Overview of Medical Microbiology in relation to human health 2

Dr F Noordeen Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Peradeniya March 2013

Short History of Microbiology

Development of the Microscope

1590 First compound microscope 1660 Robert Hooke 1676 Anton Leeuwenhoek 1833 Carl Zeiss 1931 Ernst Ruska

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

Spontaneous Generation Controversy

BELIEF Living material formed spontaneously REFUTED 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) 1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) 1861: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Experiment which disproved theory of spontaneous generation

Year Event
1664 Robert Hooke is the first to use a microscope to describe the fruiting structures of molds. He also coined the term cell when using a microscope to look at cork, as the dead plant material in cork reminded him of a jail cell. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and skilled lens maker, is the first to describe microbes in detail. Ferdinand Julius Cohn publishes landmark paper on bacteria and the cycling of elements. In it is an early classification scheme that uses the name Bacillus. Oscar Brefeld reports the growth of fungal colonies from single spores on gelatin and the German botanist Joseph Schroeter grows pigmented bacterial colonies on slices of potato.

1673

1872

1872

Year Event
1877 1881 1882 1884 1887 1915 Robert Koch develops methods for staining bacteria, photographing, and preparing permanent visual records on slides. Koch develops solid culture media and the methods for obtaining pure cultures of bacteria. Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in Koch's laboratory develop the use of agar as a support medium for solid culture. Hans Christian Gram develops a dye system for identifying bacteria [the Gram stain]. First report of the petri plate by Julius R. Petri. M. H. McCrady establishes a quantitative approach for analyzing water samples using the most probable number, multiple-tube fermentation test.

Proof that microorganisms cause disease

1546: 1835 Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection. Agostino Rassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease. Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients. Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist who studied the the anthrax bacterium; first to cultivate these bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature.

1847

1857: 1867: 1876:

Ignaz Semmelweis
Puerperal fever (after child birth) due to something carried from cadavers to patients

Louis Pasteur
Cause of souring of wine

Robert Koch
Discovered Bacillus antrhacis. Developed techniques and standard protocols for defining the cause of a disease.

Ignaz Semmelweis Hungarian physician Worked in Vienna Realized that asepsis in obstetrical wards could prevent transmission of childbirth fever from patient to patient. All attending physicians had to wash their hands with chloride of lime (a mixture of calcium chloride hypochlorite, CaCl(OCl); calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2; and calcium chloride, CaCl2) between patients. This innovation dropped the mortality rate from 18% to 2.4%.

1822 - 1895 French Scientist

Discredited theory of spontaneous generation Introduced vaccination to treat rabies Solved industrial problems related to spoilage of foods

Robert Koch 1843 - 1910

Pioneered studies in medical microbiology Developed methods essential for study of microbiology Kochs postulates -Causation of disease

Proving Causation

Kochs postulates

Joseph Lister
Studied the coagulation of blood in injuries and surgical wounds. Noted that there was a very high incidence of infection in wounds Spray carbolic acid on surgical instruments, on wounds, and surgical dressings. He reduced surgical mortality to 15% by the year 1860. His work with antiseptics met with initial resistance in the medical community but were soon widely accepted.

Viruses
1886
John Brown Buist was the first to observe a virus, the cowpox virus, although he did not realize it. 1892 Dmitrii Ivanowski discovered that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease could pass through a procelin filter 1898 Martinus Beijerinck correctly deduced that the particle causing the disease was too small to be a bacteria and would later be known as a virus (poison) 1915/17 Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelle each discovered bacteriophage, viruses that infect bacteria

Vaccination
Edward Jenner 1796 Smallpox Louis Pasteur 1876

Fowl cholera

" In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind."

Era of antimicrobial drugs

Fleming and Waksman Penicillin - 1928 With Chain and Florey Nobel Prize in 1945

Proving Causation

Kochs postulates

"Molecular Koch's Postulates": Stanley Falklow (1988)

Identify gene (or gene product) responsible for virulence determinant Show gene present in strains of bacteria that cause the disease Not present in avirulent strains Disrupting the gene reduces virulence Introduction of cloned gene into avirulent strain confers virulence. The gene is expressed in vivo Specific immune response to gene protects

What is Medical Microbiology?

The study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) which are capable of causing diseases in humans What organisms cause infection? How they cause infection? How to identify them? How to treat them? How to prevent infection?

Y2S2 Module: Infection 1 Module coordinator Dr. F. Noordeen, Department of Microbiology

Lecturers 1. Dr. F. Noordeen 2. Dr. C. Ratnatunga 3. Dr. D. Iddawela 4. Dr. R. Morel 6. Dr. DN. Atapattu 7. Dr. S Wickramasinghe

Examiners 1. Dr. F. Noordeen 2. Dr. D. Iddawela 3. Dr. R. Morel Examination Duration MCQ (20) SAQ (8) Practicals 3h (Theory) 1h 2h 2h