MORE REVIEWS SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT

A. WATER SUPPLY A B D C B C A D C D B A D A C B 1. SEDIMENTATION A method of purifying water wherein particles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these matters in the container. 2. Water is treated by giving CHEMICAL TREATMENTS to kill the harmful bacteria present and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste, remove clay, salts, iron, etc. commonly used treating liquids is chlorine. 3. Water is purified by FILTRATION . In various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud and other particles of matter present in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and gravel. 4. Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves (strainers) and exposed to air of fine mist to purify it. This is called AERATION method. 5. A PUMP is water equipment used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir. 6. LIFT PUMP consist of a piston traveling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source. The piston and the bottom of the cylinder are each provided with a valve opening upward. Upon the pistons upstroke, valve A closes and valve B opens. Upon the pistons down stroke valve A opens and B closes. 7. FORCE PUMP is used to deliver itself. When the plunger (a piston) is forced out through valve B and B is closed and A open to admit move liquid] water at a point higher than the position of the pump descends, valve A is closed and water in the cylinder up to the storage. When the plunger is raised, valve water to the cylinder. [A pump that uses pressure to

8. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP. This is a kind of pump attached to the end of deep well pipe enclosed in a casing where the pump is capable of functioning while submerged. CESSPOOL (SUMP) - underground container for waste matter: a covered underground tank or well for the collection of waste matter and water, especially sewage. 9. CISTERN TANK. A reservoir, tank or vessel for storing or holding water or other liquids 10. WATER TANK may be used either for the collection of water without consideration of pressure, or for storing water under air pressure or under a static head for future distribution by pneumatic or gravity means. Materials are PVC, G.I., reinforced concrete, stainless steel or plain steel.

11. A SUCTION TANK is a tank constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; the larger tanks often being divided into two compartments. They should be large enough to contain at least one days supply for the entire building in case the city main is temporarily shut off. The pipe from the pump to the tank should be across connected to the city main so that the water may be pumped directly from the main in case of fire. These tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or other pumps suck the water from this tank and not from the public main, so that it will not deprive the neighbors of water due to pressure. 12. PNEUMATIC TANK A tank using air pressure from a suction tank to distribute water for tall buildings which cannot be reached by normal pressure. 13. UPFEED SYSTEM . Water is distributed from the normal water pressure coming from the public water main, for low rise buildings. 14. DOWNFEED SYSTEM . By gravity, water is distributed from overhead water tanks and is supported either by structural frames or on the roof decks. Fixtures are below the gravity tank . These elevated tanks are installed when normal water supply from main public service pipes is not frequent and when normal pressure from city main is not enough to force the water to the highest fixtures. 15. The pipe from the public water main or source of water supply to the building served is called: SERVICING PIPE. 16. The vertical supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the next is called a RISER and the horizontal pipes that serve the faucets are called BRANCHES. B. WATER SUPPLY B D A C B C D A C D B A B C D 1. WATER MAIN refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where the house service is connected. 2. GOOSENECK. One end is 0.30M and the other end is 0.90M long. This prevents the pipe from snapping (breaking?)when the soil settles. [U-shaped?] 3. CORPORATION COCK. A stop valve in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main. 4. BUSHING . A kind of G.I. fitting used as a reducer from a bigger diameter to a lesser diameter. 5. UNION. A G.I. fitting which is used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is difficult. 6. Excessive pressure produces a rumbling sound called the WATER HAMMER . This occurs when a valve is suddenly turned off and causes the water to stop, forcing the pipes to shake and to reduce this, an additional 0.30m to 0.90m length of pipe is added to the riser to give air pressure which absorb it. 7. STREET ELBOW or TEE . A kind of G.I. fitting that has one end external threads, while the other end has internal threads.

8. To insure no leakage, a G.I. pipe when threaded has to use lead liquid or TEFLON tape around the thread before tightening the fittings. 9. uPVC means: UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE pipe . 10. GATE VALVES . This consists of a wedge-shaped plug which is screwed down to seat between two brass rings surrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained. The inlet and outlet are in a straight line. This valve is used when a normal fully open or closed position is desired. Either end may be used as inlet. CHECK VALVES . These valves are used when it is desired that the flow through a pipe be always in one direction and there is a possibility of a flow taking place in the opposite direction. One type has a pivoted flap which is readily pushed open by the pressure of water from one side but is tightly closed by the force of a reverse flow. CASING . A material used as a covering, such as a pipe bigger than the main pipe of a deep well so that the main pipe can be pulled out for repair. OVERHEAD HEIGHT. This is the vertical distance from the higher source of water or overhead tank to the outlet (faucets, shower head) and is distributed by gravity. WATER TABLE. Subsurface conditions of ground water and rock must be known. Sites with subsurface which are about 1.80m to 2.40m below grade can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placement and landscaping. This is described as a level underground in which the soil is situated with water. PIPE CHASE. An opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes. When the water supply of a very tall building is designed as a unit, the required capacities or tanks, pumps and pipings become unduly large and excessive pressures are developed in lower portions of the downfeed risers. The buildings therefore are divided into horizontal sections or GROUPING, and to design the hot and cold water supply systems separately for each.

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C. FIRE PROTECTION, STORM WATER A D C B C B D A 1. STANDPIPES & HOSES with separate water reserve or up feed pumping are extremely valuable in any buildings but become highly essential in tall buildings. This system, intended for use by building personnel until the fire engines arrive and thereafter by the trained staff of the fire department. 2. Automatic SPRINKLER systems consist of horizontal pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial buildings, warehouses, stores, theatres and other structures where the fire hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so constructed that temperatures of 55-70 degree Celsius will cause them to open automatically and emit a series of time water sprays.

3. WET PIPE SYSTEM. A system of sprinklers with its pipes constantly filling both mains and distribution pipes. 4. DRY PIPE SYSTEM. Generally confined to unheated buildings, there is no water in the distribution pipes except during a fire. Remote valves may be adequate by sensitive elements to admit water to sprinkler heads. 5. SIAMESE TWIN. An inlet placed outside a building close to ground level, having two openings so that fire engines can pump water to the dry stand pipes and sprinkler system of the building. 6. Sprinkler heads are the quartzoid bulb type. The bulb is transparent and contains a colored liquid. At 360 degrees Fahrenheit, the bulb breaks and releases a water stream. One is called UPRIGHT when used above piping when piping is exposed but when it is hidden inside ceilings that show only the bulb it is called PENDENT. 7. The portion of the plumbing system which conveys rainwater to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public STORM DRAIN system and carried to some drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers. 8. PEFORATED PIPE. When the soil is not permeable, and it touches a concrete or hollow block wall of a basement, rainwater will seep on it and may flood. The gravel is placed all around this wall 0.30m wide and about 0.30m below the basement floor rainwater from the gravel towards the drainage terminal. D. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS C D B A C A B D D A C B A B D C 1. BLACK WATER. Water plus human waste, solid and liquid, urine that is flushed out of toilets and urinals. 2. SOIL STACK PIPE. A vertical soil pipe containing fecal matter and liquid waste. 3. WASTE PIPES. A pipe which conveys only liquid wastes free of fecal matter. 4. VENT. A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap seals. 5. CLEANOUT FERRULE. A metallic sleeve calked (to fill the gaps, to seal or to waterproof) or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe. 6. TRAP. A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas and materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. 7. HOUSE DRAIN. The part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer. It should have a slope of at least to a foot or 6mm for every 300mmor 2%.

8. UNDERGROUND PIT (why not sump pits) . A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained. 9. SHAFT. A vertical opening though a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation and others. 10. 11. SLEEVE. A sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accommodate plumping pipes (through the hole made). CAULKING. lugging an opening around pipe joints with oakum (hemp soaked with oil) lead or other materials like epoxy adhesive on vinyl that are pounded place. GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING. All horizontal piping shall run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% and shall be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.00M length ( 10 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and all pipes are rigidly hundred (100 inches) length. DREASES TRAP. This kind of trap must be installed wherever oily, lard contained wastes from hotels, restaurants, club houses or similar public eating places are discharged into the sewer or septic vault. Sand traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fixture from which it receives the discharge and shall have an air-tight cover, easily removable to permit its cleaning. TRAP SEAL. This is the vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir (an embankment or levee) built to hold water in its course or to divert it to a new course of a p-trap. Also it is the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir to prevent unpleasant and odorous gases to enter the room through the fixtures. SIPHONAGE. The result of a minus pressure in the drainage system. (Pressure is a force required to move gas or liquid) when a large amount of the trap (seal) is absolutely discharged. When the seal is lost, back flow of gases from the sewer line will pass into the trap, finds its way to the fixture drain outlet and spread into the room. Upon the completion of the entire water distribution system including connections to apprentices, devices, tanks, or fixtures, it shall be tested and inspected by means of WATER & AIR TEST .

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E. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, REFUSE HANDLING A D B C C B D A B D A C 1. SEPTIC TANK. A receptacle or water tight vault used to collect organic waste discharge from the house sewer and designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest the organic matter through a period of detention, and allow the effluent to discharge a storm drain. 2. CATCH BASIN . A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time to deposit settleable materials.

3. PUBLIC SEWER MAIN . A public sanitary waste disposal system consisting of a treatment unit which conveys the raw waste to the disposal system. 4. A common way of disposing solids is by INCINERATION . This is a controlled burning of combustible waste. This can be an effective waste reduction method for 70 percent of all municipal wastes. If this is operated properly, it can reduce bulk by 90 to 95 percent. Ash left over is generally disposed off in a landfill. 5. Another method of disposing municipal solid wastes is by dumping of refuse at a pre-planned site, compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This method is called a SANITARY LANDFILL. 6. When garbage from different floors of a high-rise building is disposed off from an opening and is directly led to the basement garbage bin. This is called the RUBBISH CHUTES. 7. GARBAGE DISPOSER. This is a contraption inverted to dispose leftovers straight from the kitchen sink. Simply turn on the faucet, flick the power switch and place the leftovers such as bones, fruit pits, rotten vegetables, spoiled bones and washed down the drain pipes. 8. After the ground preparation, a LINER should be laid out on the area enclosed for sanitary landfill. The main purpose is to prevent the seepage of leachate (dirty water, to cause liquid to percolate) deep down to the ground water strata. This consists of soil or composite material such as synthetic plastic or asphalt sheets. 9. TRENCH METHOD . A method of landfill wherein a tractor digs a trench with a bulldozer blade and trucks dump the refuse to it. Then the tractor compacts the refuse thoroughly and covers it with earth that was dug up earlier. This method is primarily used on ground level. 10. AREA METHOD. This method of landfill is generally used on rolling terrain where the existing slope of the land can be used as a basin. In this method, trucks deposit refuse over the selected area. Huge, heavy tractors with special compacting wheels press down the refuse. Then the refuse is covered with earth hauled in from elsewhere. Collection of human wastes is done by elaborate systems to carry most liquid sewage to WATER TREATMENT PLANTS , where the sewage undergoes a series of treatment steps to remove polluting materials, biological and chemical contaminants that can harm human health or ecological systems. The first stage is the trapping or screening of coarse suspended matter into a grit chamber . Then the use of aerobic microorganisms to break down the organic matter left in the sewage called the biological oxidation . Then the third phase, chemical treatments used to remove undesirable constituents that remain. What results is drinking quality water. BIDET. A fixture that appears like a water closet, since a person sits down on it. But it is designed as a combination lavatory which can plug the drain and collect hot & cold water, with an inverted water sprayer to clear the most delicate and well-guarded parts of the body.

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F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS B A D C C A D B A C 1. What determines the size of a leaching field? PERCOLATION TEST 2. What is an important concern in private water supply? HARDNESS. 3. What part of water supply design is affected by building height? STATIC HEAD 4. Statements: a. Correct *Dry pipe sprinkler systems are more efficient than wet pipe systems. *The hazard classification does not necessarily affect sprinkler layout. b. Incorrect *Siamese connections serve both sprinklers and standpipes *Standpipes must be located within stairways or vestibules of smoke-proofed enclosures. *Standpipes are required in buildings four or more stories high or those exceeding 150 feet. 5. The pressure in a city water main is (0.39273 MPa). If the pressure loss through piping, fittings, and the water meter has been calculated as 231 psi (o.15847 MPa) and the highest fixture requires 12 psi (0.08268 MPa) to operate, what is the maximum height the fixture can be above the water main? 50 FEET (15M) 6. You have been retained by a client to design a house in a suburban location. The nearest water main is one block away (about 1000M) and the city has no plans to extend the line in the near future. City and county regulations do permit the drilling of wells. What should you recommend you client regarding water supply? ESTIMATE THE COST OF EXTENDING THE MUNICIPAL LINE, SINCE THE WATER QUALITY IS KNOWN AND IT WOULD ENSURE A LONG-TERM SUPPLY. CONSULT WITH NEARBY PROPERTY OWNERS WHO PLAN TO BUILD IN THE AREA TO SEE IF THEY WOULD BE WILLING TO SHARE THE COST OF EXTENDING THE LINE. 7. Which statements about drainage are correct? a. Correct *Vents help prevent the drainage of water from traps *The house drain cannot also be called the building sewer *Cleanouts are always a necessary part of a drainage system b. Incorrect *Drains should always slope at a minimum of 1/8 inch per foot (.0099 per meter) or 9.9mm/meter. [0.99%] 8. Water hammer most often occurs when: WATER SUDDENLY STOPS WHEN FLOW IS TURNED OFF. 9. One component of a plumbing system that every building has is a : STACK VENT

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Select the incorrect statements: a. Correct *Several types of plastic can be used for cold water piping, but only PVDC is used for hot water supply where allowed by local codes. *Steel pipe is more labor intensive and requires more space than copper pipes in plumbing chases. *ABS is suitable for water supply. b. Incorrect *Type M pipe is normally specified for most interior plumbing