GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

HEART BEAT MONITOR

BY
K.SUNITHA (08245A0204)

M.KEERTHI CHANDRIKA

(08245A0208)

V.BHANU MADHURI

(08245A0209)

P.PALLAVI

(08245A0212)

CONTENTS
Abstract Introduction Functional block diagram Internal design Heart-rate sensor Amplifier Microcontroller(8051) Seven-segment display Circuit diagram Coding Software explore Conclusion References

Abstract Heart rate monitor using 8051 micro controller

AIM:
The aim of this project is to implement an ECG and Digital Heart Rate counter. The main challenges include amplifying the desired weak signal in the presence of noise from other muscles and electrical sources. A display of the heart rate will be obtained by measuring the time between signal peaks and then calculating the frequency of the peaks in units of beats per minute.

PURPOSE:
The heart is one of the most vital organs within the human body. It acts as a pump that circulates oxygen and nutrient carrying blood around the body in order to keep it functioning. When the body is exerted the rate at which the heart beats will vary proportional to the amount of effort being exerted. By detecting the voltage created by the beating of the heart, its rate can be easily observed and used for a number of health purposes

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DESCRIPTION:
A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows a subject to measure their heart rate in real time or record their heart rate for later study. This can be used to monitor the heartbeats in digital display format. The heart beat information available in digital format is easy to understand. In our heartbeat monitor project we have used two electrodes to sense the blood pumping done by heart which are proportional to heartbeats. The sensing electrode sense the blood pumping cycles and send the signal to amplifier.An accelerometer measures instantaneoussacceleration of the object on which accelerometer is bounded. It transduce the acceleration which results from thevibration to corresponding analog signal. Here we use piezoelectric type accelerometer is used. We are using stages of amplifiers to amplify weak signals sensed by sensing electrodes. The amplified signals are processes to extract the cycles of blood through our body. The average value of sensed cycles of blood pumps are displayed per minute interval. We have used microcontroller AT89S51 to process the sensed signal from sensor and displayed on 16x2lcddisplay

HARD WARE COMPONENTS:

Piezo-electric accelerometer +5v dc supply

Amplifier Micro controller Lcd

SOFT WARE TOOLS:

Proteus Keil u-vision Embedded C Express pcb

INTRODUCTION
The project is to monitor pulse rate, strength of the heart beats and assessment of the pulse conditions. The heart beats are to be sensed from wrist through a wrist band clip sensor. This information is to be displayed on LCD display A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device which allows a subject to measure his heart rate in real time or record his heart rate for later study. Early models consisted of a monitoring box with a set of electrode leads which attached to the chest. Modern heart rate monitors usually comprise of two elements: a chest strap transmitter and a wrist receiver or mobile phone (which usually doubles as a watch or phone). In early plastic straps water or liquid was required to get good performance. Later units have used conductive smart fabric with built in microprocessors which analyse the EKG signal to determine heart rate.Strapless heart rate monitors now allow the user to just touch two sensors on a wristwatch display for a few seconds to view their heart rate. These are popular for their comfort and ease of use though they don't give as much detail as monitors which use a chest strap.

More advanced models will offer measurements of heart rate variability, activity, and breathing rate to assess parameters relating to a subject's fitness. Another style of heart rate monitor replaces the plastic around-the-chest strap with fabric sensors - the most common of these is a sports bra for women which includes sensors in the fabric. In old versions, when a heart beat is detected a radio signal is transmitted, which the receiver uses to determine the current heart rate. This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such as Bluetooth, ANT, or other low-power radio link); the latter prevents one user's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters (known as cross-talk interference). Newer versions include a microprocessor which is continuously monitoring the EKG and calculating the heart rate, and other parameters. These may include accelerometers which can detect speed and distance eliminating the need for foot worn devices. There are a wide number of receiver designs, with various features. These include average heart rate over exercise period, time in a specific heart rate zone, calories burned, and breathing rate, built in speed and distance, and detailed logging that can be downloaded to a computer. The Heart Rate Monitor Interface (HRMI) is an intelligent peripheral device that converts the ECG signal from Polar Electro. Heart Rate Monitor (HRM) transmitters into easy-to-use heart rate data. It implements a sophisticated algorithm for computing an average heart rate even with noisy or intermittent data from the transmitter. The HRMI also provides analog inputs and a digital input/output utility port to ease integration into custom applications. We will be implementing an ECG and Digital Heart Rate counter. The main challenge of the project would be to amplify the desired weak signal in the presence of noise from other muscles and electrical sources. A display of the heart rate will be obtained by measuring the time between signal peaks and then calculating the frequency of the peaks in units of beats per minute. The device is most useful if it is portable. This requires a battery to be able to power all of the necessary components as well as the power output of the battery to be regulated. Desired signal The heart pulse received on the skin by electrodes is a result of traveling electrical activity from the heart. At the skin, this signal has a relative potential in the range of about ~2mV.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

The functional block diagram consists of: Piezoelectric accelerometer Amplifier ADC Microcontroller Seven-segment display +5v d.c. supply

The signal is generated from the piezoelectric accelerometer. The output of the accelerometer is a weak signal. To enhance the signal an amplifier and filter is used which is shown in the block diagram. And the signal from amplifier is given to ADC and the obtained digital output is given to microcontroller and microcontroller is interfaced with seven-segment display to give the desired number of counts of the heart-rate. Here, the supply to the circuit is d.c.+5v given through a battery.

INTERNAL DESIGN
HEART-RATE SENSOR (piezoelectric accelerometer): A piezoelectric accelerometer that utilizes the piezoelectric effect of certain materials to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables. (e.g. acceleration, vibration, and mechanical shock) As with all transducers, piezoelectric accelerometers convert one form of energy into another and provide an electrical signal in response to a quantity, property, or condition that is being measured. Using the general sensing method upon which all accelerometers are based, acceleration acts upon a seismic mass that is restrained by a spring or suspended on a cantilever beam, and converts a physical force into an electrical signal. Before the acceleration can be converted into an electrical quantity it must first be converted into either a force or displacement. This conversion is done via the mass spring system shown in the figure to the right.

When a physical force is exerted on the accelerometer, the seismic mass loads the piezoelectric element according to Newtons second law of motion (F = ma). The force exerted on the piezoelectric material can be observed in the change in the electrostatic force or voltage generated by the piezoelectric material. This differs from a piezoresistive effect in that piezoresistive materials experience a change in the resistance of the material rather than a change in charge or voltage. Physical force exerted on the piezoelectric can be classified as one of two types; bending or compression. Stress of the compression type can be understood as a force exerted to one side of the piezoelectric while the opposing side rests against a fixed surface, while bending involves a force being exerted on the piezoelectric from both sides. Piezoelectric materials used for the purpose of accelerometers can also fall into two categories. The first, and more widely used, is single-crystal materials (usually quartz). Though these materials do offer a long life span in terms of sensitivity, their disadvantage is that they are generally less sensitive than some piezoelectric ceramics. In addition to having a higher piezoelectric constant (sensitivity) than single-crystal materials, ceramics are more inexpensive to produce. The other category is ceramic material. That uses barium titanate, lead-zirconate-lead-titanate, lead metaniobate, and other materials whose composition is considered proprietary by the company responsible for their development. The disadvantage to piezoelectric ceramics, however, is that their sensitivity degrades with time making the longevity of the device less than that of single-crystal materials. In applications when low sensitivity piezoelectrics are used, two or more crystals can be connected together for output multiplication. The proper material can be chosen for particular applications based on the sensitivity, frequency response, bulk-resistivity, and thermal response. Due to the low output signal and high output impedance that piezoelectric accelerometers possess, there is a need for amplification and impedance conversion of the signal produced. In the past this problem has been solved using a separate (external) amplifier/impedance converter. This method, however, is generally impractical due to the noise that is introduced as well as the physical and environmental constraints posed on the system as a result. Today IC amplifiers/impedance converters are commercially available and are generally packaged within the case of the accelerometer itself.

Among the desirable features of the piezoelectric (PE) accelerometer are accuracy, durability, large dynamic range, ease of installation, and long life span. Although these devices cost more than other types, in many situations their benefits outweigh the higher price. To provide useful data, PE accelerometers require proper signal conditioning circuitry. We will briefly review the important characteristics of a PE accelerometer and circuit techniques for signal conditioning. In particular, we will examine an interface that will allow the accelerometer output's magnitude and frequency to be measured by a microcontroller unit (MCU).

The PE accelerometer uses an internal PE element coupled with a loading mass to form a single-degree-of-freedom "mass-spring" system. The accelerometer is a charge-sensitive device; an instantaneous change in stress on the internal PE element produces a charge at the accelerometer's output terminals that is proportional to the applied acceleration. For interfacing purposes, the PE accelerometer can be modelled as a voltage generator, Eg, in series with an internal capacitance, Ci. The internal capacitance is an important characteristic because it can have a significant effect on overall system sensitivity. A typical PE accelerometer's sensitivity is specified in Pico coulombs per g (pC/g). Typical sensitivities are 0.51000pC/g. PE accelerometers can be applied to measure vibration levels ranging from 4gto>104g.

AMPLIFIER (op-amp LM741):

An Operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1] An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.[2] Operational amplifiers are important building blocks for a wide range of electronic circuits. They had their origins in analog computers where they were used in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. Their popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact the characteristics of the final elements (such as their gain) are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC opamps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits. The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).

Pin diagram of LM741

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is very cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits. The OP AMP is a Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to amplify the weak signal. The OP-AMP has two inputs, INVERTING ( - ) and NONINVERTING (+), and one output at pin 6.

Amplification Stage An instrumentation amplifier is usually the very first stage in an instrumentation system. This is because of the very small voltages usually received from the probes need to be amplified significantly to be proceeding stages. An instrumentation amplifier (IA) is a difference amplifier where the difference between the two input terminals is amplified and the common signals between the inputs are rejected (Common Mode Rejection (CMR)). The latter function is the device characteristic, termed the Common Rejection Ratio (CMRR).

The buffered amplifiers while providing first stage amplification to the inputs also isolates the resistor resistance from being affected by the biasing (high potential or at noise floor) at the input terminals. The differential amplifier XOP 3 compensates for the bias by only considering the difference between the input terminals and generally has a differential gain. For a bio-signals amplifier one of the important characteristics of the Op-amps to be used are its CMRR and Gain. CMRR is generally affected by the matching of the resistance values throughout the circuit. Therefore the use of resistors with accuracies of 0.1% is highly desirable.

MICRO CONTROLLER (8051):

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited to 8 bits. These microcontrollers recognize and operate in binary numbers. Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

8-bit data bus. 16-bit address bus. 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less). 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes. Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports). 16-bit program counter and data pointer.

The instructions of the 8051 are executed similar to a classic VGA processor with Neumann architecture. Data has to be first stored in accumulator before operating on it. However, the 8051 processor core is designed differently than most other microcontrollers. The 8051 contains a microcoded processor that is in contrast to other microcontrollers that use a hardwired one. The microcoded processor is nothing but a processor with in a processor, or a state machine that executes each different instruction, as the address to a subroutine of instructions. When an instruction is loaded in to the instruction-holding register, certain bits of the instruction are used to point to the start of the instruction routine, and the microcode instruction decode-and-processor logic executes the microcode instructions until an instruction end is encountered. All computer instructions involve taking one piece of data from a location and operating on that data together with another piece of data. The data originates at the source location and ends up at the destination location. An instruction usually starts with an action mnemonic that reminds us what the instruction does. The instruction mnemonic is the first word of the instruction that indicates how the data elements are to be combined or otherwise manipulated by the c.p.u.

Pin description of 8051:

PORTS:
There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3. Port P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which can be used for a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and P3 have dual roles or additional functions associated with them based upon the context of their usage. Port P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has additional functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt pins, 2 external counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.

Port P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P2 will act as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to access external memory. PORT P2 acts as A8-A15, Port P0 (pins 32 to 39): PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P0 acts as a multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to access external memory in conjunction with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7.

BASIC PINS:
PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used reset the microcontrollers internal registers and ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.) PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect a crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit. PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs +5V 500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the Atmel 2051 which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V. PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in flash memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If external memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to indicate the

presence of external memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which is used when multiple memory chips are connected to the controller and only one of them needs to be selected. We will deal with this in depth in the later chapters. PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is "program select enable". In order to use the external memory it is required to provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.

SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAY:
Seven segment display is a basic type of display which can display numbers from 0 to 9. The circuit for interfacing single 7 segment display is shown below. Driving a 7 segment display is as simple as flashing LEDs, but here we are flashing 7+1 LEDs. The 7 segment display module has 8 LEDs (7 segments to display number and one segment for decimal point or dot) arranged in a particular manner as shown in image below.

By driving (in the sense controlling ON and OFF conditions) these LEDs in various combinations, we can display the numbers 0 to 9. There are basically two types of 7 segment displays, they are common cathode and common anode. In common cathode, the cathodes of all the LED segments are connected together, we should apply a logic 1 or high input to a segment pin to light up that particular segment, and in common cathode the case is opposite. Table below shows the combinations of inputs to be applied to 7 segment display for digits 0 to 9.

INTERFACING OF SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAY WITH 8051:

Connect the a to g pins and dot pin of seven segment display to the 8-bit port of microcontroller. Now send the respective hex data to display specific number on seven segment display on that port. Give some delay and repeat the process if you want to display another digit. Apply proper polarity to common pin. Make the required segment pin low or high depending on the type of display. You can refer the table given below to send respective hex value for displaying numbers from 0 to 9.

4511 BCD converter :

The 4511 is a BCD to 7-segment decoder driver. Its function is to convert the logic states at the outputs of a BCD, or binary coded decimal, counter like the 4510 into signals which will drive a 7-segment display. The display shows the decimal numbers 0-9 and is easily understood.

The 4511 is designed to drive a common cathode display and won't work with a common anode display. You need to check that you are using the right kind of display before you start building.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

AMPLIFIED PULSES OF HEART RATE SENSOR

The above circuit diagram shows the amplified signal of the heart rate sensorthe circuit consists of : Piezo-electric accelerometer Transistor Resistor Op-amp 741 +5v dc supply

The accelerometer senses the vibrations of the heart rate. This piezo-electric accelerometer senses the vibration and converts the vibrations in to electrical pulses these pulses are weak, the magnitude of the pulse from sensor is very low. so in order to improve the magnitude of the pulses an operational amplifier is used which amplifies and improves the weak signal.

SIMULATION CIRCUIT WITH MICROCONTROLLER:-

PROGRAM CODING:
#include<reg51.h> sbit intr=P3^4; //void delay(); //sbit en=P1^2; void main() { int i; while(1) { //en=0; TMOD=0x15; intr=1; TL0=0x00; TH0=0x00; TR0=1; for(i=0;i<20;i++) { TL1=0xB0; TH1=0x3C; TR1=1; while(TF1==0); TR1=0; TF1=0; } P1=TL0/10; //delay(); P2=TL0%10; }} void delay() { int i ,j;

for(i=0;i<125;i++) for(j=0;j<1257;j++);}

SOFTWARE EXPLORE: Proteus:

Proteus* is a software technology that allows creating clinical executable decision support guidelines with little effort. The Proteus guidelines are created with modular entities called Knowledge Components (KCs). Each KC represents a clinical activity and is available to the clinician as a module of executable knowledge with its own intelligence.

The KCs may be easily modified. Simple drag and drop operations constitute significant part of editing.

The KCs may be reused. For example, a KC created for diagnosis of diabetes can be used in guidelines as disparate as investigation of coma, routine preoperative checkup for major elective surgery, investigation of unexplained weight loss and evaluation for risk of infection. One can simply drop a KC in a guideline and begin using it. The KCs are also shareable, therefore anyone who authors guidelines can have a library of pre-built KCs at their disposal to drag and drop in their guideline.

Experts at remote locations may manage individual KCs, keeping them in sync with the current medical concepts, while the clinicians automatically get the state-of-the-art executable knowledge. This is akin to opening a web page using a hyperlink; the user gets the fresh content by clicking on the same URL when the author of the web page updates it. Unlike a web page however, the Proteus KCs are executable knowledge and not passive information. Each guideline may have many KCs, each being updated by a different expert or a group of experts.

The intelligent decision-making in the KC comes from the Inference Tools in the Proteus approach. Anything that can make the inferences that a KC needs can be declared its inference tool. Simple software algorithms, sophisticated artificial intelligence tools or even remote human experts can be specified as inference tools for KCs. The inference tool can be as easily swapped as they can be declared. Therefore, if a tool with better inferencing capabilities becomes available, it can be used to replace the previous one in a few simple steps.

The KCs offer a template for capturing data pertaining to the clinical activity that they represent and serve as components of an Electronic Medical Record.

Since the KCs represent discretely identifiable clinical activities they also allow attaching related elements from the non-clinical processes of healthcare.

Each such non-clinical process can be assigned a separate layer, with components within it communicating with a logically related KC in the clinical process. For example, execution of a KC representing Colonoscopy in the clinical process may be linked with an event that increments the list of billable items for the patient. The latter event exists in a parallel process layer called billing which gets its hints from the core clinical process as it progresses. This allows conceiving of an integrated healthcare information system with logically related parts and unlimited extensibility. Proteus is an ambitious approach with a potential to touch many aspects of healthcare. Several prototype software tools developed have validated the core features of the Proteus approach. The experience of development carried out to date suggests that a more exhaustive implementation be created and tested with healthcare professionals. Proteus (Processes and Transactions Editable by Users), is a model for creating executable clinical decision-support guidelines. The name and the abbreviation signify flexibility and maneuverability of guidelines in the hands of physicians. The guidelines in Proteus approach are built from small bits of knowledge in the form of software entities, called knowledge components (KCs). The KCs are discrete, editable, reusable and executable, distributed knowledge entities that represent clinical activity. The design of the KC has been achieved by applying principles of distributed component software architecture to knowledge forms. The KCs can be created and maintained by experts while healthcare professionals access them from remote locations. Because of the independent nature of each of the KCs, a change in one KC does not affect others. Additionally, the KCs capture the data entered, thereby also serving as components of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). This kind of medical record is far richer than conventional records since it also records the decisions made and the basis of the decisions, in addition to the raw data. Since the guidelines represent clinical processes, representations of other processes in healthcare that are dependent on the clinical processes may be linked to the guidelines. Examples of such processes are billing, supplies, administration, nursing, etc. Each such process can be represented as a layer parallel to the core clinical process and its components have representation similar to KCs in the clinical process with which they are linked. Proteus thus provides a mechanism to construct complete healthcare information systems in which each part is logically related to another. Moreover, since any number of layers can be added, the system based on Proteus has unlimited extensibility.

Another essential feature of Proteus-based guidelines is that they are not tied to a particular technology for inference making. Indeed, each KC can have its own inference tool based on the technology most suitable for its purpose. Diverse technologies can be used to achieve inferencing. Human experts may also be declared as inference tools providing an approach to bringing collaborative decision-making to the point of care. The inference tools may be changed to one using a different technology, even while a guideline is being executed. For the clinician, these features translate into accessing executable knowledge that is updated automatically, always reflecting the state of the art. The clinician can also get the support of collaborative decision-making from a team, which may be geographically distributed. The clinicians at any stage may override the inferences offered by the automated tools or the remote experts, by declaring themselves as the inference tool for the task at hand. Additionally, Proteus provides means to visually represent the executable KCs and guidelines constructed with them. A notation system that is human-readable as well as machinereadable, allows the users to interact with the knowledge and modify it. The KCs and the notation system are designed for organizing and displaying information in a way that reduces complexity and facilitates decision making by the clinician. These features give an incentive to the clinician for entering the data at the point of care as entering the data leads to decision support that is based upon the state-of-the-art with the best inference approach, and helps in avoiding medical errors.

Knowledge Component server: In the planned implementation, the KC server is an application server based on EJB specification. This provides the users access to KCs, while allowing the knowledge managers to maintain them. The application servers provide features for deploying and maintaining components based on the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) industry standard. Specifically, it provides a way to deploy software components called Enterprise Java Beans (EJB). The KCs are available to the client application in the form of EJB entity beans. The server also provides the mechanisms to locate the KCs, security, linking to database, linking with web-based applications, transaction management, ability to use legacy tools via CORBA, among other features. The underlying database is an RDBMS that is accessible via JDBC, which would store each KC in a record. Alternative architectures are also in consideration. For example, the KCs may be accessed in a

peer-to-peer network, where the physicians would be able to share the KCs created by them without a central server. In another possible approach, the naming service and also the KC servers could be conceived of as Web Services (WS). WS is a standard for accessing components over HTTP using XML based remote method invocation.

Keil:
The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded software developers.

When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the Vision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you.

Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular embedded 8051 devices.

The Keil Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (IC, CAN, UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your 8051 device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target hardware is available.

When you are ready to begin testing your software application with target hardware, use the MON51, MON390, MONADI, or FlashMON51 Target Monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter to download and test program code on your target system.

About Keil Software Keil Software makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, and evaluation boards for the 8051, 251, and C16x/ST10 microcontroller families. Products available from Keil Software include embedded development tools, evaluation software, product updates, application notes, example code, and technical support. The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today. The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.

C51 translates C source files into a relocatable object module. When the DEBUG control is used, the object file contains full symbolic information for debugging with the Vision3 Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the object file, the C51 Compiler generates a listing file which optionally may include symbol table and cross-reference information. Features

Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdata memory types Interrupt functions may be written in C Full use of the 8051 register banks Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions Bit-addressable data objects Built-in interface for the RTX51 real-time operating system Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon, Philips, and Triscend microcontrollers

Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit

Keil Software (http://www.keil.com) publishes one of the most complete development tool suites for 8051 software, which is used throughout industry. For development of C code, their Developer's Kit product includes their C51 compiler, as well as an integrated 8051 simulator for debugging. A demonstration version of this product is available on their website, but it includes several limitations (see next section). This is the software that will be used for CECS-347. The C programming language was designed for computers, though, and not embedded systems. It does not support direct access to registers, nor does it allow for the reading and setting of single bits, two very important requirements for 8051 software. In addition, most software developers are accustomed to writing programs that will by executed by an operating system, which provides system calls the program may use to access the hardware. However, much code for the 8051 is written for direct use on the processor, without an operating system. To support this, the Keil compiler has added several extensions to the C language to replace what might have normally been implemented in a system call, such as the

Connecting of interrupt handlers. The purpose of this manual is to further explain the limitations of the Keil compiler, the modifications it has made to the C language, and how to account for these in developing software for the 8051 micro controller.

REFERENCES: Principles of electronics (by V.K. MEHTA&ROHIT MEHTA) Advanced electronics &microprocessors (by JCOB&MILLMAN) http://www.doctronics.co.uk/4511.htm www.microdigitaled.com/8051/Software/keil_tutorial. www.proteme.org/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_(design_software) www.eleinmec.com/.../ds_sgsthompson_4511_decoder

www.8051projects.info/exp2.asp

www.engineersgarage.com/.../8051projects/interface-seven-segment-AT89C51

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier

www.electronics-manufacturers.com/...transducers.../piezoelectric-transducer/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter