Short Circuit Current Contribution for Different Wind Turbine Generator Types yp

Eduard Muljadi Vahan Gevorgian

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO

Nader Samaan
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Ri hl d WA Richland,

Jun Li
ENERNEX Knoxville, , TN

Subbaiah Pasupulati
Oak Creek Energy Systems Inc. Tehachapi, CA

IEEE Power and Energy Society General Conference Minneapolis, MN, July 26-29, 2010
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Conventional vs. Wind Power Plant

Load Other Conv. Generator Load

POI or connection to the grid

Collector System Station

GSU Xfmr
Large Synchronous Generator

Interconnection Transmission Line

Prime Mover

Individual WTGs Feeders and Laterals (overhead and/or underground)

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Power Generation
Conventional Power Plant (100 MW) generators generators. Single or multiple large (100-MW) Prime mover: steam, combustion engine non-renewable fuel affected by fuel cost, politics, and pollution restrictions. Controllability: adjustable up to max. limit and down to min. limit. Predictability: pre pre-planned planned generation based on load forecasting, influenced by human operation, and based on optimum operation (scheduled operation). Located L d relatively l i l close l to the h l load d center. Generator: synchronous generator Fixed speed no slip: flux is controlled via exciter winding winding. Flux and rotor rotate synchronously.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Power Generation
Wind Power Plant Many (hundreds) of wind turbines (1-MW to 5-MW each). Pi Prime mover: wind i d( (wind i dt turbine) bi ) renewable bl (f (free, natural, t l and pollution free). Controllability: curtailment. Predictability: wind variability based on wind forecasting, influenced more by nature (wind) than humans, based on maximizing energy production (unscheduled operation). Located at wind resource; it may be far from the load center. Generator: four different types (fixed speed, variable slip, variable speed, and full converter) non synchronous generation. ti Type 3 & 4: variable speed with flux oriented controller (FOC) via power converter. Rotor does not have to rotate synchronously. h l
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Power Generation
Types of Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Four basic topologies based on grid interface:
Type 1 conventional induction generator. Type T 2 wound-rotor d t induction i d ti generator t with ith variable i bl rotor t resistance. Type 3 doubly-fed induction generator. Type 4 full converter interface.
Type 1
Plant Feeders generator PF control capacitor it s Slip power as heat loss
gene rator PF control capacitor s

Type 2
Pla nt Fee ders

Type 3
Plant Feeders gene rator

Type 4
generator ac to dc dc to ac Plant Feeders

ac to dc

ac to dc

dc to ac

full power

partial power

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 1 3 Lines to Ground (3LG)
3LG vWT G

Fault at the point of interconnection (POI) for 9 cycles (150 ms) Remaining terminal voltage drops significantly but non non-zero zero (due to voltage drop between terminals and the fault. Short circuit current (SCC) decreases with time as the magnetic fluxes driving the SCC dies out. The cable inductance and capacitance makes the current shapes different at the turbine level than at the plant level. The positive Th iti sequence SCC is i dominant d i t as expected; however, the negative sequence is evident during transients.

iW PP

i WTG

i WPP+ i WPP-

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Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 1 Single Line to Ground (SLG)

Ia Ib

Ic

( SCC has shorter transient, sustained by normal phases)

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 2

External Resistor with Adjustable Effective Resistance

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Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 2

S (Slip)

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Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 2

WTG Type 1 Rex` = 0

WTG Type 2 Rex` = adjustable

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 2

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 2 3 LG and 1 LG
Rs Is Vs jX\m I\m jXls jXlr\
Rr
S \

Rex
S

3LG: Remaining terminal voltage drops very shortly after the fault initiated. 3LG: SCC decreases within short time as the magnetic fluxes die out quickly with the increase of the effective rotor resistors. 1LG: Remaining terminal voltages (on h lth phases) healthy h ) continues ti t to d drive i th the fault. 1LG: The SCC continues to flow during the initial cycles and are larger during sub transient conditions sub-transient conditions, but once these conditions settle, the SCC continues to flow unsymetrically in all three phases.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Slide 12 bdg4 The SCC is shown to continue to flow with initial few cycles are larger during sub-transient condition, once settles, the SCC continues to flow un-symmetrically in all three phases.
bgreen, 7/20/2010

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 3 3 LG; LLG; SLG
Wind power plant feeders generator ac to dc dc to ac

Partial power converter

3LG: SCC lasts for a very short time because a crowbar shorted the rotor winding to protect the IGBTs in the power converter and makes it behave similar to an induction generator. LLG and SLG: The normal phases continue to maintain the air gap flux (although unbalanced), ) thus driving g the SCC continuously. LLG and SLG: The SCC starts high with a DC offset during sub-transient. The DC component disappears and the SCC lasts until the fault is cleared or the turbine is disconnected.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Short Circuit Current

WTG Type 4 3 LG

Type 4 WTG uses a power converter that isolates the generator from the grid. Thus, the generator does not experience the fault. The output current of the power converter is controlled by using a current regulated PWM; thus, balanced currents can be achieved even during un-symmetrical faults or shorted terminals. During a fault, although the currents can be maintained constant, the output power of the power converter is reduced due to voltage drops causing Paero > Pelect. To avoid T id a run-away condition, di i the h pitch i h actuator adjusts the pitch angle so that Paero = Pelect again.
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

igen

vgen

3LG at POI
Fault at the POI
3LG, the voltage at the POI drops to zero The terminal voltage at the generator is affected by the capacitive compensation from the cables and shunt capacitors, and the generator may operate p in selfself-excitation mode. Voltage and frequency is not regulated
iSub vSub

pgen

speedgen (p.u.)

Fig. 15. Traces of currents, voltages, power, and rotor speeds for a Type 2 WTG under three-phase fault at the high side of substation transformer.
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LLG and SLG at the POI

a) Line - line igen

Consider Type 2 WTG in Fig. 16 Fault at the POI for 9 cycles (150 ms) The normal Th l phases h k keep th the excitation of the stator windings. Thus, no self excitation can occur during the fault. A new transients can be observed when the faults are cleared.

a) Line - line -

vgen

b) Single line to

igen

b) Single line to

vgen

Fig. 16. Generator fault currents and terminal voltages for a fault at bus 2 (high side of substation transformer) for two different faults: a) Line-line to ground b) Single line to ground
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

Summary
Types 1, 2, and 3:
The SCC for the 3LG is not controllable, but the duration is the shortest. The SLG is the most likely to occur in the power grid grid. The terminal voltage and current are sustained longer because the remaining normal phases sustain air gap flux.

Type 1 and Type 2 WTGs have very similar behavior. The external rotor resistance i t for f a Type T 2 WTG lowers l the th SCC and d shortens h t the th d duration ti of the SCC. With a Type 3 WTG, power converter controllability is significantly compromised due to crowbar crowbar action, action especially for near fault condition (V~0). For a far-away fault in the transmission line (small voltage dip at the generator terminals), the remaining terminal voltage may be sufficient to allow active control of fault current by the power converter. For a Type 4 wind turbine, the generator and grid are separated by a power converter (usually controlled as a current regulated PWM CRPWM). The power converter is limited by its current limit. The SCC from a Type 4 WTG is limited to 110% of rated current current.

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC