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The palaeoenvironmental study of the Alimini Piccolo lake enables a reconstruction of Holocene sea-level changes in southeast Italy
Milena Primavera,1 Oronzo Simone,1 Girolamo Fiorentino1 and Massimo Caldara2
Abstract
The Holocene 21(4) 553 563 The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0959683610385719 hol.sagepub.com
Based on multiproxy investigations of a 250 cm long sediment core (ALI1), a reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental dynamics for the Alimini Piccolo lake (south Adriatic coast of Apulia, Italy), is proposed. Our results indicate that shortly before 5500 cal. yr BP a marsh environment established. From 5400 cal. BP the marsh progressively became a lagoon and did not change until 3320 cal. BP, when Alimini Piccolo evolved into a shallow, sheltered, freshwater basin. Around 1400 cal. yr BP the basin became again a lagoon. Changes of the deposition environments and the chronological framework defined in the ALI1 sequence allowed speculation about local relative sea-level motions through the midlate Holocene. Using proxy-data (molluscs, foraminifers, ostracods and plant macro-remains) as environment and bathymetry indicators, we reconstruct the elevation of the basin bottom (above or below sea level) through time. Plant macro-fossils have proved to be an especially reliable source of data for sea-level reconstruction. The resulting relative sea-level curve is characterised by a slow rise between 5500 and 3900 cal. yr BP, a drop culminating around 2500 cal. yr BP and a new, steeper rise continued to the present position. Our model differs from other curves (tectonically and isostatically corrected) proposed for a number of Mediterranean coastal sites where Holocene sea-level changes have been described with a continuously rising curve, steep before 70006000 yr BP, more gradual between 6000 yr BP and the present. On the other hand, our reconstruction seems to agree with evidence on sea-level position during the Roman age, found in several Apulian sites (Salento coastland) by means of geomorphological and archaeological investigations.
Keywords
bathymetry reconstruction, charophytes, coastal lake environment, plant macro-remains, sea-level changes
Introduction
The Alimini Piccolo lake is part of a system consisting of two sheltered coastal water-bodies. The larger lake is called Alimini Grande, the smaller Alimini Piccolo or Fontanelle; these communicate through the Lu Strittu channel; a narrow entrance (Bocca degli Alimini) connects the Alimini Grande to the sea. Wet environments close to the sea (coastal lakes, isolation basins, lagoons, salt-marshes, etc.) are characterized by a marked environmental instability ruled by a number of processes acting both at global and regional scales (tectonic movements, climate conditions, freshwater input, changes in sea level, etc.). In particular relative sea-level motion affects the groundwater-table position, basin extent and salinity; those effects are recorded by several proxies which can be utilized as palaeoenvironmental indicators. In this paper we reconstruct the midlate Holocene environmental changes in the Alimini Piccolo lake, also suggesting how local sea level changed during this timespan. We used biological remains as paleoenvironment and past sea-level indicators. If not displaced from their original life position, many organisms could be used as sea-level indicators (Antonioli and Oliverio, 1996; Antonioli et al., 1999; Ferranti et al., 2006; Laborel and Laborel-Deguen, 1996; Laborel et al., 1994; Lambeck et al., 2004). In particular, for brackish coastal environments (such as lagoons) Lambeck et al. (2004) and Ferranti et al. (2006) report that mollusc assemblages of the Mediterranean Euryhaline and Eurythermal in brackish water biocoenosis (sensu Prs and Picard, 1964) allow to define the mean sea level with an uncertainty of 2 m. In our research, dealing with former brackish water environments, we tried to find some other possible biological proxies capable of defining the paleo sea-level position with a narrower uncertainty range. Plant remains are commonly considered a sound tool for detecting lake-level changes in Quaternary freshwater basins (Birks, 2000, 2001; Birks and Birks, 2003, 2006; Garcia, 1994; Hannon and Gaillard, 1997); nevertheless the use of these
1
2
Received 28 October 2009; revised manuscript accepted 21 July 2010 Corresponding author: Girolamo Fiorentino, Laboratorio di Archeobotanica e Paleoecologia, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Universit del Salento,Via D. Birago, 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy Email: girolamo.fiorentino@unisalento.it
554 indicators for sea-level reconstruction is not common or even unusual. It is widely accepted that macrophytes are potential indicators of lake-level fluctuations (Birks, 2001; Birks and Birks, 2006; Dieffenbacher-Krall and Halteman, 2000; Hannon and Gaillard, 1997). Charophytes, commonly found in all types of water-bodies, are considered responsive to environmental changes involving parameters such as pH, temperature and salinity (Garcia, 1994). According to Birks (1973) dispersal distances of plant remains (seeds, fruits, etc.) are rather short, thus the highest numbers of seeds and fruits are commonly found close to the parent plants (Hannon and Gaillard, 1997). Dispersion of such material is accentuated by wave action and tidal currents; however, the Alimini Piccolo basin is a small sheltered water-body, located in a microtidal setting, quite isolated from the open sea and wind disturbance. Therefore, using macrophytes as depth markers and charophytes as a salinity indicators, we tried to asses the basin-level fluctuations and the phases of major marine influence. The depth of the basin at the coring site has been reconstructed taking into account modern ecological requirements and depth distribution ranges of plant taxa (Bennike et al., 2001; Dieffenbacher-Krall and Halteman, 2000; Hannon and Gaillard, 1997; Zaho et al., 2004).
drained by one or more sinkholes. As a result, water flows toward the sea following underground paths. The Alimini lakes fill two tectonic depressions (Ciaranfi et al., 1992; Guerricchio and Zezza, 1982) parallel to the coastline, stretching for about 7 km along the NWSE direction (Figure 1). Along their west side, where the underground water-table intercepts the topographic surface, these water-bodies are fed by a number of springs. The larger basin, Alimini Grande, is connected to the Adriatic Sea through a channel called Bocca degli Alimini and is characterised by brackish water. Owing to freshwater inputs from the Zuddeo channel, the Traugnano marsh and a few other drainage canals, salinity decreases across the basin from the sea inland (from 34.8 to 2.2). The smaller lake, the Alimini Piccolo, or Fontanelle, has a mean depth of 0.70 m, and is only 0.5 km2 in area. It is fed by several springs along the southwestern shore and by the Rio Grande channel, which occasionally brings precipitation on the area around the hill of Montevergine. The two basins are separated by a rocky sill incised by the shallower Lu Strittu channel (Figure 1). During the last century a lock was built in order to inhibit brackish water inflow from the Alimini Grande, making the Alimini Piccolo a virtually fresh basin. According to De Marco et al. (1983) current dynamics in Alimini Piccolo are characterised by authigenic sedimentation in the southeastern sheltered areas. The Rio Grande ephemeral stream discharges terrigenous material only during short heavy rain episodes. Organic matter accumulation occurs along the northern and southern shores. The hydrological balance of Alimini Piccolo is influenced by a seasonally fluctuating groundwater discharge.
Primavera et al. The Alimini area is characterised by peculiar microclimatic conditions, as the presence of the two water-bodies causes intense evaporation and air humidity increase. The mean annual temperature ranges between 16 and 18C, and the mean annual rainfall varies between 700 and 1000 mm; both temperature and precipitation are slightly higher than the averages of surrounding areas, influencing floral composition and structure. In fact, the Alimini area is characterised by thermo-mediterranean subhumid bioclimate; its natural potential vegetation is a transitional term between Oleo-ceratonion (coastal) and Quercion-ilicis (inland) phytosociological alliance (Curti and Lorenzoni, 1969). The lakes are surrounded by planted Pinus halepensis woodland, while maquis vegetation occurs in scattered residual patches dominated by Quercus calliprinos, together with Q. ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Erica multiflora, Rhamnus alaternus, Myrtus communis, Arbutus unedo, and Cistus monspeliensis (Macchia, 1972; Marchiori et al., 1998). The aquatic vegetation of Fontanelle is represented by reeds along the shoreline (Phragmites communis), floating and submerged macrophytes (Lemna minor, Potamogeton pectinatus, P. lucens, P. natans, Zannichellia palustris, Najas graminea, Myriophyllum spicatum, M. verticillatum, Callitriche palustris, and Utricularia vulgaris), and emergent macrophytes in the marshy area around the lake (Juncus articulatus, J. acutus, Cladium mariscus, Cyperus longus, Schoenus nigricans, Typha angustifolia) (Amico and Macchia, 1964; Macchia, 1972).
555 Magnetic susceptibility allowed to precisely correlate the ALI1 succession to the one used for pollen investigation, in order to extend to our core the same chronological frame defined by Di Rita and Magri (2009).
Results
Sediment stratigraphy
The core ALI1 succession has been subdivided in 4 units as described below (Figure 2).
Plant data
The results of plant macroremains analysis are represented in a concentration diagram in which four assemblage zones (MAZ) have been defined through a constrained cluster analysis performed with the Psimpoll 4.5 program (Figure 3).
556
The Holocene 21(4) of Cladium mariscus counts is associated with the presence of Juncus sp., Typha latifolia and Sparganium sp. together with Potentilla palustris and Sagittaria sagittifolia shore-plants. The first Ruppia maritima and Suaeda maritima appearance characterise the beginning of MAZ-2b subzone (202180 cm); within this interval we record the maximum occurrence of Chara hispida group, a marked Potamogeton species diversification (P. perfoliatus, P. pusillipus and P. pectinatus) and a low occurrence of emergent taxa (Cladium mariscus and Cyperaceae). Subzone MAZ-2c (180152 cm) is defined by high counts of Lamprothamnium papulosum, accompanied by Ruppia maritima. The disappearance of the submerged/floating macrophytes defines subzone MAZ-2d (152104 cm) in which only charophyte remains have been found: L. papulosum and C. hispida group concentrations, rather low, show fluctuations in the relative abundances, while the emergent plants Typha latifolia and Juncus sp. appear scattered.
Faunal data
Analysed fauna are ostracods, foraminifers and molluscs. These have been grouped in abundance classes. Each faunal zone (FAZ) has been named according to its most represented taxon. The interval boundaries do not coincide exactly with plant zones (MAZ), even though considerable correspondences can be noticed (Figure 4).
FAZ-2 Ammonia beccarii and Cerastoderma glaucum (220 104 cm). The appearance of foraminifera marks the base
of this interval; Ammonia beccarii is abundant and around 1.62 m occurs in association with Haynesina germanica, Quinqueloculina cf. seminulum and Elphidium cf. gunteri. Among the ostracods, Cyprideis torosa, occasionally coupled with Loxoconcha sp., is a constant presence (although with
vulgaris is replaced by Lamprothamnium papulosum; floating/ submerged macrophytes (Potamogeton sp., P. cf. perfoliatus and Ranunculus aquatilis type) appear for the first time. The decrease
Primavera et al.
557
Figure 3. Plant macroremains diagram. V alues are expressed as number of macroremains per sediment sample; charophyte remains are expressed as 10 oospores/gyrogonites per sediment sample
varying abundances); upcore ostracods outclass foraminifera in numbers. The mollusc Cerastoderma glaucum is very abundant, especially in the lower-middle sections; the other accompanying taxa are Abra segmentum and, occasionally, Mytilaster sp.; Hydrobiidae, rare at the beginning, become abundant in those levels where Cerastoderma and Abra are represented only by juvenile individuals.
558 few Mytilaster sp., juvenile Cerastoderma glaucum and Abra segmentum.
The Holocene 21(4) and Girotti, 1974). Since C. vulgaris monospecific algal populations are common in shallow sheltered sites (Schubert and Blindow, 2003), the gradual increase of this species seems to corroborate this hypothesis.
FAZ-4
Cyprideis/Candona
and
Hydrobiidae
(7535
cm).
Foraminifera are virtually absent in these horizons, while ostracods are mainly represented by the very common Cyprideis torosa and Candona neglecta; Pseudocandona sp. and Potamocypris sp. are less frequent. Molluscs are rare. Hydrobiidae, not very frequent, appear together with several Physa sp. individuals. At around 55 cm Cyprideis torosa becomes very abundant, while Candona neglecta decreases in numbers. Molluscs become more frequent and are represented by Hydrobiidae and juvenile Cerastoderma glaucum and Abra segmentum. These two species become rare around 43 and at 35 cm again disappear.
Lagoon A. Between 5500 and 4900 cal. BP charophyte association shows the progressive replacement of freshwater C. vulgaris with the brackish Lamprothamnium papulosum; submerged/floating macrophytes appear for the first time; this evidence indicates that the basin reached stability. Emergent taxa are also well represented, suggesting that the coring site was not far from the shore. Around 4900 cal. BP Lamprothamnium decreases; this species is replaced by the deepest Chara hispida group, halotolerant/slightly brackish taxa (Souli-Mrsche et al., 2008). At the same time the enrichment in submerged/floating macrophytes counts, together with the disappearance of emergent species, point to an expansion of the basin. Between 4300 cal. BP and 3800 cal. BP Lamprothamnium papulosum shows its maximum peak (Figure 3). Other wellrepresented species are the submerged Ruppia maritima and the terrestrial Suaeda maritima. L. papulosum is one of the few eury-hiperhaline charophytes widespread in brackish environments (Bisson and Kirst, 1980; Corillion, 1972; Garcia and Chivas, 2004; Schubert and Blindow, 2003), living preferably within a depth range between 10 and 100 cm (Corillion, 1972); R. maritima lives in brackish waters and has been found as common among the modern macrophytes in Alimini Grande basin; S. maritima colonises salt soils close to the sea. Faunal remains in the Lagoon A sediments confirm the existence of a brackish environment. The molluscs assemblage is characterised by Cerastoderma glaucum and Abra segmentum. These species are commonly found together in lagoons. The microfaunal assemblage is dominated by the foraminifer Ammonia beccarii and the ostracod Cyprideis torosa. At first glance the oligotypic macro- and microfaunal assemblages, made of opportunistic taxa (i.e. A. beccarii and C. torosa) would indicate a somewhat stressed environment. Aquatic plants give several pieces of information on lake level changes within the Lagoon A interval. Between 5500 and 4900 cal. BP the progressive development of submerged and floating macrophytes provides evidence of a rise in water-table (Hannon and Gaillard, 1997). Between 4900 and 4300 cal. BP, maximum values of Chara hispida group suggest a continuous rise in lake level and, perhaps, a salinity increase. From 4300 to 3800 cal. BP the decrease of Chara hispida group and the increase of the lessdeep euryhaline Lamprotamnium papulosum suggest a phase of water level lowering. As defined by the pollen record, between 5500 and 4900 cal. BP the area surrounding the Alimini lakes was covered by a lush vegetation and the climate was relatively humid; between 4900
Primavera et al. and 4300 cal. BP pollen diagrams show a dense oak-dominated mediterranean evergreen vegetation with some deciduous elements (Di Rita and Magri, 2009). At around 4100 cal. BP the pollen diagram shows a marked decrease of arboreal pollen (both in percentages and concentrations; Di Rita and Magri, 2009); this deforestation phase has also been recognized in many other Italian sites south of 43N (Caroli and Caldara, 2007; DrescherSchneider et al., 2007; Magri, 1999; Magri and Sadori, 1999; Sadori and Narcisi, 2001; Vigliotti, 2006), and has been interpreted as a drought climate event (Dalfes et al., 1997; Jalut et al., 2000).
559 that shows a peak shortly before 1000 cal. BP, suggests a slightly higher water-table. Among charophytes, the C. hispida group is the most frequent one, L. papulosum occurs occasionally. C. vulgaris starts to increase again only during the last 300 years. The molluscs Cerastoderma glaucum and Abra segmentum make a more stable association; among the foraminifers A. beccarii outnumbers any other forms. The occurrence of the slightly halo-tolerant Najas cf. minor, together with other macrophytes typical of brackish environment (i.e. R. maritima) suggest seasonal salinity variations (Bennike et al., 2001; Ellenberg et al., 1992). The strong human impact has been revealed also by pollen analysis (Di Rita and Magri, 2009). According to historical sources, fishermen used to periodically open and close the Bocca degli Alimini (the channel connecting Alimini Grande to the open sea) in order to get better catches, causing lake depth and salinity changes (De Giorgi, 1885). Anthropic actions affected both salinity and lake level. These conditions lasted up to the twentieth century, when a sluice was built between the two lakes in order to limit water exchange between the more freshwater Alimini Piccolo and the brackish Alimini Grande.
Lagoon B. Around 3900 cal. BP the molluscs Hydrobiidae occur in relatively high numbers, while Cerastoderma glaucum and Abra segmentum are represented only by juvenile individuals. This suggests that the environment was (at least temporarily) suitable for recruitment but not sufficiently appropriate for life cycle completion. The contemporaneous fall of Lamprothamnium papulosum concentration and the occurrence of the C. vulgarisC. hispida group points to an increase of freshwater supply (Souli-Mrshe, 1991). The absence of typical lagoon macrophytes, together with the sporadic appearance of riparian-emergent macrophytes (Typha and Juncus), indicates low salinity (Hutchinson, 1975; Pignatti, 1982). Within this interval, foraminifers assemblage (still oligotypic) reaches its maximum diversity. Ammonia beccarii is accompanied by Haynesina germanica, Quinqueloculina cf. seminulum and a few Elphidium species (among which E. cf. gunteri). Ostracods are represented by the brackish C. torosa and Loxoconcha sp. Pollen data show a rapid forest recovery (Di Rita and Magri, 2009). Freshwater basin; 33201400 cal. BP (10430 cm). From 3250
cal. BP Alimini Piccolo became a freshwater basin. In this interval Chara vulgaris reaches its maximum, L. papulosum disappears and Phragmites sp. appears for the first time. Among molluscs, opportunistic Hidrobiidae characterise these levels, while the brackish C. glaucum and A. segmentum are still present with juvenile individuals. Foraminifers (only A. beccarii) are rare and occur only in the lower part of the unit. The ostracods are represented mainly by the C. torosa and the freshwater species Candona neglecta. In brief, within the Freshwater basin phase, Alimini Piccolo shifted from meso-haline to oligo-haline conditions. Between 3010 and 2015 cal. BP the presence of emergent macrophytes remains (T. latifolia and Phragmites sp.) indicates a lowered water-table (Hannon and Gaillard, 1997; Hutchinson, 1975). Alimini Piccolo became a shallow, sheltered oligo-haline basin. The occurrence of shallow freshwater ostracods (Darwinula stevensoni, Potamocypris sp. and Pseudocandona sp.), the absence of foraminifers and the presence of the freshwater gastropod Physa sp. corroborate this interpretation. Besides, the occurrence of termophilous Najas marina probably indicate meso-eutrophic water conditions and a slight temperature increase (Wasylikowa et al., 2006).
560
Figure 5. Reconstructed sea-level curve for Alimini Piccolo sequence: a, Basin bottom; b, water-column; c, relative sea-level reconstruction; d, local water level (when it does not coincide with sea level; e, interpolated (calendar) dates; f, age uncertainty (for calibrated radiocarbon dates); g, depth uncertainty (as inferred from biological remains)
Around 3900 cal. yr BP (160 cm below the top of the core, 390 cm below present sea level) the accumulation occurred in a fair lagoonal environment. The presence of C. glaucum would suggest a bathymetry between 0 and 2 m. Nevertheless, the concomitant presence of R. maritima and L. papulosum, whose ecological requirements have been described by Zaho et al. (2004) and Corillion (1972), suggest a narrower depth range, between 20 and 100 cm. Around the (interpolated) date 3370 cal. BP the occurrence of juvenile individuals of the molluscs A. segmentum and C. glaucum suggests a strong freshwater input and a bottom of the basin very close to sea level. Probable mechanisms for sea/inland waters interaction include the existence of an intruding underground saline wedge (common in coastal areas) under a freshwater horizon. Plant remains are rare, C. hispida, the best represented taxon, thrives between the depths of 50 and 300 cm, with its optimum between 100 and 150 cm (Schubert and Blindow, 2003). Therefore, we propose for these horizons a water-column between 50 and 150 cm, while sea level was close to the basin bottom. The calibrated date 2970 yr BP was obtained for a sediment sample from the Freshwater basin horizons (approximately 72 cm downcore, 302 cm below present sea level). Plant assemblages, dominated by C. hispida, allow us to hypothesise again a depth range between 50 and 150 cm. Sediments are characterised by the absence of foraminifers and brackish molluscs, ostracods and macrophytes are dominated by freshwater species. These pieces of evidence are all indicative of a freshwater environment,
thus sea level should have been lower than the bottom of the basin at the deposition time. Around 2500 cal. BP (interpolated), within the freshwater interval the depth of the basin was between 50 and 100 cm, as inferred by the contemporaneous occurrence of Phragmites sp. (data about this taxon in Hannon and Gaillard, 1997) and C. hispida. The floor of the fresh water-body was probably again very close to sea level around 1860 cal. yr BP (42 cm from the top of the core, 272 cm below present sea level), as suggested by the absolute dominance of C. torosa among the ostracods and by the molluscs (Hydrobiidae and juvenile A. segmentum and C. glaucum). Plant remains, dominated by C. hispida, suggest for these horizons a local depth between 50 and 150 cm. More saline conditions set around 980 cal. yr BP (30 cm from the top, 260 cm below present sea level). These beds are again characterised by brackish faunal assemblages. The occurrence of adult C. glaucum would indicate a bathymetry between 0 and 2 m (Gravina et al., 1989), while the oligotypic microfauna suggests a restricted environment. A more precise information is given again by C. hispida. This species led us again to assume a depth ranging between 50 and 150 cm. In Figure 5 the indicative sea-level elevation and local basin depth, inferred for each dated sample, are plotted against age; the interpolated points used have also been represented. Bathymetry and sea-level changes have been obtained connecting mean values within the tentative elevation ranges; sea level was lower than the basin bottom within the freshwater phases. Sea level was at
Primavera et al. about 3.70.5 m around 5460 cal. BP, at 3.450.25 m around 4500 BP, at 3.310.4 m around 3900 cal. BP, close to 3.40 m around 3370; dropped down after 3370 cal. BP (we cannot estimate the vertical extension of the retreat). A new rise started after 2500 cal. BP; around 1860 cal. BP sea level was again close to the basin bottom, at 980 cal. BP sea level was at 1.610.5 m and continued to rise until today.
561 during the Roman Age sea level was lower than today. Auriemma et al. (2002) found that sea level was at 2.5 or 3 m during the first three centuries bc. According to Auriemma et al. (2004, 2005) around 75007000 BP sea level was at about 10.5 m above present, dropped to about 3 m around 3500 BP, was around 2.5 or 3 m below the present position during the first three centuries bc and at 0.6 m during the Middle Ages.
Conclusion
The study of the 250 cm long ALI1 core allowed the definition of the brackish/lacustrine environments and the reconstruction of local sea-level changes during the last 5500 years. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction has been made using plant assemblages as the main indicators; in particular, considered the ecological requirements of the identified taxa, the local depth has been inferred from macrophyte remains, evidence on salinity changes have been deduced by charophytes. Faunal assemblages (molluscs, foraminifers and ostracods) and their changes have been taken into account as additional information sources. In several horizons (accumulated in brackish conditions) plant remains hallowed to define sea level with an uncertainty range as narrow as 50 cm; for the same levels the presence of brackish mollusc assemblages would have suggested a depth between 0 and 200 cm (Ferranti et al., 2006; Lambeck et al., 2004). The succession of the deposition environments and the chronological framework defined by radiocarbon dates allowed the reconstruction of local relative sea-level changes through the midlate Holocene. The sea-level curve has been drawn relating each dated horizon to the reconstructed position of the sea level at the time of accumulation. The evidence collected along the Apulian coastland suggests us that the Alimini curve most likely gives an idea of the trends that characterised the midlate Holocene sea-level changes in the area. Our curve does not fit theoretical models proposed to describe Mediterranean Holocene sea-level changes; conversely, data collected in several Apulian areas, whose tectonic behaviour is each one different from the other, show the same sea-level trend within an apparently similar chronological framework (Caldara et al., 2008; Simone, 2003; Simone and Caldara, unpublished data). These issues let us to postulate that our data register at least a regional relative sea-level change, whose causes have to be investigated.
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the Dottorato di Ricerca in Geomorfologia e Dinamica Ambientale, Universit degli Studi di Bari (Italy) and by Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Universit del Salento (Lecce-Italy). We wish to thank Donatella Magri and Federico Di Rita (Universit La Sapienza Rome) for providing study material and for their critical suggestions and Adriana Garcia for supporting with charophytes recognition.
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