EXPERIMENT NO. 7 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Bryan Paul D. De Galicia Nikko Benjamin H. Garcia I.

ABSTRACT Liquid solutions have been used by humanity for as long as it has existed. They have been part of our daily lives as the water we drink, the shampoo we use and the many other liquids we utilize for many activities. Proper handling of these liquids were learnt from this experiment as knowing their properties is key to it. By properly handling such, safeguarding the health of the community, the main goal of public health, is attained. Furthermore, according to Paracelsus, a physician of the Renaissance era, Dose makes the poison. All substances have the potential to harm ( DPSM, 2012) which makes this experiment essential to the health sciences. Acids, bases and salts are sub-classifications of electrolyte solutions. Some common liquids consumed for human intake was distilled water which was found out to be slightly acidic and soft drinks which contain carbonic acid was discovered to be a weak acid as well. Ethanol, a commonly used sanitizing agent, is found out to be neutral while HCl, a primary component in gastric juice in human digestion was seen to be a very strong acid. Knowing such would help us have a better grasp of this world we live in, as well as the amazing human bodys utilization of different acids, bases and salts for homeostasis. By dipping pH indicators like pH paper, litmus paper, congo red and phenolphthalein, the acidity, basicity or neutrality of aliquots of the prescribed liquid solutions were attained and recorded. A conductivity apparatus was set up and was used to determine if a certain solution was a good or a weak conductor or simply non-conducting. With the help of a burette and an Erlenmeyer flask, a process of approximately equating the molarity of H+ ion and OH- ion concentration was done, commonly known in the laboratory as titration which utilizes the neutralization reaction. From solid solutes, the titrant used for titration, was formulated and diluted. Afterwards, with the use of a KHP solute, the titrant was standardized and shortly after, was used for two trials of titration of the unknown acid. Lastly, the molarity of the analyte was computed for. II. KEYWORDS pH a measure of acidity; the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in molar units (Chang, 2010) electrolyte a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity (Chang, 2010) salts - ionic compounds produced by reacting an acid with a base (Helmenstine, n.d.) acids yields H3O+ ions in aqueous solutions; proton donors; electron-pair acceptors (Chang, 2010) bases yields OH- ions in aqueous solutions; proton acceptors; electron-pair donors (Chang, 2010) neutralization reaction reaction between an acid and a base; produces water and a salt (Chang, 2010) acid solutions which exhibit this characteristic. On the other hand, bases are proton acceptors which have a bitter taste. Strong bases, strong acids and salts are good conductors because their ions are well-dissociated in solution, therefore, they are good conductors since a current can pass through them continuously. In the titration, the formula MbaseVbase = MacidVacid was used since a neutralization reaction was Page 1 of 5 FAB2, Group 7, Mr. John Kevin Paolo Biadomang March 20, 2013

III. INTRODUCTION As stated in the abstract, liquid solutions can be classified into electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Electrolytes dissociate into ions in solution which give them their conductivity quality and they can be further classified into acids, bases and salts. Acids are simply proton donors, by the Bronsted-Lowry definition. They are characterized by having a sour taste and having a hydrogen ion in its chemical formula. Orange juice and vinegar are examples of CHEM 14.1, Acids, Bases and Salts

utilized. Strong bases are used for titrants as they can dissociate completely in solution which means a reverse reaction would not happen spontaneously. In this experiment, solutions were classified as acidic, basic or neutral by the pH indicators by the observance of its color changes. Electrolytes were identified by dipping a conductivity apparatus electrodes into the solution and if the system completes a circuit, it is then classified as a weak or a good conductor. A well-lit bulb means it is a good conductor, while a dimly lit one means otherwise. Solutions were prepared from solid solutes by using the mole concept and dilute substances were prepared with distilled water. The titration end point was identified by the indicator, phenolphthalein. The volume of the NaOH used was then used for computing the molarity of the unknown. IV. METHODOLOGY The experiment had 5 parts which included electrolytes and common household items, conductivity test, preparation of 1M NaOH from NaOH pellets, preparation of 0.1M NaOH from 1M NaOH and the titration of an unknown acid with a base. For the electrolytes and common household items, 5 drops each of 0.1M NaOH, NH4Cl, HCl, HC2H3O2, NaCl, C2H5OH, C12H22O11 and distilled H2O were taken. 5 drops each of dilute solutions of shampoo, conditioner, feminine wash, liquid sosa, liquid soap, softdrink and fruit juice were also taken. All samples were tested with litmus paper, phenolphthalein and congo red. Their original colors and the color after the reaction were observed and noted, then each of them were classified if acid, base or neutral. The pH of the solutions were found with the use of pH paper and the given pH color guide. Using the conductivity apparatus, the conductivity of 0.1M NaOH, NH4Cl, HCl, HC2H3O2, NaCl, C2H5OH, C12H22O11 and distilled water were tested for conductivity character by dipping the electrodes in a small amount of solution. To prepare 250mL of 1M of NaOH, the mass of NaOH pellets needed to be used was calculated (40g). The solute was dissolved in 250mL distilled water. The volume of 1M NaOH needed to have 100mL 0.1M NaOH was determined (10mL) using the formula M1V1=M2V2. The measured volume was diluted to 100mL with distilled water. In the titration of an acid with a base, the base burette was washed with the use of soap and water. Using 0.1M NaOH, the base burette was rinsed

thrice and filled. The air space at the tip of the burette was removed by opening and closing the stopcock. Then, approximately 0.1g of potassium hydrogen phthalate was diluted in a preferred amount of mL of distilled water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein were added. The acid was titrated with the standard base until it appeared to have light pink coloration. The final volume was recorded and the molarity of the titrant was computed for. This was an additional step for the standardization of the sodium hydroxide base in the burette. Finally, 10mL of an unknown acid was diluted to 100mL using distilled water and then drops of phenolphthalein were added. The acid was titrated with standard base until it appeared to have light pink coloration. The molarity of the unknown acid solution was calculated and multiplied by the dilution factor so as to get the actual molarity of the unknown acid solution prepared by the instructor. V. RESULTS The results were found and reagents were classified accordingly as seen in Table 1. NaOH was classified as a strong base with a pH of 14 and a good conductor as it was a strong electrolyte. NH4Cl was classified as a weak acid with a pH of 3 and a good conductor as it was a strong electrolyte. HCl was classified as a strong acid with a pH of 1 and a good conductor as it was a strong electrolyte. HC2H3O was classified as a weak acid with a pH of 2 and a weak conductor as it was a weak electrolyte. NaCl was classified as neutral with a pH of 7 and a good conductor as it was also a strong electrolyte. H2O was classified as a weak acid with a pH of 6 and a non-conductor as it was a non-electrolyte. Ethanol and sucrose were classified as neutral with a pH of 7 and as non-conductors as they are nonelectrolytes.
Table 1. Classifications of solutions as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes, as acids, bases, or neutral solutions and as strong or weak acids or bases and their corresponding pH readings. Reagent Classification pH Classification of Acid/B ase Strong Weak Strong Weak Conductivi ty Classification of electrolyt e Strong Strong Strong Weak Strong Nonelectrolyte Nonelectrolyte

NaOH NH4Cl HCl HC2H3 O NaCl H2O Sucrose

Base Acid Acid Acid Neutral Acid Neutral

14 3 1 2 7 6 7

Good Good Good Weak Good None None

Weak

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Ethano l

Neutral

None

Nonelectrolyte

VI. DISCUSSION In the first two parts of the experiment, different liquid solutions were tested with litmus papers, congo red and phenolphthalein. pH indicators are either weak bases or weak acids which chemically react in a solution being tested for acidity, basicity or neutrality. Litmus is a weak acid with a complicated molecule which can be simplified to HLit. The H represents the proton which can be donated while the Lit represents the rest of it. Upon reaction with a solution, an equilibrium equation will be established:

The color change of litmus paper, phenolphthalein and congo red upon testing some common household items were recorded and were used to classify whether the items were acidic, basic or neutral as seen in Table 2. Shampoo, which turned blue litmus paper to red, retained phenolphthalein as colorless and retained congo red as red, was classified as an acid. Conditioner and feminine wash which maintained the color of litmus paper, phenolphthalein and congo red were classified as neutral. Liquid sosa and liquid soap which turned red litmus paper to blue, phenolphthalein to pink and retained congo reds color were classified as bases. Soft drink and fruit juice which turned blue litmus paper to red, retained phenolphthalein as colorless and made congo red turn dark blue were classified as acids.
Table 2. Observations of the color changes of litmus paper, phenolphthalein and congo red and classifications as acids, bases or neutral solutions for common household items. Solution Shamp oo Conditioner Feminine wash Liquid Sosa Liquid Soap Soft drink Fruit Juice Litmus Paper Red No Change No Change Blue Blue Red Red Phenolphthalein Colorless Colorless Colorless Congo Red Red Red Red Classifica tion Acid Neutral Neutral

The unionized molecule is the red one while the ion is the blue. Upon addition of a base, the H + ions of the litmus react with the OH- ions of the base. This shifts the equilibrium forward so as to make up for the loss of the proton loss in the right side of the equation. Such reaction turns the litmus blue upon the presence of a basic solution. On the other hand, upon the addition of an acid, H+ ions will be in excess which would shift the equilibrium to the left making the litmus turn red since a reverse reaction would happen. These predictions could be made using Le Chateliers principle of equilibrium. Blue litmus papers turn red in pHs below 4.5 while red litmus papers turn blue in pHs above 8.3. Phenolphthalein is also a weak acid which establishes an equilibrium equation:

Pink Pink Colorless Colorless

Red Red Dark Blue Dark Blue

Base Base Acid Acid

From the standardized base of 0.0865 M NaOH, the 10-mL aliquots of the unknown acid was found to have an average molarity of 0.0692 M.
Table 3. Volume and molarity of titrant, dilute analyte and aliquot analyte. Unknown Acid (Trial 1) 7.4mL 100mL 6.4x10-3 M 0.0604 M Unknown Acid (Trial 2) 9mL 100mL 7.78x10-3 M 0.0779 M

pHpH is the rest of the molecule while the H is the proton. Addition of H+ ions will shift the equilibrium to the left making the solution appear colorless while the addition of OH- ions will make it react with the H+ ions on the right of the equation therefore making a forward reaction, an equilibrium shift to the right to make up for the lost protons. This indicator is colorless in pHs below 8.2 while fuchsia in above 10. Congo red uses the same mechanism but has a reverse color indication compared to litmus. It turns from blue to red in the presence of a base; red to blue in the presence of an acid. More specifically, it is blue below a pH of 3.0 and red in a pH of 5.2 and above. To simply complete the circuit and let the current flow from the socket to the light bulb, a conductor must be within it. This is the job of the electrolyte solution. An electrolyte solution has completely dissociated ions which lets a current pass through it.

Volume of 0.0865 M NaOH used Volume of analyte Molarity of dilute analyte Molarity of aliquot of unknown acid Average aliquots molarity of

0.0692 M

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The pH of water turns out to be slightly acidic as the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere makes water react with it, forming bicarbonate and hydronium ions. 1 M NaOH was prepared from NaOH pellets. The grams of pellets that should be dissolved in 250 mL of distilled water was determined through mole conversion. The computations are as follows: 1 mole NaOH = x mole NaOH 1 liter NaOH solution 0.25 liter NaOH solution x = 0.25 mole 0.25 mole NaOH [ 40 g NaOH/1 mole NaOH] = 10 g NaOH This just means that 10 grams of NaOH pellets must be dissolved. Afterwards, 10 mL of the 1 M solution of NaOH was taken and diluted to 100 mL. This theoretically forms 0.1 M of NaOH, however, since NaOH is hygroscopic, some pellets may have already hydrated from water vapor presence before dissolution which makes a positive error in weighing. Moreover, glass reacts slowly with sodium hydroxide to form sodium silicate. Sodium hydroxide also reacts with the atmosphere to form sodium carbonate. All these factors lessen the concentration, which upon standardization was found out to be 0.0865 M. The computations were as follows: 0.0106 g KHP [ 1 mole KHP/204.22 g] = 5.19 x 10-5 mole KHP 5.19 x 10-5 mole KHP/0.150 liter solution = 3.46 x 10-4 M MbaseVbase = MacidVacid x (0.0006 L) = (3.46 x 10-4 M) (0.15 L) x = 0.0865 M Upon standardization, the main titration was carried out. 10 mL of the unknown acid, diluted to a 100 mL was the analyte and its molarity was computed for using the same formula used for standardization. In trial 1, 7.4 mL of the titrant was used to titrate the 100 mL dilute analyte. Its molarity was 6.4x10-3 M. Afterwards, it was multiplied by the dilution factor so as to find out the molarity of the original aliquot taken from the reagent bottle. MbaseVbase = MacidVacid CHEM 14.1, Acids, Bases and Salts

(0.0865 L) (7.4 x 10-3 M) = y (0.1) y = 6.4 x 10-3 M 6.4 x 10-3 M [0.1 L / 0.01 L] = 0.0604 M In trial 2, 9 mL of the titrant was used to once again titrate a 100 mL dilute sample of the analyte. Upon getting, its molarity, the dilution factor was once again used. MbaseVbase = MacidVacid (0.0865 L) (9 x 10-3 M) = z (0.1) z = 7.78 x 10-3 M 7.78 x 10-3 M [0.1 L / 0.01 L] = 0.0779 M Taking the average of the two computed molarities, the value of 0.0692 M was attained. VII. ANSWERS TO GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. From your results, what relationship can you draw between the acidity/basicity of a substance and its electrolyte property? Strong bases and strong acids are strong electrolytes because they fully dissociate into ions in a solvent. 2. Why are electrolytes conductors of electricity? Since electrolytes have free ions dissolved in it, they can conduct electricity. Ions are conductors of electricity, both positive and negative, and they can let a current flow on them. 3. Arsenic oxide in solution is titrated using an oxidizing agent such as permanganate. The arsenic oxide is dissolved in base and then titrated in acidic solution. If 3.214 g of potassium permanganate in 1.000 L of water were used, what mass of arsenic oxide would be sufficient to react with 25.00 mL of the titrant? As2O3 + 4 OH- = 2 HAsO32- + H2O HAsO32- + 2H+ = H3AsO3 5 H3AsO3 + 2 MnO4- + 6 H+ = 5 H3AsO4 + 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O moles of KMNO4 = 3.214 g / 158.034 g/mole = 0.02034 when dissolved in 1 L of water this is: 0.02034 M. 25 mL of this solution contains 0.02034 M (25 mL / 1000 mL) = 0.0005085 moles Page 4 of 5

these react with 2.5 x 0.0005085 moles of the H3AsO3 = 0.001271 moles moles of HAsO32- = 0.001271 moles moles of As2O3 = 0.001271 / 2 = 0.0006355 moles mass of As2O3 = 0.0006355 moles (197.84 g/mole) = 0.126 g VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Solutions were classified as acidic (NH4Cl, HCl, HC2H3O2, shampoo solution, soft drink, fruit juice), basic (liquid sosa, liquid soap, NaOH) and neutral (NaCl, sucrose solution, ethanol solution, conditioner, feminine wash) using indicators and pH paper. Electrolytes were classified as weak (HC2H3O2) or strong (NaOH, NaCl, NH4Cl, HCl) based on conductivity properties. Solutions were successfully prepared from solid solutes specifically 1M NaOH from NaOH pellets. Solutions were also successfully prepared by dilution specifically from 1M NaOH to 0.0865 M NaOH. The end point of an acid-base titration was determined. The concentration of an unknown acid solution was calculated from the titration data to be 0.0692 M. The monitors recommend other future performers of the experiment to use the conductivity apparatus with caution because it can cause electrocution. Also, NaOH must also be weighed quickly because it is hygroscopic which means that it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere which may cause positive error and therefore, inaccuracy in the measurements. NaOH also reacts with glass slowly to produce Na2SiO3 which causes glass joints and stopcocks exposed to NaOH to freeze and be damaged. Moreover, NaOH also reacts with atmospheric gases to produce sodium carbonate. Therefore, if possible, a proper reagent mixing bottle not made of glass is advised and a more controlled environment for the preparation of the solutions. Everyday liquid solutions we encounter comprise of electrolytes, non-electrolytes, acids, bases or neutral solutions and we have to know how to properly handle them. Through the knowledge gained in this experiment, we now know how to better handle these liquids so that our health may not be put into hazard. For example, too much consumption of soft drinks causes hyperacidity as the pH in the stomach has become too low than ideal. Moreover, titration is an effective way to know the concentration of different liquid solutions as it makes use of the neutralization reaction. However, the equivalence point, a point where the H+ ions and OH- are equal in concentration is impossible to attain as moles are impossible to count. Thus, utilizing the

end point, an approximate, may be used for the computation of the molarity of the analyte. IX. REFERENCES Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. DPSM (2012). Chemical Safety Training [PDF document]. Retrieved from: http://www.facebook.com/download/178851722 255206/Safety%20Lecture-Students.pdf Helmenstine, A.M. (n.d.). Salt Definition. Retrieved from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossar y/a/saltdef.htm

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report.

Bryan Paul D. De Galicia

Nikko Benjamin H. Garcia

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