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VENTILATION
SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION
Auxiliary Ventilation
Purpose
Auxiliary ventilation is designed to provide adequate ventilation to a dead-end entry or tunnel, to remove or dilute hazardous gasses or dust, and to provide sufficient and clean air for individuals and equipment to work efficiently.
Considerations:
Quantity of air required
Air velocity in the entry or tunnel Air quantity for diesel equipment Air quantity for people Air quantity to dilute or remove gasses and dust Air quantity for cooling or other needs
Physical constraints
Head room over haulage or material transport equipment Length of duct Handling and hanging problems Potential for damage from blasting and other activities
Other considerations
Duct and fans must be sized to ensure that the fans are not working in a stall (i.e., the fan is attempting to move more air than the duct will allow) A larger duct allows for a more efficient and lower horsepower system Legal and contract requirements for fans and duct Preferred direction of airflow - suction or blowing Most leakage occurs at the joints and longer lengths have significantly less leakage
m 0m 20 8
m mm mm mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm mm mm 0m 00 05 60 0 45 50 00 5 50 00 , 6 7 4 3 3 2 9 1 24 30 16 18 20 12 14 10 36 42
mm 00 2 , 1 48
4.00 3.00
m 0m ,50 1 60
2.00
m 0m ,80 1 72
1.00
.25kPa
mm 00 1 , 2 84
.40 .30
m 0m ,40 2 96
.20
.10
.025kPa
Duct Diameter
.04 .03
.02
Air Quantity
SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION
m 0m 20
4.00 3.00
60
mm 50 6 , 1 66 m 0m ,80 1 72
2.00
1.00
.25kPa
.40 .30
mm 00 8 , 1 78 m 0m ,10 2 84 m 0m ,25 2 90 mm 00 4 , 2 96
.20
Duct Diameter
.10
.025kPa
.04 .03
.02
Air Quantity
Steel
Lowest initial-cost suction duct Required on some projects Non-flammable Holds high positive and negative pressure Medium leakage Low friction Best suited for:
Moderate length ventilation runs (less than 3,000 ft.) Drill and shoot operations Single use applications
Fiberglass
Most durable suction duct Flame resistant Holds up well to abuse Light-weight Holds high positive and negative pressure Low friction factor Best suited for:
Short-length ventilation runs (less than 1,500 ft.) Multiple reuse operations Drill and shoot operations Mine development
Flexible Suction
Flame resistant Can expand and contract length Weight dependent on negative pressure rating Can be stored in small area Best suited for:
Starter tunnels Short ventilation runs Flexible connections in other type of duct
Lay flat
Low cost Flame resistant Low leakage in long lengths Pressure rating dependent on material, construction Requires additional fan for reversing air flow on OSHA jobs Medium friction factor Many grades available Requires special expertise in applications for booster fans Best suited for:
Short ventilation runs using low cost duct Long ventilation runs using high-quality long-length ducts TBM tunnels
SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION
Calculating Losses
Dynamic Losses
The pressure loss in each fitting, inlet and outlet must be calculated separately and is based on the velocity pressure of air at that point in the system. Velocity pressure Pv =
Friction Losses
Friction loss curves, which are provided in this brochure, are designed to give the pressure loss due to friction in the duct. The curves are based on the following formula:
10.00
2.5kPa
4.00 3.00
mm 50 3 , 1 54 mm 00 5 , 1 60
2.00
1.00
.25kPa
mm 00 8 , 1 72
.40 .30
mm 00 1 , 2 84
.20
.10
.025kPa
Duct Diameter
.04
.03
.02
Air Quantity
SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION
10.00
2.5kPa
m 0m 20 8
4.00 3.00
2.00
mm 00 5 , 1 60 m 0m ,65 1 66
1.00
.25kPa
.40 .30
.20
.10
.025kPa
.04
Duct Diameter
.03
.02
Air Quantity
Illustration
Conditions
Loss Coefficient
C2
30 45 60
A1=A2
14
C
0.15
Flanged Entrance
A=
C
0.34
A=
C
0.85
Duct Entrance
A=
Formed Entrance
C
0.03
C1 Gradual Expansion
5 7 10 20 30 40 A2 = A1/A2 = 0.0 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.59 0.73
Abrupt Exit
1.00
Illustration
Conditions
Rectangular or round, with or without vanes Miter R/D = 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0
Pressure Loss
Loss Coefficient L/D Ratio
(N/90) times value for similar 90 elbow 1.30 0.90 0.45 0.33 0.24 0.19 65 23 17 12 10
90 Round Section
SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION
m m m mm 0m 0m 0m 50 60 76 90 0 , 24 30 36 1 42
.80 .60 .50
0.13kPa
To determine the friction loss, find the average air quantity in the duct (air at heading + 1/2 leakage), follow the line up to your duct diameter and read across to determine the static pressure drop per 100 feet. Multiply this number by the length of duct (also in hundreds of feet) to obtain the friction losses. For an oval duct, use the hydraulic diameter formula to calculate the equivalent round diameter:
m 0m ,20 1 48 mm 00 5 , 1 60
.40 .30
.20
.10
.025kPa
.04 .03
DH =
4A O
.02
For example: An application requires 28,000 cfm at the heading. We have 2,000 feet of 36 flexible forced duct and 4,000 cfm of leakage. The average air quantity in the duct is 30,000 cfm. This gives us .8 in. w.g./100 feet or 16 total.
30,000 cfm
Air Quantity
General Reference
Velocity Pressures
VEL. FPM 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
QUANTITY
VP In. Water .016 .022 .031 .040 .050 .062 .075 .090 .105 .122 .140 .160 .180
STANDARD UNITS
VEL. FPM 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200
VP In.Water .202 .249 .302 .359 .421 .489 .561 .638 .721 .808 .900 .998 1.10
VEL. FPM 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800
VP In.Water 1.21 1.32 1.44 1.56 1.69 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.40 2.55 2.72 2.88
OTHER UNITS
PRESSURE
Conversion Factors
VOLUME FLOW
in. wg 1 .00403 27.761 13.635 .03937 .53681 407.98 cfm 1 2118.9 35.314 ft/min 1 196.85 3.2808 .05468 88.000 101.34
pascals 248.36 1 6894.7 3386.4 9.7779 133.32 101325 m3/s .000472 1 .01667 m/s .00508 1 .01667 .00028 .44704 .51479
psi .03602 .00015 1 .49116 .00142 .01934 14.696 m3/min .02832 60.000 1 m/min .30480 60.000 1 .01667 26.822 30.887
VELOCITY
-20
20
40
60 0.0792 0.0764 0.0736 0.0710 0.0684 0.0660 0.0635 0.0612 0.0589 0.0567 0.0546 0.0525
80 0.0762 0.0735 0.0709 0.0684 0.0659 0.0635 0.0611 0.0589 0.0546 0.0546 0.0525 0.0495
100 0.0735 0.0709 0.684 0.0660 0.0635 0.0612 0.0590 0.0569 0.0526 0.0526 0.0506 0.0488
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
31.02 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.81 25.84 24.89 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.38 20.58
0.0936 0.0886 0.0858 0.0824 0.0903 0.0854 0.0827 0.0794 0.0871 0.824 0.0798 0.0766
0.0839 0.0794 0.0769 0.0738 0.0808 0.0765 0.0741 0.0712 0.0779 0.0738 0.0715 0.0686 0.0751 0.0710 0.0688 0.0661 0.0723 0.0684 0.0663 0.0636 0.0697 0.0659 0.0639 0.0613 0.0671 0.0634 0.0614 0.0590 0.0644 0.0610 0.0591 0.0568 0.0620 0.0587 0.0569 0.0546
FIBERGLASS
Round, oval, forced, exhaust, fittings, and accessories
STEEL
18 & 20 gauge, corrugated & smooth, fittings, coupling bands
BRATTICE
Plain rolls, curtains, fly pads, pogo sticks, special products
DUST COLLECTORS Schauenburg is known industry-wide for partnering with customers to engineer
solutions for ventilation projects. We welcome inquiries for technical assistance and the opportunity to assist you with new or existing projects.
A HALF CENTURY OF WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE GOES INTO MANUFACTURING A COMPLETE LINE OF INTEGRATED PRODUCTS DESIGNED FOR ALL TYPES OF VENTILATION PROJECTS. CALL OR FAX FOR INFORMATION.
Members of the Schauenburg Worldwide Group of Companies Schauenburg Tunnel Ventalation Schauenburg Industries, Ltd., Canada Flexadux Plastics Ltd., Great Britain Schauenburg Flexadux (PTY.) Ltd., South Africa
2233 Sanford Drive Grand Junction, Colorado 81505 USA Tel: 970-245-9400 Fax: 970-245-9402 E-mail: info@schauenburg-us.com Web page: www.schauenburg-us.com