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OXIDATIVE PATHWAY HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY PHPSPHO-GLUCONATE PATHWAY PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
o Active in liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, erythrocytes, testes, and
lactating mammary gland
o Not active in non-lactating mammary gland o Low activity in skeletal muscle. muscle
L/OBJECTIVES
a. b. c.
Uses of PPP
To make pentoses for RNA, DNA, ATP, NADH, FADH To make NADPH needed for reductive biosynthesis (as needed in fatty acid
synthesis, cholesterol or steroid hormone synthesis)
Phase I
Phase II
Oxidative Non-oxidative non-reversible reversible Generates NADPH Generates Ribose NADPH is generated when catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate is 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7 C sugars in a oxidized to ribose 5-phosphate series of Nox/rxns that can result in the synthesis of 5 C sugars for NA biosynthesis or the conversion of excess 5 C sugars into intermediates of the glycolytic pathway glucose 6-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to yield ribulose 5-phosphate. ribulose 5-P is converted back to g-6-p by a series of reactions involving mainly two enzymes: transketolase and transaldolase
NADH and NADPH are NOT interchangeable NAD+ participates in synthesis of ATP NADPH is a reducing agent
Transketolase
Transfers the two-carbon unit (C 1 and 2 of a ketose) onto the aldehyde carbon
of an aldose sugar. It therefore effects the conversion of a ketose sugar into an aldose with two carbons less Simultaneously converts an aldose sugar into a ketose with two carbons more.
Transaldolase
Transfers the three-carbon unit (C 1, 2 and 3 of a ketose) onto the aldehyde
carbon of an aldose sugar. It therefore effects the conversion of a ketose sugar into an aldose with three carbons less Simultaneously converts an aldose sugar into a ketose with two carbons more.
Transketolase & Transaldolase catalyze transfer of 2-C or 3-C molecular fragments respectively, in each case from a ketose donor to an aldose acceptor.
regulation
Primarily, the regulation of the pathway is through the supply and demand of
NADPH.
CLINICAL ASPECTS
G6PD deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia NADPH deficiency leads to cell damage (glutathione remains oxidized) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency causes hemolytic anemia Most G6PD-deficient individuals are asymptomatic
herbicides, antimalarials, *divicine) do clinical manifestations occur. *toxic ingredient of fava beans