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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We made a research on Domestic Violence. As we all know that it is very much common now days almost in every country. Women are being violated mostly by men in their homes. Domestic Violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behavior by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family or co-habitation. Domestic Voilence has many forms, including physical aggression or assault or threats.Laws on domestic violence vary by country. Women are being abused by men in different ways like physically, mentally, sexually and emotionally. Lenore Walker presented the model of cycle of abuse which consists of three basic phases , Tension building phase, Violent episode and then honeymoon phase. We took the data from different sources like internet and also make a research on different reports on domestic abuse against women. Women cannot work properly in their homes because of abuses made by their husbands, fathers etc. They also cannot go to anywhere without mens permission. They are struck in their homes and also dont get full freedom to do any task in their homes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Executive Summary Table of contents Introduction Literature Review Objectives Methodology Domestic Violence

8. Intimate Partner Violence Types

9. Types of Abuses 10. Gender aspects of abuse 11. Cycles of Abuse 12. Conclusion 13. Reference

INTRODUCTION

Violence can be criminal and includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced sexual activity), and stalking. Although emotional, psychological and financial abuse is not criminal behaviors, they are forms of abuse and can lead to criminal violence. The violence takes many forms and can happen all the time or once in a while. An important step to help yourself or someone you know in preventing or stopping violence is recognizing the warning signs listed on the violence wheel. Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating. he domestic violence laws say abuse is:

Physically hurting or trying to hurt someone, intentionally or recklessly; Sexual assault; Making someone reasonably afraid that they or someone else are about to be seriously hurt (like threats or promises to harm someone); OR Behavior like harassing, stalking, threatening, or hitting someone; disturbing someones peace

A domestic violence restraining order is a court order that helps protect people from abuse or threats of abuse from someone they have a close relationship with.; or destroying someones personal

property.

LITERATURE REVIEW VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: NEED TO UNEARTH THE UNSEEN PAIN Shumila Nazir
Research Scholar, Department of Social Work,
Jamia MilliaIslamia, University, New Delhi.
The right to be safe and live free from violence is a fundamental human right. But all the people are not lucky enough to enjoy this right. Home is considered as the safest place to dwell but not always. There are situations where violence creeps into homes making life miserable. The term used to describe this exploding problem of violence within our homes is Domestic Violence. This violence is towards someone who we are in a relationship with, be it a wife, husband, son daughter, mother, father, grandparent or any other family member. It can be a males or a females atrocities towards another male or a female. Anyone can be a victim and a victimizer. There are varied consequences of domestic violence depending on the victim, the age group, the intensity of the violence and frequency of the torment they are subjected to. Living under a constant fear, threat and humiliation are some of the feelings developed in the minds of the victims as a consequence of an atrocious violence. This violence has a tendency to explode in various forms such as physical, sexual or emotional. Among these varied forms of domestic violence this paper will focus on the domestic violence in relation to women because women being a week and vulnerable group are exposed more to this menace. The domestic violence against women can be viewed in different forms, which will include physical, verbal, economic, sexual, emotional abuse and the threats to commit the same. Bride tortured to death for dowry issues, a women abandoned by her husband for no reasons such kind of news always appears in the papers. This issue is very grave and requires much importance than just one or two lines in the news papers. To understand the depth of this issue we need to look at the statistics of this crime. Statistics should be collected to show that violence against women actually exists and we as users should try to use these statistics to lay foundation for our argument as to the extent to which violence against women exist. According to statistics published by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in 2002 a total of 147,678 crimes against women were reported in 2002 compared with 143,795 during 2001. This represents an increase of 2.7% over the previous year and Shows an increase of 12.3% over 1998. These NCRB figures record crimes specifically categorized as "Crimes against Women", although women may additionally be the victims of other crimes, robbery, murder etc. The proportion of IPC Crimes committed against women towards total IPC crimes increased continually during past years from 6.7 per cent in 1998 to 7.4 per cent during 2001 and 2002. The news is being published and that is it. After that it is never highlighted that what has happened to the case there after, because the men use their influence and get liberated always. It is very rare when a culprit of domestic violence gets punished for his crime. If we would leave the major issues like dowry death, and focus on the torture and harassment the tool will be increased much more. While physical injuries can be seen simply because they are visible and could be produced before people, mental and psychological injuries are not visible, though they cause equal or even greater damage. According to United Nation Population Fund Report, around two-third of married Indian women are victims of domestic violence and as many as 70 per cent of married women in India. Thus it is quite obvious that this crime is increasing in its magnitude day by day and influencing more and more destitute women and girls. It is very binding and obligatory at this point of time to creating public awareness, advocacy for better policy and legal framework and the need for necessary support services to end violence against Women and Girl and uncover this unseen pain.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of our research is to make people aware of domestic violence and to find the ways of protecting women from domestic violence. Women should be treated like all other human beings. They should be given all the rights and they should not be violated in their homes. Men should understand this thing properly.

METHODOLOGY
We chose secondary method for our research. We didnt choose primary method because most of the women dont want to tell anything about their home matters. They dont feel easy to share their problems with any other person.

Actually they are afraid of the men, so we collected our data from internet and from other reports.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation. Domestic violence, so defined, has many forms, including physical aggression or assault (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects), or threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse (e.g., neglect); and economic deprivation. Alcohol consumption and mental illness can be co-morbid with abuse, and present additional challenges in eliminating domestic violence. Awareness, perception, definition and documentation of domestic violence differs widely from country to country, and from era to era. Domestic violence and abuse is not limited to obvious physical violence. Domestic violence can also mean endangerment, criminal coercion, kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment, trespassing, harassment, and stalking. Laws on domestic violence vary by country. While it is generally outlawed in the Western World, this not the case in many developing countries. For instance, in 2010, the United Arab Emirates Supreme Court has ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he doesn't leave physical marks.The social acceptability of domestic violence also differs by country. While in most developed countries domestic violence is considered unacceptable by most people, in many regions of the world the views are different: according to a UNICEF survey, the percentage of women aged 1549 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is, for example: 90% in Jordan, 85.6% in Guinea, 85.4% in Zambia, 85% in Sierra Leone, 81.2% in Laos, 81% in Ethiopia.

Government definitions:
The US Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) defines domestic violence as a "pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner". The definition adds that domestic violence "can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender", and can take many forms, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional, economic, and psychological abuse.

Intimate partner violence types:

Michael P. Johnson argues for four major types of intimate partner violence, which is supported by subsequent research and evaluation as well as independent researchers.Distinctions are made among the types of violence, motives of perpetrators, and the social and cultural context based upon patterns across numerous incidents and motives of the perpetrator. Types of violence identified by Johnson.

Common couple violence (CCV) is not connected to general control behavior, but arises in a single argument where one or both partners physically lash out at the other. Intimate terrorism (IT) may also involve emotional and psychological abuse. Intimate terrorism is one element in a general pattern of control by one partner over the other. Intimate terrorism is less common than common couple violence, more likely to escalate over time, not as likely to be mutual, and more likely to involve serious injury. IT batterers include two types: "Generally-violent-antisocial" and "dysphoric-borderline". The first type includes people with general psychopathic and violent tendencies. The second type are people who are emotionally dependent on the relationship. Support for this typology has been found in subsequent evaluations. Violent resistance (VR), sometimes thought of as "self-defense", is violence perpetrated by victims against their abusive partners. Mutual violent control (MVC) is rare type of intimate partner violence occurring when both partners act in a violent manner, battling for control.

TYPES OF ABUSES :
Physical abuse: Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Physical abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching, choking, pushing, burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim. Physical abuse can also include behaviors such as denying the victim of medical care when needed, depriving the victim of sleep or other functions necessary to live, or forcing the victim to engage in drug/alcohol use against his/her will. Sexual abuse: Sexual abuse is any situation in which force or threat is used to obtain participation in unwanted sexual activity. Coercing a person to engage in sexual activity against their will, even if that person is a spouse or intimate partner with whom consensual sex has occurred, is an act of aggression and violence. Emotional abuse: Emotional abuse (also called psychological abuse or mental abuse) can include humiliating the victim privately or publicly, controlling what the victim can and cannot do, withholding information from the victim, deliberately doing something to make the victim feel diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim from friends and family, implicitly blackmailing the victim by harming others when the victim expresses independence or happiness, or denying the victim access to money or other basic resources and necessities. Degradation in any form can be considered psychological abuse. Emotional abuse can include verbal abuse and is defined as any behavior that threatens, intimidates, undermines the victims self-worth or self-esteem, or controls the victims freedom. This can include threatening the victim with injury or harm, telling the victim that they will be killed if they ever leave the relationship, and public humiliation. Constant criticism, namecalling, and making statements that damage the victims self-esteem are also common verbal forms of emotional abuse.

Verbal abuse: Verbal abuse is a form of emotionally abusive behavior involving the use of language. Verbal abuse can also be referred to as the act of threatening. Through threatening a person can blatantly say they will harm you in any way and will also be considered as abuse. Verbal abuse may include aggressive actions such as name-calling, blaming, ridicule, disrespect,

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Gender aspects of abuse:

The relationship between gender and domestic violence is a controversial topic. There continues to be debate about the rates at which each gender is subjected to domestic violence and whether abused men should be provided the same resources and shelters that exist for female victims. In particular, some studies suggest that men are less likely to report being victims of domestic violence due to social stigmas. Other sources, however, argue that the rate of domestic violence against men is often inflated due to the practice of including self-defense as a form of domestic violence.

Both men and women have been arrested and convicted of assaulting their partners in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships. The majority of these arrests have been men being arrested for assaulting women, though since the early-to-mid 1990s the number of women arrested has increased significantly, which is often attributed to the implementation of "Must Arrest" laws. However, the gender neutrality of the enforcement of domestic violence laws remains questionable.

Violence against women:

Although the exact rates are widely disputed, especially within the United States, there is a large body of cross-cultural evidence that women are subjected to domestic violence significantly more often than men. In addition, there is broad consensus that women are more often subjected to severe forms of abuse and are more likely to be injured by an abusive partner. According to a report by the United States Department of Justice, a survey of 16,000 Americans showed 22.1% of women and 7.4% of men reported being physically assaulted by a current or former spouse, cohabiting partner, boyfriend or girlfriend, or date in their lifetime. A 2010 survey of over 21,000 residents of England and Wales by the UK Home Office showed that 7% of women and 4% of men were victims of domestic abuse in the last year. A study in the United States found that women were 13 times more likely than men to seek medical attention due to injuries related to spousal abuse. Women are more likely than men to be murdered by an intimate partner. Of those killed by an intimate partner about three quarters are female and about a quarter are male. In 1999 in the United States 1,218 women and 424 men were killed by an intimate partner, and 1181 females and 329 males were killed by their intimate partners in 2005. In England and Wales about 100 women are killed by partners or former partners each year while 21 men were killed in 2010. In 2008, in France, 156 women and 27 men were killed by their intimate partner.

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CYCLE OF ABUSE:
Frequently, domestic violence is used to describe specific violent and overtly abusive incidents, and legal definitions will tend to take this perspective. However, when violent and abusive behaviours happen within a relationship, the effects of those behaviours continue after these overt incidents are over. Advocates and counsellors will refer to domestic violence as a pattern of behaviours, including those listed above.

Lenore Walker presented the model of a Cycle of abuse which consists of three basic phases:
Tension Building Phase: Characterized by poor communication, tension, fear of causing outbursts. During this stage the victims try to calm the abuser down, to avoid any major violent confrontations. Violent Episode : Characterized by outbursts of violent, abusive incidents. During this stage the abuser attempts to dominate his/her partner(victim), with the use of domestic violence. Honeymoon Phase : Feels overwhelming feelings of remorse and sadness. Some abusers walk away from the situation, while others shower their victims with love and affection.

In the 1970s, it was widely believed that domestic disturbance calls were the most dangerous type for responding officers, who arrive to a highly emotionally charged situation. This belief was based on FBI statistics which turned out to be flawed, in that they grouped all types of disturbances together with domestic disturbances, such as brawls at a bar. Subsequent statistics and analysis have shown this belief to be false. Statistics on incidents of domestic violence, published in the late 1970s, helped raise public awareness of the problem and increase activism. A study published in 1976 by the Police Foundation found that the police had intervened at least once in the previous two years in 85% of spouse homicides. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, feminists and battered women's advocacy groups were calling on police to take domestic violence more seriously and change intervention strategies.

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Conclusion:
Having looked at a sensitive topic of Domestic Violence, we can sense the importance of discussion of such a topic. The varying causes which can spark the violence within the four walls of homes need to be analysed carefully and a wise study of the factors causing the violence may prevent a family to suffer from the menace of domestic violence. The domestic violence may have a far wider and deeper impact in real life than what has been covered in this essay. What is required is to see closely the association of the factors provoking a particular form of domestic violence. If these factors can be controlled then more than one form of violence can be prevented from harming an individual or our society and India would be a much better place to live in.

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Reference

Report by the United States Department of Justice, Lenore Walkers model Google source