Chapter4 Summary

4.1 Stages of Matter Macroscopic Differences between solids, liquids and gases. Solids have a definite shape and volume, which is independent of the shape of its container Liquid occupies a definite volume but does not have a definite shape; it conforms to the shape of its container Gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume gas expands to fill its entire container. Kinetic and Potential Energy Energy the capacity to do work Work the act of moving an object Two fundamental forms of energy Kinetic energy of motion, the energy a substance possesses as a result of the motion of its molecules or atoms. Depends on both mass and velocity. KE = mv2 Potential stored energy, energy a substance possesses as a result of the position or composition, and condition of its atoms. Heat Kinetic energy that is transferred from one object to another due to a difference in temperature. Heat ALWAYS flows from a hot object to a cold object Note: Temperature is NOT heat Temperature the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules, ions, or atoms that make up a substance Temperature scales Three main scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin Fahrenheit used in the US Science and medicine prefer the Celsius and Kelvin scales. Kelvin is an absolute scale. 0K is the temperature when all molecular motion has stopped. 0C and 100C is the boilidng and freezing point of water 32F and 212F is the boiling point and freezing point of water Temperature conversions C to F: F = (9/5 x C) + 32 F to C: C = 5/9(F-32) C to K: K = C + 273 K to C: C = K 273

Kinetic Molecular View In the gas phas, atoms or molecules have the highest kinetic energy Kinetic forces dominate intermolecular forces of attraction In the liquid phase, the same atoms are much closer together, moving randomly and tumbling over one another Intermolecular forces of attraction dominate kinetic forces Solid phase atoms exist in a regular ordered pattern, Intermolecular forces between atmos. Least amount of kinetic energy than the other stages

4.2 Changes of State Physical not Chemical Because chemical bronds do not change Solid to Liquid: Melting Liquid to Solid: Freezing Liquid to gas: Vaporization Gas to Liquid: Condensation Solid to gas: Sublimation Gas to solid: Deposition When changing states, Covalent bonds remain intact however Intermolecular forces of attraction are broken Particularly when changing to or from a gas phase Energy and changes of states: Added: melting, vaporization, sublimation Removed: freezing, condensation, deposition Heat of vaporization: the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid to transform it into a gas, or the amount of heat that must be removed to reverse that process Melting and boiling points Melting point: the point that solid transforms to liquid Boiling point: the point that liquid transforms to gas Temperatures do not rise until the transformation is complete Steam burns: the amount of heat released as a result of the phase change steam condenses when it touches human skin, transferring more heat to the skin than it would in a liquid state. Calculations with specific heat: Heat = specific heat (cal/g C) x mass (g) x T(C) 4.3 Pressure

 Pressure = force/area Pressure Conversions 1 atm = 760 mmHg (exact) 1 atm = 760 torr (exact) 1 atm = 14.70 psi 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa (Pascal)

Pressure Units Atmospheric pressure molecules of air in the atmosphere pressing down on us as a result of gravity. Blood Pressure BP is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels. BP at maximum = systolic BP while relaxed = diastolic Vapor Pressure pressure exerted by molecules in the gas phase in contact with molecules in the liquid phase. Volatile liquids liquids with a high vapor pressure that enter the gas phase more redily than other liquids. Vapor pressure of liquids increase with temperature Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.

4.4 Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory The particles of a gas are in constant, random motion The total volume of all gas particles in a container is negligible compared to the volume of the container The attractive forces among the particles of a gas are negligible The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the gas particles STP and the Molar Volume of a Gas STP: Standard Temperature and Pressure Under the conditions of STP, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L, known as the molar volume of a gas.

Pressure-volume relationship of gases Boyles Law Pressure and Volume are inverse ( P1V1=P1V2) Gay-Lussacs Law Pressure and Temp are directly related (P1/T1=P2/T2) Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases Charles Law: V1/T1=V2/T2 (T must be in Kelvin) Combined Gas Law : P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Partial Pressure and Gas Mixtures Daltons law: the sum of all partial pressures equals the total pressure Henrys Law Henrys Law: Pressure = K x Concentration