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Lecture 13

Systematic Cyclic Codes Parity check polynomial

Systematic Generator Matrix


Systematic Encoder copies message digits to consecutive positions in codeword.
In each code word, Rightmost k digits: Information digits Leftmost n k digits: Parity check digits

Generation of Systematic code


Let the message to be encoded is u= ( u0, u1, ..uk-1). The corresponding message polynomial is

u ( x) = u0 + u1 x + ........... + uk 1 x k 1 Multiplying u ( x) by x n-k , we obtain a polynomial of degree n -1 or less x u ( x ) = u0 x


n-k nk

+ u1 x

n k +1

+ ....... + uk 1 x

n 1

Dividing x n-k u ( x) by the generator polynomial g( x)

Cond
We have x nk u( x) = a( x) g ( x) + b( x) where a( x) and b( x) are quotient and remainder respectively Since the degree of g(x) is n-k, the degree of b(x) is n-k-1 or less. ie. b( x) = b0 + b1 x + ...... + bnk 1 x nk 1 Rearranging eqn.(1), we get the following polynomial of degree n-1 or less b( x) + x nk u( x) = a( x) g ( x)
This polynomial is a multiple of the generator polynomial g(x) and hence it is a code polynomial of the cyclic code generated by g(x).

Cond
Substituting the expressions, b( x) + x n k u ( x) = b0 + b1 x + ........ + bn k 1 x n k 1 +u0 x n k + u1 x n k +1 + ........ + uk 1 x n 1 This corresponds to the code vector, (b0 , b1 ,......, bn k 1 , u0 , u1 , .......uk 1 )
Thus we generated a systematic code

The n k parity check digits are the coefficients of the remainder resulting from dividing the message polynomial x n-ku(x) by the generator polynomial g(x) To summarize, systematic encoding consists of the following steps

Step 1: Premultiply the message u ( x) by x n k Step 2 : Obtain the remainder b( x)[the parity check digits ] from dividing x n k u ( x) by the generator polynomial g( x) Step 3 : Combine b( x) and x n k u ( x) to obtain the code polynomial b( x) + x n k u ( x)

Generator polynomial

Parity-check polynomial

Parity-check polynomial: check equations

Syndrome polynomial

Example of binary cyclic code

Some properties
Since g(x).h(x)=0 mod xn+1, g(x) and h(x) are orthogonal The polynomials xi g(x) and xj h(x) are also orthogonal for all i and j However, the vectors corresponding to g(x) and h(x) are orthogonal only if the ordered elements of one of these vectors are reversed. This applies to xi g(x) and xj h(x) as well. The (n, n-k) code generated by h(x) is just the same as the code generated by the reciprocal polynomial of h(x), except that the code words are reversed.

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