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SCHAUENBURG

VENTILATION

Designing a Mine Auxiliary Ventilation System

SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION

Auxiliary Ventilation
Purpose
Auxiliary ventilation is designed to provide adequate ventilation to a dead-end entry or tunnel, to remove or dilute hazardous gasses or dust, and to provide sufficient and clean air for individuals and equipment to work efficiently.

Considerations:
Quantity of air required
Air velocity in the entry or tunnel Air quantity for diesel equipment Air quantity for people Air quantity to dilute or remove gasses and dust Air quantity for cooling or other needs

Physical constraints

Head room over haulage or material transport equipment Length of duct Handling and hanging problems Potential for damage from blasting and other activities

Other considerations

Duct and fans must be sized to ensure that the fans are not working in a stall (i.e., the fan is attempting to move more air than the duct will allow) A larger duct allows for a more efficient and lower horsepower system Legal and contract requirements for fans and duct Preferred direction of airflow - suction or blowing Most leakage occurs at the joints and longer lengths have significantly less leakage

Flexible forced duct friction loss chart (Layflat duct)


10.00
2.5kPa

m 0m 20 8

m mm mm mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm mm mm 0m 00 05 60 0 45 50 00 5 50 00 , 6 7 4 3 3 2 9 1 24 30 16 18 20 12 14 10 36 42

8.00 6.00 5.00


1.25kPa

mm 00 2 , 1 48

4.00 3.00

m 0m ,50 1 60

Static Pressure (ins. water gauge per 100 duct)

2.00
m 0m ,80 1 72

1.00
.25kPa

.80 .60 .50


0.13kPa

mm 00 1 , 2 84

.40 .30
m 0m ,40 2 96

.20

.10
.025kPa

Duct Diameter

.08 .06 .05


0.013kPa

.04 .03

.02

1,000 cfm .47m3/sec.

2,000 cfm .94 m3/sec.

5,000 cfm 2.36m3/sec

10,000 cfm 4.72m3/sec.

20,000 cfm 9.44 m3/sec.

50,000 cfm 2.36 m3/sec.

100,000 cfm 47.2m3/sec.

200,000 cfm 94.4m3/sec.

Air Quantity

SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION

Flexible suction duct friction loss chart (Spiral duct)


10.00
2.5kPa

m 0m 20

m mm m m mm 0 mm m m m m m m m m m 50 ,20 0 m 50 m 00 m 50 m 00 m 550 600 m 50 m 60 m 50 m00 m 75 m 0m 0 0 5 , 4 8 4 0 5 22 4 6 7 8 9 9 1 8 1 3 3 2 2 2 16 28 30 34 36 39 42 12 14 4 10 1 m 0m ,35 1 54 m 0m 0 5 1,

8.00 6.00 5.00


1.25kPa

4.00 3.00

60

mm 50 6 , 1 66 m 0m ,80 1 72

Static Pressure (ins. water gauge per 100 duct)

2.00

1.00
.25kPa

.80 .60 .50


0.13kPa

.40 .30

mm 00 8 , 1 78 m 0m ,10 2 84 m 0m ,25 2 90 mm 00 4 , 2 96

.20

Duct Diameter

.10
.025kPa

.08 .06 .05


0.013kPa

.04 .03

.02

1,000 cfm .47m3/sec.

2,000 cfm .94 m3/sec.

5,000 cfm 2.36m3/sec

10,000 cfm 4.72m3/sec.

20,000 cfm 9.44 m3/sec.

50,000 cfm 2.36 m3/sec.

100,000 cfm 47.2m3/sec.

200,000 cfm 94.4m3/sec.

Air Quantity

Evaluate the Different Types of Duct

Steel

Lowest initial-cost suction duct Required on some projects Non-flammable Holds high positive and negative pressure Medium leakage Low friction Best suited for:
Moderate length ventilation runs (less than 3,000 ft.) Drill and shoot operations Single use applications

Fiberglass

Most durable suction duct Flame resistant Holds up well to abuse Light-weight Holds high positive and negative pressure Low friction factor Best suited for:
Short-length ventilation runs (less than 1,500 ft.) Multiple reuse operations Drill and shoot operations Mine development

Flexible Suction

Flame resistant Can expand and contract length Weight dependent on negative pressure rating Can be stored in small area Best suited for:
Starter tunnels Short ventilation runs Flexible connections in other type of duct

Lay flat

Low cost Flame resistant Low leakage in long lengths Pressure rating dependent on material, construction Requires additional fan for reversing air flow on OSHA jobs Medium friction factor Many grades available Requires special expertise in applications for booster fans Best suited for:
Short ventilation runs using low cost duct Long ventilation runs using high-quality long-length ducts TBM tunnels

SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION

Calculating Losses
Dynamic Losses
The pressure loss in each fitting, inlet and outlet must be calculated separately and is based on the velocity pressure of air at that point in the system. Velocity pressure Pv =

Friction Losses
Friction loss curves, which are provided in this brochure, are designed to give the pressure loss due to friction in the duct. The curves are based on the following formula:

For all equations, the definitions are:


H = pressure loss in in. w.g.
C = loss coefficient V = air velocity in feet/minute L = length in feet O = perimeter in feet Q = air quantity in 100,000 cfm (60,000 cfm would be .60) = air density (.075 for standard air) in lb/ft3 A = area of duct in square feet K = the friction factor for the material (Fiberglass duct is 11.7; Steel duct is 12; Cassette duct is 15; Lay flat duct is 18; Flexible suction duct is 27)

Fiberglass duct friction loss chart


m m m m m mm mm mm 0 mm0 mm 0 mm mm 50 m 0 0 m 50 m 500 550 600 0m 0m 0 5 0 6 , 0 0 5 0 7 7 8 9 2 1 4 8 4 20 22 24 3 3 28 30 34 36 4 1 16 14 12 mm 00 2 , 1 48

10.00
2.5kPa

8.00 6.00 5.00


1.25kPa

4.00 3.00

mm 50 3 , 1 54 mm 00 5 , 1 60

Static Pressure (ins. water gauge per 100 duct)

2.00

1.00
.25kPa

.80 .60 .50


0.13kPa

mm 00 8 , 1 72

.40 .30

mm 00 1 , 2 84

.20

.10
.025kPa

Duct Diameter

.08 .06 .05


0.013kPa

.04
.03

.02

1,000 cfm .47m3/sec.

2,000 cfm .94 m3/sec.

5,000 cfm 2.36m3/sec

10,000 cfm 4.72m3/sec.

20,000 cfm 9.44 m3/sec.

50,000 cfm 2.36 m3/sec.

100,000 cfm 47.2m3/sec.

200,000 cfm 94.4m3/sec.

Air Quantity

SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION

Steel duct friction loss chart


m m m mm mm 0 m mm mm mm 0 mm 0 mm0 m 0 mm 0 mm mm 0 mm 0 m 400 0 55 60 5 760 00 975 1,05 5 00 50 0 5 5 6 9 4 3 2 8 3 20 22 24 28 30 18 12 10 16 34 36 39 42 14 m 0m ,20 1 48 mm 50 3 , 1 54

10.00
2.5kPa

m 0m 20 8

8.00 6.00 5.00


1.25kPa

4.00 3.00

Static Pressure (ins. water gauge per 100 duct)

2.00

mm 00 5 , 1 60 m 0m ,65 1 66

1.00
.25kPa

.80 .60 .50


0.13kPa

.40 .30

.20

mm 00 8 , 1 72 m 0m ,95 1 78 m 0m ,10 2 84 m 0m ,25 2 90 m 0m ,40 2 96

.10
.025kPa

.08 .06 .05


0.013kPa

.04

Duct Diameter

.03

.02

1,000 cfm .47m3/sec.

2,000 cfm .94 m3/sec.

5,000 cfm 2.36m3/sec

10,000 cfm 4.72m3/sec.

20,000 cfm 9.44 m3/sec.

50,000 cfm 2.36 m3/sec.

100,000 cfm 47.2m3/sec.

200,000 cfm 94.4m3/sec.

Air Quantity

Loss coefficients for area changes


Type
Gradual Contraction

Illustration

Conditions

Loss Coefficient
C2

30 45 60

0.02 0.04 0.07

Equal Area Transformation

A1=A2
14

C
0.15

Flanged Entrance

A=

C
0.34

A=

C
0.85

Duct Entrance
A=

Formed Entrance

C
0.03

C1 Gradual Expansion
5 7 10 20 30 40 A2 = A1/A2 = 0.0 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.59 0.73

Abrupt Exit

1.00

Note: A C with a subscript indicates the cross-section at which velocity is calculated.

Loss coefficients for elbows


Type
N

Illustration

Conditions
Rectangular or round, with or without vanes Miter R/D = 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0

Pressure Loss
Loss Coefficient L/D Ratio

(N/90) times value for similar 90 elbow 1.30 0.90 0.45 0.33 0.24 0.19 65 23 17 12 10

90 Round Section

SCHAUENBURG
VENTILATION

Reading fan and headloss curves


How to use the friction curves
1.00
.25kPa

m m m mm 0m 0m 0m 50 60 76 90 0 , 24 30 36 1 42
.80 .60 .50
0.13kPa

To determine the friction loss, find the average air quantity in the duct (air at heading + 1/2 leakage), follow the line up to your duct diameter and read across to determine the static pressure drop per 100 feet. Multiply this number by the length of duct (also in hundreds of feet) to obtain the friction losses. For an oval duct, use the hydraulic diameter formula to calculate the equivalent round diameter:

m 0m ,20 1 48 mm 00 5 , 1 60

.40 .30

.20

.10
.025kPa

.08 .06 .05


0.013kPa

.04 .03

DH =

4A O

.02

For example: An application requires 28,000 cfm at the heading. We have 2,000 feet of 36 flexible forced duct and 4,000 cfm of leakage. The average air quantity in the duct is 30,000 cfm. This gives us .8 in. w.g./100 feet or 16 total.

1,000 cfm .47m3/sec.

5,000 cfm 2.36m3/sec

10,000 cfm 4.72m3/sec.

30,000 cfm

Air Quantity

How to use the fan curve


Read across at the total pressure, then up from the quantity to determine if the intersection point falls on or under the fan curve. To obtain the total pressure requirement for the fan, add the friction losses, dynamic losses and one velocity pressure to obtain the total pressure in the system. In the above example, if we also have 8 of dynamic losses and 1.25 velocity pressure, we would have a total pressure loss of 25.25 and a fan quantity of 32,000 cfm. Therefore, by using a fan chart we can see that a 2 x 100 HP 33 fan will meet the requirements.

2-STAGE CONTRA ROTATING FAN

General Reference
Velocity Pressures
VEL. FPM 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
QUANTITY

VP In. Water .016 .022 .031 .040 .050 .062 .075 .090 .105 .122 .140 .160 .180
STANDARD UNITS

VEL. FPM 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200

VP In.Water .202 .249 .302 .359 .421 .489 .561 .638 .721 .808 .900 .998 1.10

VEL. FPM 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800

VP In.Water 1.21 1.32 1.44 1.56 1.69 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.40 2.55 2.72 2.88
OTHER UNITS

STANDARD STANDARD ENGLISH UNITS METRIC (SI) UNITS

PRESSURE

Conversion Factors
VOLUME FLOW

inwg pascals psi inHg mm WG mm Hg Bar Cfm M3/s M3/min

in. wg 1 .00403 27.761 13.635 .03937 .53681 407.98 cfm 1 2118.9 35.314 ft/min 1 196.85 3.2808 .05468 88.000 101.34

pascals 248.36 1 6894.7 3386.4 9.7779 133.32 101325 m3/s .000472 1 .01667 m/s .00508 1 .01667 .00028 .44704 .51479

psi .03602 .00015 1 .49116 .00142 .01934 14.696 m3/min .02832 60.000 1 m/min .30480 60.000 1 .01667 26.822 30.887

VELOCITY

Ft/min M/s M/min Kph Mph Knots

Air density at different altitudes and temperatures

Altitude Atmospheric Pressure

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

-20

20

40

60 0.0792 0.0764 0.0736 0.0710 0.0684 0.0660 0.0635 0.0612 0.0589 0.0567 0.0546 0.0525

80 0.0762 0.0735 0.0709 0.0684 0.0659 0.0635 0.0611 0.0589 0.0546 0.0546 0.0525 0.0495

100 0.0735 0.0709 0.684 0.0660 0.0635 0.0612 0.0590 0.0569 0.0526 0.0526 0.0506 0.0488

-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

31.02 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.81 25.84 24.89 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.38 20.58

0.0936 0.0886 0.0858 0.0824 0.0903 0.0854 0.0827 0.0794 0.0871 0.824 0.0798 0.0766

0.0839 0.0794 0.0769 0.0738 0.0808 0.0765 0.0741 0.0712 0.0779 0.0738 0.0715 0.0686 0.0751 0.0710 0.0688 0.0661 0.0723 0.0684 0.0663 0.0636 0.0697 0.0659 0.0639 0.0613 0.0671 0.0634 0.0614 0.0590 0.0644 0.0610 0.0591 0.0568 0.0620 0.0587 0.0569 0.0546

Schauenburg Ventilation Products


FLEXIBLE
Lay flat, spiral, forced, exhaust, shaft, cassettes and all fittings

FIBERGLASS
Round, oval, forced, exhaust, fittings, and accessories

STEEL
18 & 20 gauge, corrugated & smooth, fittings, coupling bands

BRATTICE
Plain rolls, curtains, fly pads, pogo sticks, special products

FANS & FAN SILENCERS


Axial flow, permissible, accessories, center pod silencers

DUST COLLECTORS Schauenburg is known industry-wide for partnering with customers to engineer
solutions for ventilation projects. We welcome inquiries for technical assistance and the opportunity to assist you with new or existing projects.

A HALF CENTURY OF WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE GOES INTO MANUFACTURING A COMPLETE LINE OF INTEGRATED PRODUCTS DESIGNED FOR ALL TYPES OF VENTILATION PROJECTS. CALL OR FAX FOR INFORMATION.

Members of the Schauenburg Worldwide Group of Companies Schauenburg Tunnel Ventalation Schauenburg Industries, Ltd., Canada Flexadux Plastics Ltd., Great Britain Schauenburg Flexadux (PTY.) Ltd., South Africa

2233 Sanford Drive Grand Junction, Colorado 81505 USA Tel: 970-245-9400 Fax: 970-245-9402 E-mail: info@schauenburg-us.com Web page: www.schauenburg-us.com

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