Chapter 2 Heat Transfer Fundamentals

ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

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Chapter Contents
Heat Transfer Basics: A. Symbols and Conventions B. Heat Transfer Basics C. Characteristics of FEA Thermal Solutions D. Boundary Conditions E. Thermal Structural Comparisons F. Workshop

Training Manual

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A. Symbols and Conventions

The following symbols will be used throughout:
t = time T = temperature = density c = specific heat h = film coefficient = emissivity

Training Manual

= Stefan - Boltzmann constant

K = thermal conductivity Q = heat flow (rate) q = heat flux & && = internal heat generation/volume q E = energy

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B. Heat Transfer Basics

There are three basic modes of heat transfer:

Training Manual

Conduction - internal energy exchange between one body in perfect contact with another or from one part of a body to another part due to a temperature gradient Convection - energy exchange between a body and a surrounding fluid Radiation - energy transfer from a body or between two bodies by electromagnetic waves

In most cases, we analyze heat conduction problems with some combination of convection, heat flux, specified temperature, and radiation boundary conditions

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. . . Heat Transfer Basics

T = heat flow rate per unit area in direction n n

Training Manual

Conduction heat transfer defined by Fouriers Law of Conduction:

q = K nn

Where, K nn = thermal conductivity in direction n T = temperature T = thermal gradient in direction n n

Negative sign indicates that heat flows in the opposite direction of the gradient (i.e., heat flows from hot to cold)
q
T
dT dn

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. . . Heat Transfer Basics

Convection heat transfer is defined by Newtons Law of Cooling:

Training Manual

q = h (TS TB ) = heat flow rate per unit area between surface and fluid Where, h = convective film coefficient TS = surface temperature TB = bulk fluid temperature

Convection is typically applied as a surface boundary condition

Convection coefficient and bulk temperature are user inputs Ts
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TB

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. . . Heat Transfer Basics

Q = Ai Fij (Ti T j4 ) = heat flow rate from surface i to surface j
4

Training Manual

Radiation heat transfer derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann Law:

Where,

= Stefan - Boltzmann constant = emissivity

Ai = area of surface i Fij = form factor from surface i to surface j Ti = absolute temperature of surface i T j = absolute temperature of surface j

Radiation in ANSYS Mechanical is treated as a surface phenomena where bodies are assumed to be opaque

In Mechanical, only radiation to ambient is used (Fij assumed to be 1)

An advanced section in this course will cover surface to surface radiation
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Fundamentals

. . . Heat Transfer Basics

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Training Manual

Conservation of Energy requires that the net change of the energy of a system is always equal to the net transfer of energy across the system boundary as heat and work Conservation of Energy, for a small time increment, can be expressed in equation form as

Estored + Ein thru the boundary + Eout thru the boundary + Egenerated = 0

When one applies this to a differential volume, the governing differential equation for heat conduction is obtained

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C. Characteristics of FEA Thermal Solutions

Sources of Singularities

Training Manual

Poorly posed problems In a Steady-State analysis when heat is supplied (e.g., applied nodal heat flow, flux, internal heat generation) with no heat flow outlet (prescribed nodal temperatures, convection loads, etc.) the steadystate temperature is infinite Equivalent to rigid-body motion in structural analysis Thermal Gradient/Flux Singularities As mesh is refined near a point heat source, the gradient/flux is observed to increase without bound Reentrant corners and cracks in mesh cause difficulties Poorly-shaped elements can create anomalous results

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. . . Characteristics of FEA Thermal Solutions

The Well Posed Problem:

Training Manual

When setting up a thermal analysis there should be an identifiable path for the heat flow. Steady state problems require both a source of heat and a heat sink.
Having no heat sink is analogous to a completely free standing structure subjected to a load.

Transient heating problems do not require heat sinks, but will not have steady state solutions without one. Proper specification of boundary conditions is crucial.
What is realistic? What do you know? Is the heat load known, or a function of an unknown temperature?

Over specification will lead to incorrect solutions. Nonlinear problems benefit from good initial guesses for temperature.

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D. Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature:

Training Manual

This is a common approximation and since temperature is the degree of freedom (DOF) ANSYS will solve for, its specification makes the problem easier to solve. The user must verify that this is a reasonable assumption. If a temperature is specified, the physics of the problem must dictate that this temperature is maintained. Therefore, at a specified temperature there will be a heat flux calculated which maintains this temperature. A simulation that contains only specified temperature boundary conditions will always be bounded. If the conductivity is constant, the solution will be independent of conductivity. A temperature applied as a step change during a transient analysis is generally difficult to resolve.

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. . . Boundary Conditions
Convective Boundary Newtons Law of Cooling

Training Manual

This condition implies there is a flow condition that serves to carry heat to or from a surface. The effect of the flow on the surface is simulated although there is no actual flow modeling at all. Two items are required:
The ambient temperature The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) or film coefficient.

HTC values are commonly obtained from correlations for specific flow and heat transfer conditions.
The HTC may be thought of as a proportionality constant between the surface temperature and the ambient temperature.

For a convective boundary, both the surface temperature and the heat flux are unknowns which are calculated by the ANSYS solver.

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. . . Boundary Conditions
Heat Flux

Training Manual

Heat added per unit area per unit time. Applied to a face. If the geometry (area) changes, the amount of heat added will change.

Heat Flow
Heat added per unit time. Applied to a face, edge, or vertex. If the geometry changes, the amount of heat added does not.

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. . . Boundary Conditions
Radiation

Training Manual

The radiation boundary condition employed in Mechanical is a far field condition. That is, the surface in question radiates to a far field ambient temperature condition.
This is a special case of radiation between two surfaces when one is much larger than the other.

Surface to surface radiation transfer is possible in Mechanical only with Command Objects. This is an advanced topic covered in a later chapter.

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. . . Boundary Conditions
Adiabatic Boundary:

Training Manual

If no other conditions are applied to a surface, it is an adiabatic boundary.

The heat flux at an adiabatic surface is zero.

This is the natural condition when no BC is applied in ANSYS Mechanical products. The Perfectly Insulated Boundary in Mechanical is equivalent to an adiabatic boundary.
It is generally only used to overwrite another condition that has been applied.

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E. Thermal Structural Comparison

Training Manual

Some common analogies relating thermal quantities to structural quantities.

&&}+ [C ]{ & }+ [K ]{U } = {F } [M ]{U U

Structural Displacement Force Pressure Strain Stress Reaction Forces

&}+ [K ]{T } = {Q} [C ]{T

Thermal Temperature Heat Flow Rate Heat Flux Thermal Gradient Heat Flux Reaction Heat Flow

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Workshop 2 Heating Coil

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