Carmel Sciences

Lab 6 - Thermo Chemstry- Enthapy of MgO

AP Lab #6 - Thermochemistry: Enthalpy of Formation of Magnesium Oxide

Objective To determine the heat of formation of one mole of magnesium oxide using Hess' Law and calorimetry techniques.

Procedure A data table with all masses to the nearest 0.01 g and all temperatures to the nearest 0.1oC was created.

PART I- (Mg + HCl) 1. 2. Exactly 100. mL of 1M HCl was measured and placed into a clean Styrofoam cup. The exact temperature of the HCl solution was determined and recorded as Tinitial.

3. A piece of Mg ribbon measured exactly to 10.0 cm and then dropped into the cup. 4. The reaction mixture was stirred thoroughly with the thermometer. When all of the Mg was reacted, the final temperature of the reaction mixture was recorded as Tfinal. 5. Using the calorimetry equation and other facts the heat evolved from this reaction was found.

PART II- (MgO + HCl) 6. Exactly 100. mL of 1M HCl was measured and placed it into a clean Styrofoam cup. 7. The exact temperature of your HCl solution was determined and recorded as Tinitial. 8. Exactly 1.00 grams of MgO was added to a second cup.

9. The reaction mixture was stirred thoroughly with the thermometer. When all of the MgO was reacted, the final temperature of the reaction mixture recorded as Tfinal. 10. Using the calorimetry equation and other facts, the heat evolved from this reaction was found.

Observations 1. 2. 3.

(at least 5)

The strip of Mg was soft and malleable. After the reaction the cup was slightly warmer. During the first reaction bubbling could be seen inside the cup.

4. When the strip of Mg was put in the HCl, the reaction was not instantaneous as in the whole strip of Mg was not reacted upon contact. 5. After the reaction the solution did not change color.

Data Mg REACTION DATA - Part I

Mass of 1 meter of Mg ribbon:

.78 grams

a. Volume of HCl used:

100mL

b. Length of Mg ribbon used:

9.9cm

c. The initial temperature of the HCl:

26oC

d. The final temperature of the HCl + Mg:

30oC

MgO REACTION DATA - Part II

e. Volume of HCl used:

100mL

f. Mass of weighing boat:

2.3g

g. Mass of weighing boat + MgO: 3.3g

h. The initial temperature of the HCl: 26oC

i. The final temperature of the HCl + MgO:

34oC

Calculations PART I -Mg 1. Change in temperature of HCl : 4oC (final temperature of HCl - initial temperature of HCl) (d - c)

2. Mass of Mg used : .07722g (Use mass of 1 meter of Mg ribbon to calculate mass of Mg used)

3. Mass of HCl : 105g (Use density of HCl to calculate its mass)

d=m/v

1.05g/ml = m/100ml

m= 105g

4. Total Mass of reactants : 105.07722g (Add masses together) (2 + 3)

5. Total heat energy, in joules, released by this reaction: 1758.574J

(Q = m x Cp x DT) (Note use Cp provided in introduction)

Q = m x Cp x DT

Q = (105g)(4.184j/gC)(4C)

Q= 1758.574j

6.

Total heat energy, in kilojoules, released by this reaction: 1.76kJ

1758.574j X

1kj 1000j

= 1.76kj

7.

Heat energy, in kJ/gram, released by this reaction: 22.79kJ/g (kJ grams of Mg used)

1.76kj / .07722g = 22.79 kj/g

8. Heat energy, in kJ/mole, released by this reaction: 553.96 kJ/mole (kJ/g x molar mass of Mg)

22.79 kj/g X (24g/mol) = 553.96 kJ/mole

PART II - MgO 9. Change in temperature of HCl : 8oC (final temperature of HCl - initial temperature of HCl) (i - h)

10. Mass of MgO used: 1g

(g - f)

11. Mass of HCl : 105g

12. Total Mass of reactants: 106g

13. Total heat energy, in joules, released by this reaction: 3548J

Q = m x Cp x DT

Q = (105g)(4.184j/gC)(8C)

Q= 3548J

14. Total heat energy, in kilojoules, released by this reaction: 3.5kJ

3548j X

1kj 1000j

= 3.56kj

15. Heat energy, in kJ/gram, released by this reaction: 3.56kJ/g (kJ grams of MgO used)

3.56kj / 1g = 3.56 kj/g

16. Heat energy, in kJ/mole, released by this reaction: 142 kJ/mole (kJ/g x molar mass of MgO)

3.56 kj/g X (24g/mol + 16g/mol) = 142 kJ/mole

More Calculations 17. Use Hess' Law to demonstrate how the three equations listed in the introduction are used to determine the heat of formation of MgO. Then calculate the heat of formation of MgO. See attached sheet

18. The accepted value for (Eqn.1) is -462 kJ/mol Mg. Calculate your % error. 553.96kJ 462kJ 462kJ X 100 = 19.90%

19. The accepted value for (Eqn.2) is -146 kJ/mol MgO. Calculate your % error.

146kJ 142kJ X 100 = 2.73% 146kJ

20. The accepted value for DHf is -602 kJ/mol MgO. Calculate your % error.

679.96kJ 602kJ 602kJ

X 100 = 12.95%

Conclusions

(at least 5)

Base your conclusions on your observations, the objective of this lab and these topics: 1. Some sources of error may be found in mass measurements of the reactants and any temperature measurements. Another possible source may be the loss of heat energy to the caloritmeter it self, in this case the cup. Although it may be small it still might effect the final answer. 2. The heat of fusion for the formation of MgO was 679.96 kJ/mole. This answer had a percent error of 12.95 %. 3. The heat of fusion of MgO can not be found directly, but using Hesss Law it is now possible. By finding the heat energy released and gained by other smaller reactions taking place, they can be added up to find the total heat of all the reactions. This final answer is the same as the heat of fusion of MgO. 4. All the reactions were exothermic because the temperature rose with both reactions. This means that heat was released, therefor exothermic.

5. Some ways of finding more accurate results, would be to use more accurate measuring devices, and more insulated cups that serve as the calorimeters.

Questions 1. What are some of the more common uses for magnesium oxide?

2. Based on the accepted value for the Heat of Formation of MgO, calculate the heat evolved if 2.50 moles of Mg was combusted to form magnesium oxide. If 2.50 moles of Mg was used as the reactanct, -1505 kJ would be produced.

1moles 2.5moles

-602kJ X

X = -1505kJ

3. How many grams of magnesium oxide would be produced if the heat evolved from the combustion of magnesium was -108 kJ? How many grams of magnesium was burned?

1mole X moles

-602kJ -108 kJ

X = .739 moles .739 moles X (24 + 16)g = 29.9g 1 mole

4. Assume you made an error of + 0.5oC in reading your thermometer when calculating the heat evolved in PART I of this experiment. Based on the temperature change that you calculated in PART I, what would be your % error in reading the thermometer? T= 4 degrees 4.5 degrees

4.5 deg 4deg X 100 = 12.50% 4deg