Tube and pipe glossary

Air cushion foil That means a special packaging foil of plastic consisting of a multitude of air-filled chambers, to not only protect the wrapped (packaged) product against contamination, but also against impact load. Alloying surcharge Surcharge to the sales price for compensation of price fluctuations of the preliminary material between order entry and delivery, based on changes of the nickel, chromium and molybdenum price. Annealing That is the designation for the thermal treatments, with which the material properties can be changed. First of all the steel is heated to certain temperatures, followed by a certain holding time and subsequent cooling. The temperatures for the various annealing types depend on the chemical composition and the desired properties. There is a differentiation between: 1. 2. Stress relief annealing. Internal stresses, which occur during cooling of a work-piece, are reduced with this annealing method. Re-crystallization annealing. Here the steel is heated beyond its re-crystallization temperature to enable a deformation of the crystal lattice. This thermal treatment is predominantly applied after strong deformations (drawing, pilger milling, etc.). Soft annealing produces a soft condition - favorable for further treatment. Thus even cementite particles are globularly spheroidized. Normalizing annealing sets a uniform and fine-grained microstructure with shares of pearlite. Coarse grain annealing serves the achievement of a coarse grain. Thus the ability for rapid machining is improved. Diffusion annealing allows the elimination of local concentration differences (segregation).

3. 4. 5. 6.

Approvals An approval of a certain organization (TV, Loyd's, etc.) is granted due to a successful audit and certifies the manufacturer/manufactured product that production was according to the provisions and/or guidelines of the approval authorities. ASME III The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers rules for construction of nuclear facility components (=ASME) is a set of rules about the system requirements with regard to nuclear demand. ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials. Among others, deals with issuing of material and testing standards. Audit Means a documenting measure, which is executed to ensure by means of examination of the actual circumstances, that the selected components of the approved quality management system were developed and documented (implemented) in compliance with the determined (specified) requirements. An audit does not include monitoring and inspection for the purpose of process control and/or material acceptance. Austenite Crystal of iron (non-magnetic), which is characterized by a cubic face centered lattice structure.

Bending test For the bending test, a bending sample with rectangular, circular or polygonal cross section is bent quickly in a bending device, until either a certain bending angle is achieved or the formability is exhausted. The test is then positive, when a determined bending angle (compared with the unloaded sample) is achieved without occurrence of an incipient crack. Beveling Beveling means the chamfering of edges of plates, tube or steel bar ends by planing, milling, turning or flame-cutting. For bar ends it facilitates the entry into the tensioning tools, for plates and tubes it serves as welding edge preparation. Billet The preliminary material for the production of seamless stainless steel tubes is delivered in bars with a certain diameter. Of these preliminary material bars, billets with a certain length are sawn off, according to dimension and length of the desired finished tubes, which are pressed to seamless stainless steel tubes on the extruding press. Billet heating Billet heating of billets is executed in a rotary hearth furnace, in which heating from room temperature to forming temperature (approx. 1100 C) takes place. Billet preparation In billet preparation, the preliminary material bar is sawn up into billet length, a center bore is drilled, the frontal area of the billet is faced and the corners are chamfered. Following the billet greasing there is one last visual check after which the billets are heated. Boiler Today, the preparation of warm water mostly takes place in combination boilers, in which the boiler water is heated directly, the water for industrial use, however, is heated indirectly by the boiler water by means of a heat exchanger (boiler). The heat energy of the boiler water is transferred to the water for industrial use by thermal conduction. While the boiler water circulates in a closed cycle and supplies the water for industrial use with the energy won from combustion of coal and oil in the heating boiler, it is used for washing, bathing and drinking. Bonderizing For mandrel drawing, drawing soaps (stearates) are used as lubricant, which are applied to the tube surface by immersion into a soaping bath at approx. 70 C. Before soaping, the tubes are provided with a substrate, the so-called drawing bonder, which is applied by immersion into a heated oxalic acid solution (70 - 80 C). Neutralization has to be performed between bonderizing and soaping. Brand In general, a brand is a medium used in business dealings for marking of goods or services of a certain company with the target to distinguish these products from those of others. E.g.: A200 is a steel brand of the company SBER, whose chemical composition corresponds various standardized materials like DIN 1.4401/1.4404 as well as ASTM TP316/TP316L. Bright annealing Is annealing in an inert gas atmosphere (hydrogen, nitrogen, ...) without atmospheric oxygen, to avoid oxidation, so that no scale and/or oxidation layers can form on the work-piece. Bulged ends Bulged ends are generated at hollows, which are manufactured by means of stretch reduction. For stretch reduction, each hollow section is stretched between two roll stands respectively, because the speed of the individual stands in the delivery direction increases permanently, except for start and end of the hollow. While at the start of the hollows there can be no tension by the subsequent (faster) stand, the retaining effect of the slower rotating stand is missing at the end of the hollow. The bulged ends are cut off of the hollows and disposed as rejects. Bursting pressure This means that internal pressure of a tube, which makes it burst.

Calibration For measuring devices it means the adjustment of the display accuracy of an instrument by comparing it to a test device. Casing Tube for lining the drill hole of deep wells, to protect it from collapsing. Casings belong to the subsurface oil field tubes. Certificate Inspection certificate. Certificate Proof of a successful certification. Certificate of compliance with the order In the certificate of compliance with the order, the manufacturing or processing plant confirms by means of a text without expressly stated test results that the product delivered complies with the agreements of the order. Certification Certification means to certify the product or a service the conformity with certain technical rules and process flows by an independent third person. Check analysis Is the examination of the chemical composition of the finished product. Chemical composition Informs about the components of a matter, in a quantitative as well as in a qualitative manner. The chemical composition of steel gives an insight into the content of its alloying and accompanying elements. It is permanently monitored during the steel production process. Chemical testing Are examinations, which describe the chemical composition of the material to be examined. CHI-phase Undesired, embrittling metallic phase, which can precipitate from stainless steels at temperatures around 475 C. CMTR The Certified Material Test Report is a certificate for material required according to ASME-Code Section III, which confirms, that the material complies with the specified requirements, including the results of all required analyses, tests and examinations. Coil Coiled strip, steel tube or wire. Cold-formed tube Is produced by cold drawing or cold pilger rolling of hot-formed tube hollows. Cold forming That means a forming, which takes place below the re-crystallization temperature like e.g. cold drawing or cold pilger rolling. Continuous furnace The continuous furnace is a thermal facility, which allows a thermal treatment of step-wise or step-less

continuous hot material. Strips and wires are drawn through the furnace chamber of the drawing furnaces; heavy semi finished products (slabs and billets) are slid one step across the hearth area of the pusher type furnace with the pushing-in of a new successive part. In the roller hearth furnace, the annealing material is transported by cooled hearth rollers, which are driven from outside. In the walking beam furnace, there are two beam systems available, which in succession lift the annealing material, carry it ahead, set it down and then swing back. The annular rotary hearth furnace is mounted on rollers and separated into individual chambers; they are charged from outside and emptied again after one complete rotation. Corrosion Destruction of materials by chemical or electrochemical attacks to the component surface. The surface can be protected from corrosion by utilizing very pure materials, by certain alloying additions or by special surface treatment (painting with a protective layer, coating with corrosion-resistant material).

It is the task of corrosion tests, to determine the resistance of materials in certain media, to detect their susceptibility for corrosion types and to check the effectiveness of corrosion protection measures. The test conditions have to be adjusted to the practical circumstances as far as possible. That applies to the state and the surface condition of the material as well as the composition and temperature of the electrolyte. Especially the duration of the test has to be aligned with the practical duration of use as far as possible, because the transfer of the results from short-term tests to the long-term behavior can result in misinterpretations. CPT value The critical pitting temperature is a measure for the resistance of a material against pitting (in chloride-containing media), i.e. that highest temperature, at which according to ASTM G48 there still is no pitting corrosion at the sample after 24 hours in a 6 % iron chloride solution. The higher the CPT value, the better the pitting resistance. Crystal lattice Is the designation of the regular spatial arrangement of atoms in the crystal. The metal iron (Fe), which forms the basic microstructure in steel, can - depending on temperature - assume two different lattice forms: cubic body centered and cubic face centered. In cubic crystal systems the smallest lattice component is cube-shaped and the atoms seem to be positioned on the corners of the cube. In the cubic body centered lattice, one further atom is positioned on the cube diagonal of the cube and in the cubic face centered lattice there is one atom respectively on the face diagonals. Cubic body centered Is the designation for a cube-shaped space lattice, for which in addition to the atoms at the eight corners one further atom is positioned in the interior - i.e. on the cube diagonal. Cubic face centered Is the designation for a cube-shaped space lattice, for which in addition of the eight atoms at the corners one further atom is positioned in the middle of the cube faces respectively - i.e. on each face diagonal.

Important technical terms

A B C D E F

G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U W X Y

Deburring In production engineering, a burr (= sharp-edged notch) is formed at edges and borders of workpieces in most of the procedures: for cast components at the seam line of upper and lower part of the mould, for die components at the seam line of upper and lower die, at the cutting edges of shears and saw blanks, at welding seams, etc. These have to be removed for reasons of functional fulfillment or safety, too. There are numerous possibilities for that: e.g. grinding, brushing as well as chemical, electrochemical and electric removing procedures or also combinations of these procedures. Deep etching A chemical testing method applied for the verification of material in-homogeneities (e.g.: segregations, contaminations, ...). With stronger acid impact, the contaminated and therefore easier attackable areas are extracted and thus made visible. Degreasing That means the removal of carbon containing boring oil, lubricating oil and/or grease residues from the surface in a degreasing plant, to avoid carbonizing of the seamless tubes in subsequent annealing. In case oil and grease residues are not removed completely, carbonizing will occur during annealing and thus decrease the corrosion resistance of the finished tube. Degree of purity That means the quantification of inclusions in the steel by amount and chemical composition. Also the shape of the inclusions can be of importance. Delivered quantity tolerance The delivered quantity tolerance describes the admissible deviation of the delivered quantity from the confirmed nominal quantity of an order. An order is therefore considered executed and fulfilled in an orderly manner, when the delivery quantity does not undercut the admissible minimum quantity and not exceed the admissible maximum quantity. Delivery loyalty The delivery loyalty in general describes the compliance with the quantity, the required quality and the agreed delivery deadline of ordered products and/or in the narrower sense the deviation from the promised (confirmed) delivery deadline of the customer to the actual delivery deadline (delivery of the goods) in days and/or weeks. Delivery standard A delivery standard is a uniform delivery specification for certain products, which defines the designation and the order, the requirements to the manufacturing process, the chemical composition, the mechanical and technological properties, the thermal treatment, the appearance of the surface, the number and type of tests, etc. Delta ferrite Depending on the alloying element content as well as the cooling conditions, small amounts of delta ferrite can occur in austenitic non-corrosive stainless steels. At higher temperatures (approx. 750 C), this delta ferrite disintegrates in various phases, which can deteriorate corrosion resistance, stability and/or formability.

Deoxidization Procedure for the removal of excess oxygen (refining process) from steel melts. The oxygen content is to be decreased that far, that solidification takes place without blistering. Deoxidization is executed in the ladle or in the electric arc furnace. There is a differentiation between deoxidization via the gas phase, precipitation deoxidization (by addition of elements, whose oxygen affinity is larger than that of iron; this includes Mg, Mn, Si, AI, C, Ca) and diffusion deoxidization as well as their combination. Desalting plant Desalting plants serve the treatment of drinking water and/or feed water for machines and plants from saline water (seawater). The salt is removed from the water in various manners, among others by means of osmosis, evaporation + condensation, ion exchanger, ... Destructive testing Generic term for all material tests, which result in destruction of the component. These test methods include the mechanic-technologic tests as well as the corrosion test methods. Die A die is a tool, through which the hollow/billet is drawn/pressed for tube drawing/extrusion. Therefore, the die determines the outside diameter of the formed tube. Die scars More or less deep and visible scars, which result on the surface of the work-piece by the tools. For cold drawing, so-called die scratches can be produced outside (for tube also inside). Dimension test For the dimension test of seamless stainless steel tubes, outside diameter, wall thickness and tube length are examined for compliance with the customer requirements (standards). In case the customer requirements are exceeded or undercut, the respective tube has to be taken out of the production lot and scrapped. Document Certificate, document for the proof of a fact. Drawing Drawing includes four variants. For plug drawing, the hollow is drawn over an inner tool (plug), which is set firmly to the drawing die. Thus outside and inner diameter as well as the wall thickness is reduced. Drawing with the drawing mandrel is characterized by the fact, that the hollow is drawn through the drawing die together with the inner tool, the so-called drawing mandrel. Because after drawing the tube sticks firmly to the mandrel, a detaching mill and a mandrel removal device are required. For plug drawing with flying plug, the inner tool is designed that way that it is supported by the internal wall of the tube and is thus kept in the drawing position. Sinking, there is no inner tool. Basically only the outside and inner diameter is reduced, whereat the wall thickness can increase or decrease slightly according to the reduction ratio. Reductions of the cross section of up to 50 % are achieved. Drawing mandrel Is the designation of the tool for mandrel drawing, which determines the inner diameter of the finished tube. Drawing point Drawing point is the designation for the reduction of the diameter at the hollow end, so that it can be passed through the die and held by the drawing dogs. Drawing soap Serves as a lubricant for mandrel drawing. The soaping of the tube surface is executed by immersion in a soap (stearate) bath at 70 C. Before soaping of the tube surface, however, a substrate, the socalled "drawing bonder" (oxalic acid) has to be applied. Dressing and straightening (=finishing department) This includes all facilities and operations, which give the steel products the desired finish after shaping. In the finishing department, essentially the following tasks are executed:

straightening, sampling for destructive testing methods, non-destructive testing, cutting, deburring, mix up testing, surface and dimension check, marking, determination of weight, length and/or number of pieces, packaging. Ductility That means the ability of a material, to change its form without the occurrence of material separations. Duplex steel This steel has a two-phase structure consisting of approx. 50 % ferrite and approx. 50 % austenite and has a high corrosion resistance and stability. The ratio ferrite/austenite to a large extend depends on the content of the respective alloying element like chromium, nickel, carbon, molybdenum and nitrogen and the thermal treatment/cooling executed. Dye penetration test The component is immersed into a special liquid or sprayed with it, whereat this penetrates deeply into cleavages, pores or cracks due to the capillary effect. A very low-viscosity, mostly red color is applied for that most frequently. After immersion, the liquid adhering to the surface is rinsed off and the component is cladded with a chalk film. Again due to the capillary effect, the dried chalk film is penetrated by dye, which is still stored in the flaws. The flaws emerge clearly and strongly enlarged on the white surface, so that even ultra-fine cracks become detectable. Naturally, only those flaws can be detected with the capillary procedures, which are on the surface of the work-piece.

Eccentricity The eccentricity is the measure for the deviation of the tube axis of the outside diameter from that of the inner diameter. Eccentricity results from the wall thickness deviation. Eddy current test In the eddy current test, three coils surround the test unit: the primary coil and two secondary coils. In the surrounded part of the test tube, the primary coil generates a magnetic alternating field, which induces voltage in the secondary coils. In case the two secondary coils are connected against each other, the value of the resulting alternating voltage becomes zero, when a completely homogeneous tube is passed. Should the tube, however, be defective, there will be difference voltage in the secondary coils, which can be displayed and recorded. Electrolytic lettering This type of lettering is executed by means of electrolytic oxidization and can be applied for nearly each metal. The lettering is permanent, abrasion-resistant, heat- and acid-resistant. The lettering image is clearly readable and has, in contrast to laser or engraving methods, no negative influence on the surface structure. The lettering of the metal surface is executed by means of an aqueous electrolytic solution and an electrolytic current through a template. The lettering duration is approx. 3 sec. at a voltage of about 12 - 25 V (direct / alternating current). The method can be applied manually by means of an electric stamp or automatically in a marking machine. Elephant skin This term designates a tube surface, which due to its appearance is comparable to elephant skin. The tube surface is very rough and has deep, irregularly distributed scars and/or grooves. The formation of such a surface can have various causes, among others badly formable preliminary material, defective glass lubrication, but also too long heating in the rotary hearth furnace. Elevated temperature steel Elevated temperature steel is austenitic steel with a very low carbon content, at least 13 % Cr, high Ni contents of always more than 10 % (up to 34 %). At temperatures of over about 550 C up to about 600 C, this steel has good stability properties, even under long-term mechanical stress. High temperature steel is predominantly utilized in the construction of power plants, where the normal steel grades (DIN 17175 and 17177) are not sufficient.

End protection Tubes with beveled ends as well as seamless stainless steel tubes with special internal cleaning are protected from damages and/or against contamination during transportation/storage with an end protection (plastic caps). Etched slice In the preliminary material reception test, a slice of approx. 10 mm is cut off of every bar delivered and pickled in a pickling solution to verify center line flaws and cracks, which result in increased rejects in tube production. Expanding For expanding, a larger expanding mandrel is pressed into the smaller center bore of the billet, whereat the displaced material of the expanded bore results in a lengthening of the billet and thus improves the yield (instead of chips when boring out the final billet diameter). Extraneous corrosion In case corrosion particles reach the surface of non-corrosive steel - during storage, transportation or processing - these can "infect" the stainless steel and initiate corrosion. Extruding Is a hot-forming procedure, which extrudes special sections or tubes from solid or pre-punched billets. The glowing billet is pressed through the die taper, over the mandrel, by the ram. Thus the die determines the outside diameter and the mandrel the inner diameter of the finished tube. Glass powder is utilized for lubrication. Surface and dimensional accuracy can be further improved by means of consecutive drawing and/or pilger rolling.

Ferrite Crystal type of iron (magnetic), which is characterized by a cubic body centered lattice structure. Final cleaning The final cleaning of seamless stainless steel tubes comprises of the following steps: pickling, rinsing with water as well as drying. Finish The finish of a seamless stainless steel tube gives details about its production (cold manufactured/hot manufactured) and surface condition (ground/polished/de-scaled/not de-scaled/etc.). The various types of finish are stated in DIN [German Industrial Standard] 17456 and DIN 17458. Fitting This generic term is used for conduit elements, which are utilized for branching, change of direction or cross section or also for closing a line. Fittings are standard elements, which are generally manufactured from the respective tubes by deforming or welding or in other cases are welded together from plate segments. Fixed length A determined tube length for seamless stainless steel tubes, which may be delivered with an admissible deviation of up to +/- 500 mm. Flaring test The flaring test serves the verification of the formability of tubes by expanding on a mandrel up to a determined amount without formation of incipient cracks. Flattening test on tubes The flattening test on tubes is mainly utilized for the verification of macroscopic external and internal defects as well as the assessment of deformability. During flattening of the tubes cross section up to a

certain limit value, no incipient cracks may occur and no internal and external defects may become visible.

G 48 test The G48 test is a corrosion test for the determination of resistance against pitting corrosion. First of all, the sample is carefully weighed, a surface determination is executed and afterwards the sample is boiled in a test solution for 24 hours. Subsequently, the weight is determined and the removal rate is calculated. Resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion is present, when the determined removal rate does not exceed a defined, critical limit value and the surface shows no pitting formation. Gas tanker Gas tankers are used for the transportation of natural gas. First of all, the natural oil extracted on the oil platform is cleaned, liquefied and by means of a tanker transported to the respective unload station (refineries). Gas tankers have a capacity of more than 125.000 m of natural gas. Grain size The grain size is either characterized by the mean diameter or the mean surface of the individual grain. The mean diameter of the grain normally lies between few m and several mm. The grain size is influenced by solidification, forming and thermal treatment processes. In that it has to be considered, that a grain basically has the tendency to grow, because due to that the energy of the grain boundaries tends to a minimum value. The properties of fine-grained materials are generally more favorable that those of coarse-grained ones. Grinding Procedure of the cutting shaping type for which the material removal (fine chips) is executed with the sharp edges of the grinding grains of the abrasive.

Hardening test For the hardening test, a standardized hardened or diamond indenter is pressed into the material to be tested with a certain test force during a determined exposure time. The respective depth of penetration and/or indentation surface (impression) is referenced as measure for the hardness of the material/component. Heat exchanger A heat exchanger is a plant, which transfers the thermal energy from one medium to another. Heat exchangers are very often used to utilize idle energy, e.g. of an exhaust gas, for pre-heating of combustion air and thus achieve a higher efficiency. In other cases, a circulating (radioactive) medium is not to leave the circuit and the energy is transferred to a medium harmless for further processing. Mostly tube or plate heat exchangers are used, whereat the heat transfer from one medium to the other takes place by means of heat conduction via the separating plate/tube walls. Heat-resistant steel In case unalloyed steel is exposed to gaseous aggressive media (air or combustion gases) at temperatures of over 550 C, they scale at the surface and permanently offer new reaction possibilities with the flaking of the scale. By adding chromium in contents of about 3 to 28 %, scaling is inhibited. This behavior is still enforced by addition of silicon and aluminum. In an oxidizing atmosphere, the three elements form tight and adherent coatings, which inhibit further scaling. These layers have to be elastic, so that they are not destroyed by the material expansion caused by heating. The upper limit of resistance is about 1,200 C. For an increase of the high-temperature strength and continuous stressability, Ni in graded contents of about 8 to 35 % is added, to make the steel capable to sustain simultaneous mechanical stresses.

High-pressure pipes High-pressure pipes means pipes, which are stressed with internal pressures of more than about 500 bars (= 50 MPa). High temperature steel Steel, which has good mechanical properties (creep strain limit, rupture strength, etc.) under longterm load (> 1000 hours) at temperatures of up to about 540 C. Hold Point That means a holding point marked on the route card during or after a certain activity, at which an examination or investigation is required, before further processing is possible. Holding points have to be confirmed by the signature of the person authorized for that or a person representing him/her. Hollow Hot- or cold-manufactured tube, which is used as starting tube for a subsequent forming step or a tube, which is not finally dressed and straightened. Hollow bar Hollow bars are thick-walled, extruded, from case to case also cold manufactured tubes. Hollow bars serve as starting material for ring- and sleeve-shaped construction elements and offers substantial cost benefits compared to solid material. Hot-formed tube Is a tube manufactured by billet extrusion. The forming temperatures of the extruding press lie between 1050 C and 1250 C, depending on the material and finished tube dimensions. Hot tension test In the hot tension test, a tension sample is stretched until fracture at a certain (constant) temperature; the drawing stress required for that is measured. The hot tension test serves the determination of characteristic material values like yield limit, tensile strength, fracture elongation, etc. at a certain temperature. Huey Test The Huey Test is a corrosion test for the determination of resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion. First of all, the sample is carefully weighed, a surface determination is executed and afterwards it is boiled in a test solution for 5 periods of 48 hours each. After each period (48 h) the weight is determined and at the end the removal rate is calculated. There is resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion, when the determined removal rate does not exceed a defined, critical limit value. Hydraulic pressure test The hydraulic pressure test is used for the examination of tightness and resistance against high internal pressures in seamless stainless pipes. The respectively required pressure and/or the required holding period are determined by the respective standard. In the internal pressure test executed for examination of tightness according to DIN 50104, the test pressure is 50 bars and is to be maintained for at least 5 seconds.

Inclusion During solidification of the liquid steel, non-metallic particles, like e.g. slag residues, ceramic furnace lining particles, deoxidization products, etc. can be included and prevented from elevation. Predominantly, these are oxides or sulfides. Inclusions can segregate, i.e. they are irregularly spread in the steel. In the forming process they are stretched to streaks and cause stability differences longitudinal and transverse to the direction of rolling. Inclusions (e.g.: titanium) in the tube surface disturb the surface finishing. Incoterms The Incoterms contain uniform regulations of essential buyer and seller obligations for the most important delivery contracts common in international trade. With the application of the Incoterms

(International Commercial Terms), the contractual parties achieve an internationally uniform interpretation of certain obligations of buyer and seller. Independent of the industrial sector and crossborder, the required activities for the execution of an international sales contract are divided between buyer and seller according to the selected clause. This contractual regulation is necessary, because the laws of the various countries contain a comprehensive regulation in the least cases only and, above all, they differ substantially from country to country. Ink Jet Ink-jet printers are used for marking stainless steel products. Inspection certificate In the inspection certificate, experts, who are independent of the production in the manufacturing or processing plant, confirm with numerical results from tests of the delivery itself or of the test units stated in standards, of which the delivery is one part that the delivered product corresponds to the agreements for the order. There is a distinction between:

Inspection certificate A According to official regulations, issued by an official or officially accepted expert. Inspection certificate B According to terms of delivery of the customer or, in case provided, according to official regulations, issued by an expert appointed by the plant (factory expert). The required tests have to be executed by a test authority, which is independent of the production of the manufacturing or processing plant and disposes of the required equipment. Inspection certificate C According to the terms of delivery of the customer, issued by an expert authorized by the customer.

Inspection report Inspection certificates A or C, which due to a special agreement are signed by an official or officially accepted expert or an expert authorized by the customer as well as by a factory expert, are called inspection reports. Instrumentation tube This term means seamless stainless steel tubes with an outside diameter smaller than 25 mm, which correspond the following standards: DIN 2462, DIN 2391, ASTM A269, ASTM A450, ISO 1127. Inter-crystalline corrosion Grain disintegration, which can occur for non-corrosive steel in a critical temperature range (400 to 800 C). Due to temperature increase (by welding, thermal treatment, etc.), chromium carbides or nitrides precipitate on the grain boundaries. The matrix becomes depleted in chromium and the corrosion resistance is lost. Finally, the crystal structure is destroyed. Inter-crystalline corrosion can be governed by adding stabilizing elements like Ti or Ta/Nb by alloying. Even better is the decrease of the carbon content. ISO 9000/9001/9002/9003/9004

(DIN) ISO 9000: contains instructions for the selection and application of the various quality management standards. (DIN) ISO 9001, 9002, 9003: contain 3 models for the presentation of quality assurance with requirements, which e.g. have to be proved for a certification. DIN ISO 9001 is the most comprehensive verification step and includes, among others, development, production and customer service. DIN ISO 9002 describes structured layout, procedures and documentation in a company, which beside an independent construction has each detail step of a company structure. (DIN) ISO 9004: contains a description of the most important elements of a quality management system and gives recommendations for its structure.

Item number The item number is a 15-digit figure, which describes each product manufactured by SBER with regard

to product type (tube, hollow steel, blank), production (cold or hot manufactured, new or stock production), dimension (outside diameter, inner diameter or wall thickness), material, etc.

Kolene pickling-plant Extruded and also stretch reduced tubes, pipes and hollows have to be liberated from glass and scale. This is achieved with a procedure of the Kolene Corporation, which is patented in the USA. The Kolene bath approximately consists of: 63 % NaOH, 15 % KOH, 12 % NaNO3, 10 % NaCl and works at 480 500 C. The duration of the treatment is approx. 10 - 15 min. Then the tubes, pipes and hollows are quenched in water and afterwards pickled in mixed acid, rinsed in water and dried. The complete cycle has to be repeated 2-3 times. Labeling Seamless stainless steel tubes are generally ordered according to delivery standard(s). The respective delivery standard defines the labeling text (e.g.: manufacturer - material number - dimension - cast execution - ...), which is applied to the tube surface (complete tube length). In addition to these standard specifications, the customer can define further labeling data. Ladle analysis In steel production, a sample is taken from each cast (ladle) and analyzed in the laboratory. Thus the content of the alloying elements, the oxygen activity, the degree of purity, etc., are determined. Lattice foil That means a plastic sheet enforced with a texture, which protects the packaged product from contamination during transportation.

Machinability That means the property of a material, to be machinable by cutting under given circumstances. Each material has to be investigated with regard to its cutting behavior in various processing processes (drilling, turning, milling, etc.). Generally, there is good machinability, when:

the machining force is low, the cutting edge stays sharp for a long time, a large machining volume is generated in a short time, the surface achieved is good and the chip shape is favorable.

The cutting conditions have substantial influence on machinability: cutting edge geometry, cutting material, cutting speed, feed, etc. It is therefore impossible to express machinability by means of an index number. The operating time of the tool is often stated as feature for machinability of a material. Mandrel A mandrel is an auxiliary device for the formation of cavities and is utilized in metal forming for indentation or forcing-through procedures. There is a differentiation between hollows and solid mandrels. For seamless tube production, mandrels are utilized for bar extrusion as well as for mandrel drawing as auxiliary devices, whereat the mandrel always determines the inner diameter of the deformed tube. Mandrel drawing In this procedure, the tube is drawn through the drawing die together with a mandrel, which

determines the internal diameter. Because the tube firmly sticks to the mandrel after drawing, a detaching mill and a mandrel removal device are required. Marking Marking serves the identification of preliminary material as well as of the product within the manufacturing process, to be able to trace it back any time and to determine the production progress. Martensite Crystal type of iron (magnetic), which is characteried by a cubic body centered lattice structure. The acicular and very hard or brittle microstructure is formed, when austenite is quenched at comparably high cooling speeds, so that the carbon has no time for diffusion. Material A material is a matter with technically utilizable properties. There is a differentiation between various material groups, like e.g. iron and steel materials, non-ferrous metals, inorganic and finally organic materials. Material test report The Certified Material Test Report is a certificate required for materials according to ASME-Code Section III, which confirms, that the material complies with the specified requirements, including the results of all required analyses, examinations and investigations. Measuring media Measuring media are measuring devices, which are used for quantitative determination of the value of a physical quantity (e.g.: the measuring media thermocouple for the measurement of the temperature). Melt A melt is the liquid aggregate state of metals and alloys. The term "melt" is often used as a synonym for the determined chemical composition, i.e. for a preliminary material, which is produced in one cast. Metallographic specimen Is a flawless ground surface of a representative even area of the material to be examined, on which the real microstructure can be recognized. Therefore, no changes of the sample must occur during preparation. Except for exemptions, the preparation of a metallographic specimen comprises of the following working steps, which, according to the method applied, mostly can still be multiply subdivided: sampling, bordering, marking, grinding, polishing, cleaning and etching. Microstructure Is a joint of grains (crystallites) and must not be confused with the constitution structure (lattice structure - unit cell). There are two terms for the identification of the microstructure of a pure metal: grain size and grain shape. Pure metals have a homogeneous microstructure, because all crystallites have the same structure. The grains are completely equivalent to one another with regard to their lattice structure and the type of atoms. Minimum wall The term "minimum wall" means the wall thickness of a seamless stainless steel tube, which in no case must be undercut. Mix up test (PMI - Positive Material Identification) By creation of an electrical arc, the surface of the specimen is partly vaporized. Each element has a specific spectrum. Due to this spectrum, conclusions can be drawn to the material (chemical composition). Alloying components (chromium, molybdenum, titanium, manganese, etc.) can be qualitatively determined with this method in just a few seconds. Monitoring Monitoring is a snapshot of the quality level in the production area, which is executed according to a checklist in a two-week interval.

Monitors Are employees from all sectors of production, appointed by the quality manager, which perform the monitoring. MOVEX Designation of a computer system for the efficient administration of the various resources of a company (employees, machines, funds, ...) and enables the integration of several company units with different languages, currencies as well as legal bases. Multiple lengths In case a customer orders tubes in multiple lengths of a certain length, the delivered tubes may be delivered e.g.: in the double, triple, ..., x-fold length (within a certain length range). The required cutting allowance is to be agreed with the customer in any case.

NCR The NCR (=Non-Conformity Report) is a deviation report, which is issued due to a detected system deviation during an internal system audit. Neutral fiber During bending, the external fibers of the work-piece are stretched, the internal ones, however, are upset. Between them there is a fiber, which remains unstressed, whose length does not change during bending. It is called neutral fiber. New production item That is an item, which is not stocked in the tube center store and therefore has a substantially longer delivery time. Each item is clearly allocated a certain product (dimension/material). Non-destructive testing Generic term for all material tests, which detect material irregularities without damaging the workpiece. Thus qualitative but no quantitative statements can be made about defects. For detection of surface defects, penetration methods (color penetration test) and magnetic powder testing methods are applied. Defects in the interior of the work-piece are detected by means of irradiation methods (Xrays or gamma ray), through transmission methods (ultrasonic testing, eddy current test) as well as by means of electric methods (eddy current test). Notched bar impact bend test Method for the qualitative determination of the fracture behavior of a work-piece. A notched bar with a square cross section, which is placed on two supports, is smashed with a Charpy hammer. The impact energy absorbed is measured and results in the notch impact energy. The samples utilized receive the designation Charpy-V or Charpy-U sample according to the shape of the notch - pointed or round.

Oil field pipes Pipes used appropriated in the petroleum industry or for the pipelines of petroleum and natural gas. There is a differentiation between two types:

Subsurface pipes: casing, tubing, drill pipes. Surface pipes: line-pipes and line-pipes with increased test requirements.

Oil field pipes are standardized by the American Petroleum Institute (API). These specifications meet the special requirements of the petroleum industry, represent the respective current state of the art and are based on the results of intensive tests in practice. OPP brand (SBER) The abbreviation OPP stands for "Out of Product Program" and marks all those brands of the SBER brand database, which are not manufactured by SBER. Orange skin This term designates a tube surface, which due to its appearance is comparable with orange peel. The tube surface is rough and contains irregularly spread scars and grooves, which compared to the "elephant skin" are less deep. The formation of such a surface can have various causes, among others, badly formable preliminary material, defective glass lubrication, but also too long heating in the rotary hearth furnace. Ovality Ovality (out-of-roundness) means the deviation from circularity, which cannot always be completely prevented during rolling as well as drawing, pressing, grinding, etc. of work-pieces with a circular cross section.

Packaging The packaging of stainless steel tubes may be executed in various ways; the most common packaging types are: cardboard tube, box, bundle and foil. Passive layer A few nm thick oxide layer, which separates the material and the corrosion medium from one another and thus protects from corrosion. The good corrosion behavior of most of all non-corrosive steel (chromium oxide), but also titanium, aluminum, etc. is based on this protective layer. Phase A phase is homogeneous in itself and has the same composition, the same hardness, the same density, the same conductivity, etc. at each position. Pickling By pickling, scale and glass layers are removed from the surface of stainless steel tubes with acid and salt solutions - CLEANING - and/or samples are prepared (etched slices, micro-sections) for a macroscopic (with the naked eye) or microscopic examination, to make the microstructure (grain size, precipitation particles, etc.) visible - MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT. Piece analysis In contrast to the ladle analysis, the piece analysis is executed at a sample of the finished tube. It serves the determination of the chemical composition of steel in the solid state. Optionally, the respective sample can be examined chemically or by spectral analysis. The piece analysis can/may deviate from the ladle analysis by values, which are mostly determined in the quality standards. Pilger rolling In pilger rolling, the material deformation takes place by means of a pair of dies, which has a conical roll pass design and reciprocates on the hollow. There is a mandrel in the interior of the hollow. Caused by the type of roll pass design, the hollow is released once for each stroke. In this moment, the hollow is fed forward and rotated. During cold pilger rolling, rolling oils are used as lubricant. Cross section reductions of up to 85 % are achieved. Pitting Corrosion type, for which the electrolytic metal removal extends only on small surface areas and

results in the formation of local cavities (crater-shaped, pinhole-type). Because the amount of the produced corrosion products is only small, pitting is mostly recognized only when leakages occur. Pitting test For the determination of the resistance against pitting, the G48 test is executed. First of all, the sample is carefully weighed, a surface determination is executed and then the sample is boiled in a test solution for 24 hours. Afterwards the weight is determined and the removal rate is calculated. There is resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion, when the determined removal rate does not exceed a defined, critical limit value and the surface shows no pitting formation. Plasticity That means the ability of a material for plastic changes of the shape without material separations. Plug drawing In this procedure, the tube is drawn over an internal tool, the plug, which is set firmly to the drawing die, whereat the outside and inner diameter as well as the wall thickness are reduced. PMI - Positive Material Identification (Mix up test) By creation of an electrical arc, the surface of the specimen is partly vaporized. Each element has a specific spectrum. Due to this spectrum, conclusions can be drawn to the material (chemical composition). Alloying components (chromium, molybdenum, titanium, manganese, etc.) can be qualitatively determined with this method in just a few seconds. Polishing In contrast to grinding with its cutting effect, in polishing there theoretically is no material removal at all, but unevenness, grooves and scratches are leveled and widely covered. The polishing process can be imagined that way, that the metal surface becomes slightly plastic due to the pressure of the polishing equipment and the substantial heat resulting from that. This crystalline film similar to a viscous substance slides into the scratches, grooves and small uneven areas of the metal surface during the polishing process. Due to the effect of the surface forces, a displacement of the metal surface in the finest layer in the mechanical polishing process takes place for that long, until an extensive planarization is achieved. Post-treatment Additional effort by means of working steps at a product, to meet the required properties. PRE value The "Pitting-Resistant-Equivalent" is a characteristic value for the description of the resistance of a material against pitting (in chloride-containing media), which calculates by the addition of the chromium content, the 3.3-fold molybdenum content and the 16-fold nitrogen content. The higher the PRE value, the higher the pitting resistance. Precise lengths A precise length (fixed length) means an exactly defined tube length, which may be exceeded or undercut within a determined margin (according to delivery standard) of up to a few mm. Pressed-in particles That means glass and/or foreign inclusions (particles of the ceramic furnace lining, ...) in the surface of the finished tube, which are pressed in by the pressing of a surface contaminated billet and/or due to a defective glass lubrication. Production lot Designates that production quantity, which is processed at the same time, from the same cast and under the same conditions. Each production lot is reported with an individual route card. The lot number is identical with the number of the route card and the test route card. Production order After receipt of the customer order, this is introduced into production. For that, the provision of preliminary material and tools, the determination of the optimum production technology, the scheduling and the preparation of route cards have to take place. In addition, the respective order regulations, standards, specifications, etc. have to be considered.

Productivity Index number for the efficiency of the production process as relation between quantitative output and the utilization of production factors (energy, feed material, personnel, etc.) required for the production of this output. Often partial productivity index numbers are determined for the production factors work and capital. A higher productivity can have various causes, like e.g. the utilization of new machines and methods, larger individual efforts, transformation of production to products of higher quality, etc.

Quality That means the grade, state and/or value level of a product or service. Quality assurance The entirety of the organizational, technical and normative measures suitable to assure and, if applicable, to improve the quality of the manufactured products. Quality criteria On the one hand, these are quality guidelines, which have to be complied with at each workplace, to guarantee a certain product quality, and on the other hand, they are any important actuating variables, which influence the quality of a product. Quality management Entirety of measures for planning, control and monitoring of the quality of the operational performance process and/or the process result. Quality management comprises quality planning, control and inspection. Quality management manual This manual contains and describes the entirety of measures for planning, control and monitoring of the quality of the operational performance process and/or the process result. Quenching Rapid cooling of a work-piece/material from a higher forming/heat treatment temperature to RT [room temperature], to avoid detrimentaldetrimental precipitations, which negatively influence corrosion resistance, strength, etc.

Random sample A random sample is that part of a statistical entirety, which is achieved after a certain selection procedure (mostly after a strictly random selection), e.g.: in the examination of the chemical composition of a tube from a tube bundle. From the results of the random sample, the entirety is inferred, i.e. when the chemical composition of the random sample is correct, it is assumed, that this also applies for all tubes of the tube bundle. Recipient The billet pick up of the extruding press is called recipient. For extruding, the billet, which is lubricated with glass and heated to extrusion temperature, is loaded into the recipient and extruded through the die, over the mandrel, to a seamless tube. The diameter of the respective recipient determines the possible dimensions (outside diameter, wall thickness and tube length) of the extruded finished tubes. Re-crystallization annealing By means of re-crystallization annealing, the hardness increase of the material resulting from the deformation is eliminated by a new formation of the microstructure, with mechanical properties (stability, toughness, etc.), how they were approximately present before a deformation, so that further subsequent deformation processes are enabled.

Re-crystallization temperature Above a certain temperature, the re-crystallization temperature, the energy stored in the dislocations is released. It becomes the driving force for the development of new, nearly dislocation-free crystal bodies. The higher the degree of deformation, the lower the re-crystallization temperature. Thus the re-crystallization temperature is that temperature, at which a cold-formed material re-crystallizes in one hour, i.e. forms a new microstructure (grain). Recuperator Heat exchanger in the exhaust gas flow for the recovery of waste heat. The hot exhaust gases are led through channels or pipes, at whose heated wall those gases are warmed, which are directed to the furnace. The wall, which transfers the heat, can consist of heat-resistant steel, cast iron or ceramic masses. Recuperators are installed in line after the heating and annealing furnaces; they improve their efficiency and increase the furnace temperature. Ring-expanding test The ring-expanding test enables the verification of defects on the internal end external tube surface, the assessment of deformability, but also the verification of the material quality on the basis of fracture appearance. The tube samples are rapidly expanded on a mandrel until fracture. Ring tension test The ring tension test is mainly utilized for the verification of macroscopic external and internal defects as well as the assessment of deformability. For that, a tube section of a certain length is slid over two tie bolts and stretched transverse to its axis until fracture. Roll pass design That means the forming steps, which in tube manufacturing lead from the hollow to the finished tube. Rotary hearth furnace In a rotary hearth furnace, the preliminary material billets are charged in one or three rows, according to their dimensions, and heated to approx. 1050 C (expanding temperature, according to material) in approx. 90 - 160 min. The furnace atmosphere is reduced, i.e. there is no oxygen, which would scale the chromium and thus deteriorate the corrosion resistance of the finished tubes. Roughness That in general means the regular or irregular, slight geometrical deviation from a smooth surface condition. Route card A route card is the working basis for tube production. All working steps and data required for production have to be contained on it, e.g. quantity, temperature of thermal treatment, etc. RZL Abbreviation for Rohrzentrallager [tube center store].

Sand blasting Procedure for cleaning of metal surfaces, for which fine silica sand is blasted through a nozzle onto the surface by means of compressed air to remove scale as well as other coverings. Scale Mostly fluffy iron oxide layer on steel, which forms on heating of the material in air or other oxidizing atmospheres. Scale-free thermal treatment That means a thermal treatment, which is executed under inert gas atmosphere (without atmospheric oxygen), to prevent the formation of a scale and/or oxidization layer.

Seamless stainless steel tube A seamless stainless steel tube is a tube without seam, which is manufactured by, for example, extrusion, pilger milling, drawing, etc. In contrast to that, tubes can also be manufactured by welding together of bent plates. These tubes have a welding seam and a bad corrosion resistance (lifetime) and/or cannot resist such large pressures as a seamless tube of the same dimension (OD, WT). Segregation Segregations are phase separations, which result in typical concentration differences in alloys. With the solidification of alloys, grains can be generated due to deviations from the equilibrium state, which are formed by zones of different composition. The cause for this crystal or micro segregation is the decreased diffusion within the grains following increased cooling speeds. Shaft protection rings These are wound around the tubes at several positions to protect the ground or polished tube surface, to prevent the tubes from colliding of the tube surfaces or rubbing against one another during transportation. Sinking In this procedure, the tube is drawn through a die without inner tool, whereat essentially only outside and inner diameter is reduced and the wall thickness can increase or decrease to a low extend depending on the reduction ratio. Sizing Means to give a tube higher dimensional accuracy by special measures (e.g.: drawing, etc.). Solution annealing An annealing treatment for the solution of precipitation particles in the material for an improvement of the material characteristics (e.g.: corrosion resistance, toughness, etc.). Special grade SBER The special grades defined by SBER are characterized by the fact, that there is no stockpiling of preliminary material, and respective Movex items may be offered after consultation with the quality authority only (if inquiry criteria fulfilled). All inquiries of special brands have to be entered into a database for future analysis. Special section tubes Are tubes in seamless or welded finish, whose cross section is not round, but square, rectangular or shaped. They are utilized as construction element in shelf, scaffold, steel framework, vehicle, door and window construction and everywhere, where low weight and favorable static values are required in light steel and metal construction. Specified length A specified length (fixed length) means an exactly defined tube length, which may be exceeded or undercut within a determined margin (according to delivery standard) of up to few mm. Specimen (metallographic) Is a flawless polished section of a representative even area of the material to be investigated, on which the real microstructure can be recognized. Thus during preparation, no changes may occur at the sample. Except for exceptions, the production of metallographic specimens comprises of the following working steps, which, however, mostly may be multiply subdivided depending on the method applied: sampling, bordering, marking, grinding, polishing, cleaning and pickling. Stabilized steel Steel is stabilized by addition of titanium, tantalum or niobium. These are elements, which have a higher affinity to carbon than chromium, so that titanium-, tantalum- or niobium-carbides form instead of chromium-carbides. The chromium dissolved (free) in the metal lattice, however, further provides a good corrosion resistance of the steel, which it would loose with the formation of chromium-carbides. Stainless steel Is a generic term for those steel grades, which were melted in a special procedure, have a high degree

of purity and react uniformly to the intended thermal treatment. According to the chemical composition, a differentiation has to be made between unalloyed and alloyed stainless steel (DIN EN 10 020). Corresponding their application purpose, there is a subdivision into structural, engineering, container, tool, high-speed and bearing steel, or they are characterized by their properties into chemical resistant, non-corrosive, heat-resistant, elevated-temperature, welding-suitable steel, steel with specific physical or magnetic properties or a specific yield strength. Standard Uniform specification for delivery, material, dimensions, tolerance, etc. of seamless stainless steel tubes. Standard brand SBER The standard brands defined by SBER are characterized by the fact, that there is stockpiling of preliminary material, and respective Movex items may be offered without consultation with the quality department. Standard dimensions For seamless stainless steel tubes, these are all those outside diameter - wall-thickness combinations, which are listed in the various standards (ANSI, ASTM, DIN EN ISO 1127, ASME, ...). Standard lengths produced In case it is agreed for the order to deliver tubes in produced standard lengths, the individual tube lengths have to be within the length range provided by the respective delivery standard (e.g.: DIN 17456: 2 - 7m). Standardization Systematic standardization and/or determination of a possibly clear order by standards. Thus efficient mass production, substitutability of homogeneous products, facilitation of purchase and sale as well as unambiguous communication - nationally and internationally - become possible. Standards are accepted engineering rules and generally to be considered as recommendations. They are approved solutions for frequently recurring tasks. Steam separator Steam separators are utilized for the recovery of steam as a valuable liquid (condensate) and/or for the precipitation of polluting as well as hazardous exhaust steams. Steam separators cool the condensable steams under the saturation temperature, the dew point, and convert them into the liquid phase. Thus, e.g. steams can be condensed by indirect contact with a coolant via a cooling surface, which mostly consists of tubes. Steel Any forgeable iron alloy with a carbon content of up to 2 %. By alloying, e.g. with nickel, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, by thermal treatment (annealing, hardening, tempering), by the type of deformation (e.g. cold-forming, etc.), the properties can vary in large ranges and be adapted to the respective utilization purpose. Stock items That means an item, which is stocked in the tube center store and therefore has a comparatively short delivery time. Each item is clearly allocated a certain product (dimension/material). Straightening Straightening means the elimination of curvatures, which can result at tubes by deformation during rolling, drawing, extrusion or due to irregular cooling. By application of external forces up to the yield point of a material (permanent deformation), these curvatures can be eliminated to a large extend. Straightening lines Straightening lines are spiral-shaped patterns on the surface of the stainless steel tube, which are produced during straightening by the plastic deformation of near-surface areas. Straightness The deviation from the straight line of a tube length in mm per meter applies as measure of straightness for tubes. Tubes should be aligned straight according to the eye; complete straightness

cannot be guaranteed. Special requirements have to be agreed, if applicable. For precision steel tubes with a diameter over 15 mm, according to DIN 2391, 2393 and 2394, 0.25 % of the gage length and for grades with yield stresses over 500 N/mm, 0.30 % of the gage length are valid. Requirements to straightness are determined in the dimension standards or are agreed especially. Mostly they can be fulfilled by special straightening only. Strain Is the natural logarithm of the quotient from deformed length and original length. It describes large plastic changes of the shape. For that it is better suitable than the expansion related to the original length. Strain hardening With strain hardening, there is an increase of strength by straining of the microstructure. It occurs, when hot-formed steel products are re-drawn, re-rolled, etc. Before a further cold forming, such products have to be (soft) annealed, unless strain hardening was the target of the cold forming. Strauss test The Strauss test is a corrosion test for the determination of the resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion. First of all the sample is sensitized (annealed at approx. 700 C) and then boiled in a test solution for 15 hours. Then the samples are bent and examined for inter-crystalline cracks caused by grain decay. There is resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion, when the bent tube sections show no cracks. Stress corrosion cracking As indicated by the name, stress corrosion cracking is a crack initiation, which occurs as a result of simultaneous effects of mechanical tensile load and a corrosion attack. The crack extension always takes place vertically to the tensile strength. Nearly all metallic materials are susceptible for stress corrosion cracking in specific media. In operational practice, trans-crystalline stress corrosion cracking of austenitic Cr-Ni-steel in strong alkaline or chloride-containing solutions is of special importance, because nearly all natural waters contain chlorides. Crack susceptibility increases rising chloride content, higher tensile stress and increasing temperature. Stretch factor For pilger rolling, drawing, etc., the outside and inner diameter as well as the wall thickness of the entry hollow is reduced, to receive the desired final dimensions. The thus occurring reduction of the cross section results in a lengthening (stretching) of the delivered hollow/finished tube due to the fact, that during the forming no material can be lost. A stretch factor (= ratio of delivery to entry length) of 3 signifies, that the length of the delivery hollow/finished tube is three times as long as the entry hollow. Stretch reduction The hollows delivered from the extruding press can be further hot-formed on the stretch reducing mill. With the number of roll stands and their permanently increasing speeds, certain diameter and wall reductions can be achieved. The hollow is stretched between two roll stands respectively, whereat the stand with the higher speed draws the blank and the slower rotating stand retains it. Super-heater tube Steam generators for recovery of energy (for turbines and steam engines) work with super-heaters, in which steam (mostly water vapor) is heated to temperatures of about 600 C. Surface defects Generic term for: pinchers, scale scars, grooves, cracks, stretcher strains, pores and blisters. How far they reduce the practical value of the component depends on various circumstances: cracks and notches can result in fatigue fracture with dynamic stress; pores and blisters can make a coating impossible. Surface roughness The quality of technical surfaces is characterized by the terms "waviness" (larger deviations) and "roughness" (smaller irregularities). The following roughness measurement quantities are determined according to DIN 4768: the centerline average height (Ra) is the arithmetic mean value of all distances of the profile from the centerline. The averaged depth of roughness (Rz) represents the arithmetic mean from the individual depths of roughness of five subsequent individual lines. The

maximum roughness depth Rmax is the size of the individual roughness depth occurring on the measurement line.

Technological test With the technological test procedures, predominantly characteristic values are determined, which depend on the type of sampling. Mostly it is their task to determine the suitability of preliminary products, especially semi-finished products, for further processing. With one part of these test procedures also the applicability of production procedures is examined. Beside the extension test, the flattening test on tubes, the ring tension test and the flaring test, which are executed at SBER, there is a large number of non-standardized tests to meet the requirements of special production procedures. The results of the tests are either numerically reportable characteristic values or simple Yes-Nostatements. Tensile test For the tensile test, a tension sample is expanded until fracture while the required tension force as well as the sample elongation is measured. The tensile test serves the determination of characteristic material values like yield limit, tensile strength, fracture elongation, etc. Tension test machine The tensile test can be performed on a tension test machine. The most important components of the tension test machine are the straining facility (application of the tensile strength) and the measurement facility (for the test force as well as sample extension). Due to the accuracy of the force measurement facility, the tension test machines are classified in various classes. Test pressure The respectively required test pressure and/or the required holding period for the execution of a water pressure test, are predetermined by the respective standard. For the internal pressure test according to DIN 50104, executed for testing tightness, the test pressure is 50 bars and is to be maintained for at least 5 seconds. Test route card In the test route card all test steps, their execution (standard) as well as the test scope are listed exactly. Testing Determination, whether a test object (e.g.: tube) has the required features, i.e. fulfills one or several agreed, determined or expected conditions (e.g.: predetermined error limits, tolerance, etc.). Testing can take place subjectively by sensory perception (visual inspection) or objectively with measuring or test devices and take place at each individual component (test by the piece) or on a random basis. Thermal treatment Is a procedure or the combination of procedures, in which a work-piece in the solid state is subject to temperature changes, to achieve certain material properties, like e.g.: improvement of machinability, increase or decrease of strength, elimination of residual stresses, etc. Tolerance Is the difference between the admissible maximum and the admissible minimum of a measurement quantity, i.e. margin, in which the finished dimension (actual dimension) of a work-piece may deviate. Tolerance standard Tolerance standards define the difference between the admissible maximum and the admissible minimum of a measurement quantity like e.g.: outside diameter and/or wall thickness. Important tolerance standards for seamless stainless steel tubes: DIN EN ISO 1127, ASTM A450/A530, DIN 2391.

TOP 2010 Team-oriented process optimization with the target to improve the profit situation of SBER by innovation and additionally develop a modern, employee-oriented company culture. Transition temperature Temperature, at which in the notched bar impact test the transition from a ductile to a brittle fracture indicates. Above the transition temperature brittle fractures are not to be expected, below cleavage fractures have to be reckoned with. TV Abbreviation for "Technischer berwachungs-Verein" [German Technical Control Board]. The TV is a neutral self-help facility of the economy with the task to protect people, environment and goods from adverse effects of technical plants or facilities. An examination of products, plants, etc. can be determined by law and regulation, but also by customer requirement.

UHS steel Abbreviation for ultra high strength steel. ULC steel (Abbrev. for ultra low carbon) Is a generic term for all austenitic Cr-Ni steels with a low carbon content, i.e. < 0.03 %. These classes are also suitable for difficult cold-deformations. Furthermore, the low C content results in a significantly better resistance against inter-crystalline corrosion, because the formation of the hazardous chromium-carbides is inhibited. Ultrasonic test With the ultrasonic test, a sound beam with up to 10 MHz is generated and mostly introduced into the specimen with water as coupling medium. In-homogeneities (defects) reflect a share of the sound energy when they are hit by the sound beam. These reflected sound waves can be received and displayed and/or detect the prospective size and location of the defect. The ultrasonic test is not bound to a special work-piece thickness, versatile applicable, un-hazardous and simple in its execution, but it requires much experience in the interpretation of the display. Umbilicals These are hydraulic control lines, which are used in the erection and maintenance of oil platforms for the control of tools and appliances under water (where divers can no longer work). Furthermore, it is possible by umbilicals to control the individual boreholes in the vicinity of several platforms by means of "remote control" from the shore with only one single control stand (e.g.: closing of the borehole in emergency) and thus to achieve substantial cost savings. US-Wall thickness measurement In a flawless component, the sound waves induced are reflected at the component back-wall; by means of the measurement of the time of flight (sound velocity known), the distance passed by the sound wave and thus the wall thickness can be determined. U-tubes Are manufactured from cold-produced seamless tubes on a tube bending machine and predominantly applied for the utilization in heat exchangers.

Witness point That means a "witness point" indicated on the route card, which signalizes, that a person authorized to do so wants to witness an operation and is to be informed in advance. The operation, however, can be executed, when the authorized person or a person representing him/her is not present.

Working pressure Is the pressure which arises e.g. in a conduit pipe under operating conditions. Works certificate In the works certificate, the manufacturing or processing plant confirms with test results from the running operational test of products from the same material and the same manufacturing type as the delivery itself that the delivered product complies with the agreements of the order. Works' test certificate In the work's test certificate, the manufacturing or processing plant confirms with results from tests at the delivery itself or at test units determined in the standards, of which the delivery is one part that the delivered product complies with the agreements of the order.

X-ray fluorescence analysis (RFA) For the RFA, the characteristic X-radiation is used for determination of the chemical composition of the component material. The characteristic X-radiation is generated at the transitions between the nearest-to-core quantum states of the atoms. If, for example, a fast electron knocks out an extranuclear electron from the innermost electron shell, an electron falls out of an external shell into the now free gap. Thus a photon is emitted, whose energy corresponds the energy difference between the two shells. At these transitions no random but only certain energy differences are possible, so that an X-ray line spectrum is generated, which is characteristic for the emitting atom and therefore for the material. Yield Ratio of the mass of the finished products to the mass applied of the preliminary material required for that in percent [%].