Standard score

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In statistics, a standard score indicates by how many standard deviations an observation or datum is above or below the mean. It is a dimensionless quantity derived by subtracting the population mean from an individual raw score and then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation. This conversion process is called standardizing or normalizing (however, "normalizing" can refer to many types of ratios; see normalization (statistics) for more). Standard scores are also called z-values, z-scores, normal scores, and standardized variables; the use of "Z" is because the normal distribution is also known as the "Z distribution". They are most frequently used to compare a sample to a standard normal deviate (standard normal distribution, with = 0 and = 1), though they can be defined without assumptions of normality. The z-score is only defined if one knows the population parameters; if one only has a sample set, then the analogous computation with sample mean and sample standard deviation yields the Student's t-statistic. The standard score is not the same as the z-factor used in the analysis of high-throughput screening data though the two are often conflated.

Compares the various grading methods in a normal distribution. Includes: Standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, Z-scores, T-scores, standard nine, percent in stanine

Contents
1 Calculation from raw score 2 Applications 3 Standardizing in mathematical statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Calculation from raw score

The standard score of a raw score x is

where: is the mean of the population; is the standard deviation of the population. The quantity z represents the distance between the raw score and the population mean in units of the standard deviation. z is negative when the raw score is below the mean, positive when above. A key point is that calculating z requires the population mean and the population standard deviation, not the sample mean or sample deviation. It requires knowing the population parameters, not the statistics of a sample drawn from the population of interest. But knowing the true standard deviation of a population is often unrealistic except in cases such as standardized testing, where the entire population is measured. In cases where it is impossible to measure every member of a population, the standard deviation may be estimated using a random sample. It measures the sigma distance of actual data from the average. The Z value provides an assessment of how off-target a process is operating.

Applications
The z-score is often used in the z-test in standardized testing the analog of the Student's t-test for a population whose parameters are known, rather than estimated. As it is very unusual to know the entire population, the t-test is much more widely used. Also, standard score can be used in the calculation of prediction intervals. A prediction interval [L,U], consisting of a lower endpoint designated L and an upper endpoint designated U, is an interval such that a future observation X will lie in the interval with high probability , i.e.

for example

. For the standard score Z of X it gives:

By determining the quantile z such that

it follows:

Standardizing in mathematical statistics

Further information: Normalization (statistics) In mathematical statistics, a random variable X is standardized by subtracting its expected value deviation and dividing the difference by its standard

If the random variable under consideration is the sample mean of a random sample

of X:

then the standardized version is

See normalization (statistics) for other forms of normalization.

See also
Standard normal deviate Z-test

References Further reading

Carroll, Susan Rovezzi; Carroll, David J. (2002). Statistics Made Simple for School Leaders (http://books.google.com/?id=gccHkMDikb0C) (illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-4322-6. Retrieved 7 June 2009 Richard J. Larsen and Morris L. Marx (2000) An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics and Its Applications, Third Edition, ISBN 0-13-922303-7. p. 282.

External links
Interactive Flash on the z-scores and the probabilities of the normal curve (http://staff.argyll.epsb.ca/jreed/math30p/statistics/ standardCurve.htm) by Jim Reed Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_score&oldid=548425506" Categories: Statistical terminology Statistical ratios This page was last modified on 3 April 2013 at 03:12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.