09 15.17 8.46 15.43 12.88 15.18 7.29 16.11 11.25 14.95 8.57 15.02 0.6123 0.4986 1.0000 0.4076 0.5840 O. 4654 O. 8345 O. 4576 O. 5481 O. 4651 O. 9684 O. 4382 0.6276 O. 4722 O. 8238 0.4700

Results of four test indexes divided separately by the ~ m n

of every test index and general efficacy coefficients d

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Adiabatic temperature change/~C 65.7 67.5 66.6 64.8 64.9 63.1 65.6 67.4 63.9 65.7 66.6 64.8 68.3 66.5 64.0 65.7 0.9604 0.9348 0.9474 O. 9738 0.9723 1.130(0 O. 9619 O. 9362 0.9875 O. 9604 O. 9474 O. 9738 0.9239 O. 9489 O. 9859 O. 9604 28 d strength /MPa 62.8 55.1 58.3 50.6 60.1 56.7 60.9 49.8 58.1 59.2 63.3 46.3 68.5 53.5 51.9 52.4 0.9168 0.8044 0.8511 0.7387 0.8774 O. 8277 O. 8891 O. 7270 O. 8482 O. 8642 O. 9241 O. 6759 1.0(0 O. 7810 O. 7577 0.7650 Workability /cm 31.1288 33.9411 36.3318 41.2553 24.7184 37.7889 36.00130 45.8912 34.9142 36.0555 39. 3700 44.4522 28.0000 42.9651 35. 8887 45. 8258 0.6783 0.7396 0.7917 O. 8990 0.5386 O. 8234 O. 7845 1.0000 0.7608 O. 7857 O. 8579 O. 9686 0.6101 O. 9362 O. 7820 O. 9986 d 0.7777 0.7257 0.8939 0.7165 0.7197 O. 7505 O. 8650 O. 7470 O. 7688 O. 7421 O. 9235 O. 7270 0.7712 O. 5766 O. 8329 O. 7663

ratio is shadowed by experimental errors. 4.2 Cement content The cement content in per cubic meter has also very significant influences on the compressive strength and adiabatic temperature change, has significant influences on the workability and determinate influences on the penetration coefficient. Because the maximum difference is only 5 kg/cm3 between different levels of cement content, the influence of cement content on the general assessment coefficient is also submerged by errors. 4.3 Dosage of water reducer The dosage of water reducer has somehow influences on the workability, but no influences on the 28 d strength, penetration coefficient and adiabatic temperature change. This is mainly because the four levels selected were so close that the differences were submerged by experimental errors. However, the dosage of water reducer has a very significant influence on the general assessment coefficient. This may be explained by the fact that the closer levels of cement content and the content of fly ash rather than the content of water reducer lead to a highlighted place of the dosage of water reducer. 4.4 Content of fly ash The content of fly ash has very significant influences on the 28 d strength and adiabatic temperature change, and has significant influence on the workability, but has no influences on the penetration coefficient and the general assessment coefficient. According to Freedman, every 100 Ib/yd3( equal to 59 kg/m~) would result in a temperature change of 6-8 ~ i5~. So, the content of cement should be partially replaced by some mineral admixtures in order to reduce the temperature change. In field members, when the admixture sets off heat after a long reaction, the emitted heat aroused from cement mineral is much bigger than producing one so that the total temperature change is not big enough. The higher the activity of the mineral ad-

mixture, the bigger the contribution to temperature change of GHPMC. 4.5 Types of coarse aggregate The types of coarse aggregate have very significant influences on the 28 d strength, significant influences on the general assessment coefficient, determinate influences on the workability, and no influences on the penetration coefficient and adiabatic temperature change. 4.6 Types of Cement The types of cement have very significant influences on the 28 d strength, determinate influences on the workability, and no influences on the penetration coefficient, the general assessment coefficient and adiabatic temperature change.

Verification of Testing

Types of coarse aggregate and cement both have very significant influences on the 28d compressive strength. And the first level of the two factors should be chosen according to the gradation analyses in Table 3. For the water-binder ratio, the first level should be chosen according to the gradation analyses of the 28d compressive strength, while the second level should be chosen according to the gradation analyses of the penetration coefficient and the general assessment coefficient. The cement content in per cubic meter has very significant influences on the adiabatic tempe~'ature change and should choose the first and second levels according to the gradation analysis. The content of water reducer may randomly choose one in all the levels since it has a very significant influence only on the general assessment coefficient. As for the content of fly ash, the first and second levels should be chosen since they have very significant influences on the 28 d of compressive strength and adiabatic temperature change.

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology- Mater. Sci. Ed. Table 3 Results of supplementary experiments Ls,Lf/cm Lo/mm 23/47/27 27/54/35 26/50/32 25/49/33 R28/MPa 59.9 61.7 57.6 58.8

Dec. 2005

Sample No. 17 No. 18 No.19 No.20

A 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.36

B/(kg/m 3) 365 365 360 360

C/% 2.7 2.9 2.7 3.1

D/% 22 22 24 24

C1- permeability Adiabatictemperature /(m2/s) change/~C 7.68 x 10-14 8.15 10-14 10.24 x 10-14 11.75 x 10 -14 66.4 66.5 63.7 63.3

Optimum mixture proportion

Note:la~= a loss of slump value at 1 h Based on the above analysis, a test was performed to verify the results given in Table 3. The practical test data from the field construction on the site are shown the concrete whose mixture proportion corresponds to No. 17 formula in Table 3 exhibited excellent properties: the adiabatic temperature change of massive concrete was 6 3 . 8 ~ Ls = 21 cm, Lf = 45 cm. compared to the initial slump, the slump only had a 20 mm loss after l hour, which was less than 50 mm that required by the code. the compressive strength at 28 d reached at 5 0 . 9 MPa. C1penetration coefficient was 9.23 10-~4 m2/s.

b) The precondition for the design optimization of GHPMC is to handpick materials and their basic contents. c) The significances and influencing effects of all factors selected in this paper can be quantitatively determined by an application of orthogonal experiment and variance analysis. d) The closer levels and the less freedom degrees encountered in this paper will influence the accuracy of variance analysis, which should be noticed by other researchers.

References 6 Conclusions
[1] a) A four-function principle was proposed for the optimization design of green high performance massive concrete (GHPMC) based on the theory of value engineering and the adiabatic temperature control in this paper. The concrete optimized by the proposed principle can efficiently control the adiabatic temperature change of massive concrete. At the same time, the optimum concrete possesses an excellent durability, a good workability and a high compressive strength, which satisfies the design requirements. To some extent, the principle can be successfully employed to the optimization of GHPMC. [2] WU Zhong-wei. Green High Performance Concrete Green Concrete. Cement Project,2000, (2) :1-3 ZHU Bai-fang. Therma/ Stresses and Temperature Control of Massive Concrete.Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 1999: 8-50 Lu Xin-ying. Application of the Nemst-Einstein Equation to Concrete. Cementand ConcreteResearch, 1997, (27) :23-26 ZHUANGChu-qiang, WU Ya-sen. Symbolic and Statistical Base. Changsha: Southern China University of Technology Press, 1992: 92-97 Freedman S. High Strength Concrete, Modern Concrete. PCA, 1970, (34) :6-10

[3] [4]

[5 ]