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ACADEMIC SESSION 2012-2013 Name: Bushra ali warsi Subject: Physics Criteria for Assessment CRITERIA A: One world CRITERIA B: Communication in science Introduction: Task: Research and write an essay on the use of ultrasound technique in imaging.800 to 1200 words Grade: MYP 4

The essay would be written in the class room on 15 of Feb 2013, wherein you could carry key points related to the essay. You have about 2 weeks for research. In your essay you should explain how ultrasound technique helps as a non invasive tool in imaging. You should discuss how science and its applications interact with some of the following factors: social, economic, political, environmental, cultural and ethical. All references must be cited properly.

Criterion A: One world Achievement level 0 1-2 Level descriptor The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below. The student describes how science is applied to addressing a specific local or global issue. The student states some of the benefits or limitations of science in addressing the issue. The student describes how science is applied to addressing a specific local or global issue. The student describes some of the benefits or limitations of science in addressing the issue. The student describes how science and its applications interact with at least one of the following factors: social, economic, political, environmental, cultural and ethical. The student explains how science is applied to addressing a specific local or global issue. The student explains some of the benefits and limitations of science in solving the issue. The student discusses how science and its applications interact with some of the following factors: social, economic, political, environmental, cultural and ethical.

3-4

5-6

Criterion B: Communication in science

ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL 0

DESCRIPTOR The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below The student attempts to communicate scientific information using some scientific language. The student presents some of the information in an appropriate form using some symbolic or visual representation when appropriate. The student attempts to acknowledge sources of information but this is inaccurate. The student communicates scientific information using scientific language. The student presents most of the information appropriately using symbolic and/or visual representation according to the task. The student acknowledges sources of information with occasional errors. The student communicates scientific information effectively using scientific language correctly. The student presents all the information appropriately using symbolic and/or visual representation accurately according to the task. The student acknowledges sources of information appropriately.

1-2

3-4

5-6

Criteria assessed A One world B Communication in science

Maximum level

Level achieved

Teachers comments: Students reflection:

The task was very informative and inquiries .

Ultrasound is an oscillating sound pressure wave with

a frequency greater than the upper limit of the human hearing range. Ultrasound is thus not separated from 'normal' (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasonic imaging (sonography) is used in both veterinary medicine and human medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning and for mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Organisms such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles.

What are some common uses of the procedure?

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Ultrasound examinations can help to diagnose a variety of conditions and to assess organ damage following illness. Ultrasound is used to help physicians evaluate symptoms such as: pain swelling infection hematuria (blood in urine) Ultrasound is a useful way of examining many of the body's internal organs, including but not limited to the: heart and blood vessels, including the abdominal aorta and its major branches liver gallbladder spleen pancreas kidneys bladder uterus, ovaries, and unborn child (fetus) in pregnant patients eyes thyroid and parathyroid glands scrotum (testicles) brain in infants hips in infants

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Ultrasound: Liver Ultrasound is also used to: Guide procedures such as needle biopsies, in which needles are used to extract sample cells from an abnormal area for laboratory testing. Image the breasts and to guide biopsy of breast cancer (see the Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy page. Diagnose a variety of heart conditions and to assess damage after a heart attack or diagnose for valvular heart disease. Doppler ultrasound images can help the physician to see and evaluate: Blockages to blood flow (such as clots). Narrowing of vessels. Tumors and congenital vascular malformation. With knowledge about the speed and volume of blood flow gained from a Doppler ultrasound image, the physician can often determine whether a patient is a good candidate for a procedure like angioplasty.

What does the equipment look like?

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Ultrasound scanners consist of a console containing a computer and electronics, a video display screen and transducer that is used to do the scanning. The transducer is a small hand-held device that resembles a microphone, attached to the scanner by a cord. The transducer sends out inaudible high frequency sound waves into the body and then listens for the returning echoes from the tissues in the body. The principles are similar to sonar used by boats and submarines. The ultrasound image is immediately visible on a video display screen that looks like a computer or television monitor. The image is created

based on the amplitude (loudness), frequency (pitch) and time it takes for the ultrasound signal to return from the area of the patient being examined to the transducer, as well as the composition of body tissue through which and the type of body structure the sound travels through.

What are the benefits vs. risks?

Benefits Most ultrasound scanning is noninvasive (no needles or injections). Occasionally, an ultrasound exam may be temporarily uncomfortable, but it is almost never painful. Ultrasound is widely available, easy-to-use and less expensive than other imaging methods. Ultrasound imaging is extremely safe and does not use any ionizing radiation. Ultrasound scanning gives a clear picture of soft tissues that do not show up well on x-ray images. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnant women and their unborn babies. Ultrasound provides real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsies and needle. Risks

For standard diagnostic ultrasound, there are no known harmful effects on humans.

Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) refers to the use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) in the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society. Aside from its reliance on technology, ICT4D also requires an understanding of community development, poverty, agriculture, healthcare, and basic education. Richard Heels suggests that the I in ICT4D is related with library and information sciences, the C is associated with communication studies", the T is linked with information systems", and the D for development studies.[1] It is aimed at bridging the digital divide and aid economic development by fostering equitable access to modern

communications technologies. It is a powerful tool for economic and social development.[2] Other terms can also be used for "ICT4D" or "ICT4Dev" ("ICT for development") like ICTD ("ICT and development", which is used in a broader sense and development informatics. ICT4D can mean as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but it is more seen with applications in developing countries. It concerns with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied directly, wherein its use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or indirectly, wherein it can assist aid organisations or non-governmental organizations or governments or businesses to improve socio-economic conditions. The field is an interdisciplinary research area through the growing number of conferences, workshops and publications. This is partly due to the need for scientifically validated benchmarks and results that can measure the effectiveness of current projects. This field has also produced an informal community of technical and social science researchers which rose out of the annual ICT4D conferences.