ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY FACULTY

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

COURSE NO. = ECEG-2206 EXPERIMENT -2 TITLE :- TUNED AMPLIFIER

LABORATORY REPORT

BY:- ESHET TEZERA (TCR/1091/01) GROUP=2C-5

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:27/03/2010 DATE OF SUBMISSION:30/03/2010

OBJECTIVE
In this experiment, it has been tried to study the way tuned amplifiers work and in addition to this it also shows a method how the quality factor of the amplifier is calculated from the measure of some quantities of the amplifier.

EQUIPMENT

Equipment oscilloscope Function generator 10:1 probe

No 1 1 1

COMPONENTS

component resistors

capacitance

inductor

transistor

type 22k 12k 2.2k 1.8k 10u 220u 560n 10mh 6mF 600pF 2N3053,A

No 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

THEORY
In the communication systems it might be necessary to amplify a single or a narrow band. And to do this a tuned amplifier might be needed. For low frequency selection purpose a RC system might be used and for high frequency, a LC system amplifier or a tuned amplifier is used. Considering a tuned amplifier shown below ( )

wL>>R ( )

Q = wresL/R = 1/wresCR Rres = WresLQind = (WresL)2/R A = (h21/h11)Rres/(1+Q2(f/fres fres/f)2) BW = fres/Q From the above equations we can conclude the gain depends on h 21/h11 and L/C. Another approach to determine Q-factor is by analyzing the step response of th resonance circuit. This is done by replacing the transistor by a constant current source and ofcoures the laplacian transformation. Finaly after the derivation we will end up with:-

Where

Wres = {1/LC 1/(2RresC)2}1/2 , a = 1/2RresC and t = (/2 + (n-1)2)Wres

The function V(t) will have a gragh like the one shown below

V1 = (1/Wres)e-a Wres/2 Ln(V1/Vn) = (n-1)/Q

Vn = (1/Wres)e-a Wres(/2+ (n-1)2) Q = (n-1) / Ln(V1/Vn)

When experimenting with tuned amplifiers it is very essential to consider the effect of the oscilloscope we are using. This is because oscilloscope has both resistive and capacitive behaviors. And when using oscilloscope we are going to use either the 1:1 probe or the 10:1 probe. Working with 1:1 probe is the same as measuring with the oscilloscope. But when using the 10:1 probe the will be a difference in such a way that the CRO resistance increase and the capacitance decrease.

from the analysis of the above picture we can find the input resistance to be Rx = R1 + R//R2 and the input capacitance Cx = C1 in series with C//C2 . so by making R1 = 9(R//R2) and C1 =( C//C2)/9. We can make Rx = 10(R//R2) and Cx =( C//C2)/10. As a result: The resistance is increased The capacitance reduce

PROCEDURE
Part 1 : The resonance circuit 1.1 Setup the circuit shown below. L1 = 6mh, C1 = 600pF

1.2 1.3

Adjust the frequency until you find the resonance frequency. fo =77.2 kHz determine the value of Vout at the resonance, f1, f2 and BW. Vout = 11v , f1 = 75.5kHz , f2 = 79.3kHz , BW = 3.5kHz
4

1.4 1.5

Using 10:1 probe find the new resonance frequency. fo2 = 78.5kHz Repeat the step 1.3 using 10:1 probe and compare the result with the above result F1 = 77.2kHz, F2 = 79.8 kHz, BW = 2.6kHz The results have increased releatively. Part 2 : the tuned amplifier 2.1 set up the circuit shown below and determine f1, f2, also the BW. Apply Vcc = 9V.

fo = 2.13kHz, f1 = 2.115kHz, f2 = 2.157KHz, BW = 0.042kHz 2.2 plot the frequency of the amplifier.

Vo(Vpp)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 2.05 2.08 2.1 2.11 2.115 2.12 2.125 2.13 2.135 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.19 2.22 2.3 2.6 Vo(Vpp)

2.3 Measure Vout at fo when the out put is maximum without considerable distortion and compare it with the power supply voltage. Vopp = 6.8V, Vsupply= 9V. 2.4 This step is done by using protues simulation software since we couldnt find the proper equipment in the laboratory. set the input to square wave and sketch the out put wave form. set L = 1mh, C = 560pF 5

2.5 (Done by protues) Supplying 0.131KHz square wave form and output waveform and the frequency of the sinusoidal waveform. Determine Q using n = 10.

V1 = 2 V, V10 = 500mv , fsin = 500KHz Q = (10-1)/ln(2/0.5) = 20.395

CONCLUTION
In part one; comparing fo in 1.2 and 1.4, the one later one is higher than that of the first one. The reason for this is that the input capacitance of the CRO is lessen by the 10:1 probe that we used.Since where C = C + CCRO hence the lesser CCRO the higher fo gets.

In part two; due to the LC circuit in the tuned amplifier, it shows a response for the frequency change and the frequency response is that of shown on graph done in 2.2. And in later steps, it has been shown that applying a square wave to the amplifier, the output will be a wave form that decay in a certain period interval and this is because the LC system is differenciate or integrate the input wave form in order to give rise to the output waveform. Form this decaying wave harmonics we can calculate the Q factor of the amplifier circuit.