Caspian data set: velocity model as a function of x, t

Yilmaz 2001

derived from CMP velocity spectra

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-9

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

Caspian data set: NMO-corrected common-midpoint gathers

Yilmaz 2001

reflectors are (mostly) flat NMO stretch at far offsets at small times

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-10

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

Caspian data set: muted NMO-corrected common-midpoint gathers

Yilmaz 2001

NMO-stretched part of gather is zeroed

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-11

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

residual statics field and refraction statics usually successfully remove longwavelenth effects of the near-surface however, rapid variations are incompletely removed => rapid time shifts
Yilmaz 2001

use surface-consistent model: derive a single static time shift for each source and receiver
2 t trace = t source + t receiver + Mxtrace

where t is a time shift x is source-receiver offset M is a constant that defines residual (uncorrected) moveout choose a time window with a strong reflector define a pilot trace for that window by stacking the NMO-corrected CMP gather by cross-correlation, determine the time shift t trace of each trace from the pilot trace find the set of source and receiver statics that best fit (least squares) the time shifts for all traces correct the traces for source and receiver statics

after applying residual statics remove previously applied NMO correction re-do velocity analysis: it should be of better quality apply NMO correction
Hole: GEOS 4174 4.2-12 Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

residual statics example CMP gathers NMO-corrected using the preliminary velocity analysis

Yilmaz 2001

same CMP gathers after surface-consistent residual statics, new velocity analysis, and NMOcorrection using the new velocity analysis

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-13

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

dip moveout (DMO) the moveout of a dipping reflector is not centered at zero offset => cannot be NMO-corrected flat and dipping events overlap => cannot both be NMO-corrected dipping-event hyperbolic velocity is faster by v/sin dipping event is over-corrected by NMO at true velocity

move the energy from the CMP corresponding to the midpoint to the CMP corresponding to the zero-offset trace energy is moved earlier in time and to a CMP gather updip leave energy at same source-receiver offset a DMO-corrected CMP gather is a common reflection point (CRP) gather

Yilmaz 2001

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-14

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

dip moveout (DMO) integral DMO correction: in common-offset gather, smear energy in each trace to all possible reflection locations

(y)
h2

02 + 2 =1 tn

where h is half of the source-receiver offset tn is the NMO-corrected time y = |yn-y0| is the DMO midpoint change 0 is the DMO-corrected
Yilmaz 2001

DMO is partial prestack migration moves energy to correct location in unmigrated zero-offset section post-stack migration is required to move energy to correct physical location

after applying DMO remove previously applied NMO correction re-do velocity analysis: it should be better (no conflicting dips, 1/sin has been removed) apply NMO correction
Hole: GEOS 4174 4.2-15 Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing

Caspian data set: common-midpoint gathers after correction for DMO

Yilmaz 2001

Hole: GEOS 4174

4.2-16

Reflection Data Processing: Common-Midpoint Processing