Flowers Classify flowers on the basis of position of the floral leaves and ovary on the thalamus?

Or What do you understand by hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous flower. Cite example and describe them with neat diagrams? Ans: On the basis of position of the floral leaves and ovary on the thalamus the flower are classified into three distinct types. 1. Hypogynous: Here thalamus is convex, flat or slightly concave. The carpel occupies the top position of the thalamus, while stamens, petals and sepals are inserted bellow the ovary. Thus ovary is superior. Eg. Chinarose 2. Perigynous: Here the margin of the thalamus grows upwards to form a cup like structure called the calyx tube enclosing the ovary but free from it and bears stamens, petals and sepals. Here the ovary is half inferior. Eg. Pea, rose 3. Epigynous: Here the thalamus is hollow cup shaped and completely fuse with the lower part of the carpel. The stamens, petals and sepals are placed above the carpel. Here ovary is inferior. Eg. Cucurbita

Q. Flower is a modified shoot-Explain Or Discuss the evidences that flower is a modified shoot. Or The flower is as a whole modified vegetative shoot discuss the statement Ans: A flower is called a modified shoot on the basis of some interpretations of some morphological characters of the flower. 1. Position: The flower bud occupies the same position like vegetative bud ie. Apex of a stem and axil of leaf. 2. The nature of thalamus: The thalamus contains nodes and internodes and the floral buds which are supposed to be modified leaf develop from the nodes in orderly fashion. Sometimes the floral buds instead of producing flower are metamorphosed into reproductive vegetative bud called bulbils. Eg. Agave, Pine apple etc

3. Axis nature of the thalamus: (i) The stem nature of the thalamus is evident by the fact that it sometimes continues to grow after flowering. Eg. Wild roses (ii) In some flowers the portion of the internode between calyx and corolla elongate which is known as anthophore. The portion between corolla and androecium is called androphore. Eg. Passiflora and the

internode between androecium and gynoecium is called gynophores.eg. Capparis. In Gynandropsis gynandra both androphore and gynophores are develop. 4. Leafy nature of floral parts: The floral leaves are modification of leaves is evident by their shapes, green colour, texture, in their venation and presence of stomata. In water lily all the whorls show transition from sepal to carpel and are foliar (leaf like) in nature. In Mussaenda one of the sepal is expanded and become petaloid. From these evidences it can be concluded that the stem and leaves had undergone modification to produce sexually reproductive organs which are well protected by the modification of leaves. Therefore flower can be called modified shoot and floral leaves are called modified leaves.