Introduction to Computer-aided Engineering (Lecture #2)

Introduction to CAE
l Catagorisation of CAE l Elements of CAE l Role of ComputerComputer-aided tools in product

development l Computers in the design process l CAD ? l CAM ? l CAD/CAM ? l CIM ? l Concurrent engineering

Int to CAE
CAE is the performance of engineering tasks or functions with the aid of a computer. The greatest impact of CAE has been in engineering drawing. It gives us a great saving in time 3D modeling.

The computer & Engineer

Computer capacities
Reasoning Logic Intelligence Error handling Tolerance Detection Analysis Numerical Repetitive Information handling Storage Input Output

Human capacities

Int to CAE
The abilities of the computer in CAE Analysis Powerful, rapid and accurate numerical analysis Data handling Storage, management and rapid access of large amount of data Error handling Logical and systematic approach to error detection Communication Rapid and accurate reproduction and transmission of data

Int to CAE
The need for CAE With the assistance of computer and these aid or tools can be categorized into four main areas.
Modern demands

More sophisticated designs Greater productivty

The computer aided solution

Why CAE ?
Computer aided engineering techniques provide the means to cope with the demand for increased productivity of more sophisticated and reliable product design and manufacture.
needs Good system design Efficient and reliable hardware Effective usable software

Universal CAE software model

Addition and modification input
CAE software package

Database output
User interface

Graphical or text display

Hard copy output

Int to CAE
The Categorization of CAE The mechanical / manufacturing engineers will use a variety of activities. There is a computer assisted means for all of these:
design analyse techniques manufacturing techniques numerical methods organization planning control

Int to CAE
Three dimensional modeling provides geometric and mathematical description. used for analysis, design optimization, simulation, rapid prototyping manufacturing.

Int to CAE
3D model ties with the extensive use of FEM, makes possible interactive simulation such as stress analysis, fluid flow, kinematics.

Int to CAE
In CAE, the data can flow electronically between the departments and the whole operations can be monitored and controlled. Computer extends the designers capabilities : Organizing & handling time consuming operations Repetitive operations Analyse complex problems

Int to CAE
Impact of CAE on design CAE is impacting engineering design. The first CAE impact on detail design has occured in draughting (changing, redrawing, storing) In product line engineering decisions required. It requires standard engineering calculations, detail drawing, bill of materials (BOM).

Int to CAE
Modern information handling Enterprise-requirement planning ERP a) Enterprise b) Product data management PDM c) Component and supplier management CSM

Int to CAE
The elements of CAE With the assistance of computer and these aids or tools in 4 main areas. The specification stage requires a large amount of human intervention.

Int to CAE
Drafting & design Modeling & analysis

CAE
Production planning & control

Manufacturing

Int to CAE
There is overlaps and can not be isolated. They depend on departments. The trens is to adapt concurrent engineering. engineering. The link between the area draughting and design, modeling and analysis is very strong

Int to CAE
NonNon -computer aided environment Modeling is carried out by producting of physical model of component; analyses by use of prototypes in laboratory tests.

Int to CAE
Computer aided environment CADD systems provides 3D models for these purposes and generate 2D drawing for manufacturing; checking for interference between parts on an assembly; calculations of surface area and mass properties; Stress analysis on components are carried out by the use of numerical methods such as FEA and BEA.

CAE in the product development process

Specification Raw materials

Design Production planning Raw materials Stores Bought in components Manufacture components Inspection

CADD, MDA, FEA CAM, CAD/CAM, CAPP, MRP, JIT NC, CNC, DNC, FMS, PLC

LAN CMM FAS, PLC

Sub- and final assembly Final test and inspection Delivery

Repair Complaints & faults

Customer appraisal

Custom use

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Role of Computer Aided Tools in Product Development

Design Process Design need Analysis
Communication, documentation

Design definitions Design evaluation

Analysis, optimizing

Collect information Feasibility study

Synthesis CAD

Modeling and simulation

Conceptual design

Process planning

Planning Production
New tool design & procurement Quality control

Manufacturing

Order material NC,CNC,DNC programming

Packaging CAM

Shipping Marketing

Terms in CAE
CAD CADD CAM CAPP CIM CMM DNC FAS FMS JIT LAN MDA MRP PLC computercomputer-aided design computercomputer-aided design & drafting computercomputer -aided manufacturing computer aided process planning computer integrated manufacturing coordinate measuring machine direct numerical control flexible assembly systems flexible manufacturing systems just just-inin-time local area network mechanism design analysis materials requirement planning programmable logic controller

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Int to CAE
Totaly Automated Factory If all the software and hardware tools are applied to every possible stage and are linked together with CIM (computer integrated manufacturing) environment. It is rare ! Needs more human intervention.

Int to CAE
Specification stage (Conceptual design) Computer application is limited with word processing or desktop publishing. Spreadsheet program are useful because of their ability to quickly make multiple calculations without requiring the user to reenter all of the data.

Limited computer applications

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Int to CAE
Design stage Manufacture needs to be planned The methods and processes used for manufacturing The scheduling of production The acquisition of raw materials & boughtbought -in components. The control of quality

Design interfaces have been continuously improving over the years, ASCII Text Files Keyboard Entry, with printed output Keyboard Entry with graphic terminal output Icon and Menu Driven with on on-screen graphics Fully windowed interfaces

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Elements of CAE
Draughting and Design Modelling & Analysis CADD draughting & design FEA finite element analysis DFA design for assembly/automation FDA finite diffennce analysis CADCAM link to CAM mechanism design contiouous simulation discrete event simulation dynamic analysis COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING Manufacture CAM computer aided manufacturing CNC computer numerical control DNC direct/distributed numerical control PLC programmable logic control CMM coordinate measuring machines FAS flexible assembly system FMS flexible manufacturing system Production planning & control CAPP MRP BOM JIT computer aided process planning material requirements planning bill of materials just-in-time Production planning & control Scheduling Quality control

The ability to construct accurate, easily modified models is helping make manufacturers more competitive.

Considering CAD and CAM, computers are a dominant factor

Computers in a Manufacturing System

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Implementation of a typical CAD and CAM process on a CAD/CAM system

Definition of geometric model
Definition translator

Geometric model
Interface algorithms

Geometric model
Interface algorithms

Process planning NC programs Inspection

Design and analysis algorithms Drafting & detailing Documentation To CAM process

Assembly Packaging To shipping and marketing

CAD
Geometric Modeling Engineering Analysis Design Review and Evaluation Automated drafting

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Computers in Design Process

Some of the tools provided in a CAD environment are, Innovative and conceptual design Qualitative design analysis Structuring of part (eg. assemblies) Knowledge based/intelligent design tools Engineering design information (standards lookup, or electronic catalogues) Optimization Design interfaces, and tools Some applications are well suited to 2D CAD systems, PCBs (Printed Circuit Board Design) ICs (Integrated Circuit Design) Mapping (road maps, topographical maps)

CAD systems provide advantages such as, Visualization Minimizes design errors Graphical display of hard to visualize information (eg. 3D warping of plastic part) Standardized drawings, and documents Faster lead time Customer perception is improved Productivity improvement over time Developing alternate concepts Evaluation of alternate concepts Analytical investigation of parts Experimental investigation Detailed drawings and specifications Preliminary construction of design prototype Easy bridge to prototype construction Easy to change designs Optimization

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1940s - First digital computer developed 1950s - Commercial computers become available 1955 - CRTs begin being used in military projects 1957 - APT II (Automatic Programmed Tool) developed for generating NC control. Automated NC used in industry. 1959 - Stromberk Carlson develops a system to interpret graphics on tape, then output them to a screen, or print on special paper 1963 - Ivan Sutherland presents a paper on Sketchpad which allows interactive graphics 1965 - Lockheed introduces a CAD/CAM system, and a FEM system. McDonnell introduces CADD 1966 - Business world sees Wall Street Journal title Electronic Sketching; Engineers Focus on Screen to Design Visually via Computer; Keyboard Enlarges, Rotates Drawings; Lockheed, GM Enthusiastic About Uses 1971 - David Prince writes first book on computer graphics 1975 - ICAM (Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) project is begun by US Airforce 1976 - Color raster graphics technology begins to develop. 1979 - Development of IGES begins 1980 - Introduction of PCs revolutionizes all markets 1980s - Solid Modeling on UNIX 1990s - Solid Modeling on low end systems

CAD HISTORY

CAD tools required to support the design process

Design phase Design conceptualization Required CAD tool(s) Geometric modeling techniques; graphics aids, manipulations, and visualization Design modeling and simulation Same as above; animation; assemblies; special modeling packages Design analysis Analysis packages; customized programs and packages Design optimization Customized applications; structural optimization Design evaluation Dimensioning; tolerances; bill of materials; NC Design communication and documentation Drafting and detailing; shaded images

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What is CADD? . . .
There are hundreds of CADD programs available in the CADD industry today. CADD is an electronic tool that enables you to make quick and accurate drawings with the use of a computer. Unlike the traditional methods of making drawings on a drawing board, with CADD you can sit back in an easy chair and create wonderful drawings just by clicking the buttons of a keyboard.

What is CADD? . . .
Moreover, drawings created with CADD have a number of advantages over drawings created on a drawing board. CADD drawings are neat, clean and highly presentable. Electronic drawings can be modified quite easily and can be presented in a variety of formats.

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What to Expect from CADD

The following are some of the important capabilities that make CADD a powerful tool:
Presentations Flexibility in editing Units & accuracy levels Storage and access for drawings Sharing CADD drawings Project reporting Engineering analysis Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Design Add-on programs

Definition of CAD tools based on their constituents

Computer graphics concepts

Hardware (central unit, display terminals, input/output devices) Design tools + computers
Geometric modeling

CAD tools Design tools (analysis, codes, heuristics, etc.)

= CAD tools Software (graphics, modeling, applications, programs)

Definition of CAD tools based on their implementation in a design environment

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CAM (Planning)
Cost Estimating CAPP NC Part Programming Machinability Data Systems Computerized Work Standards Materials Requirement Planning Capacity Planning Production & Inventory Planning

CAM (Control)
Process Monitoring Process Control Shop Floor Control Cost Control Computer Aided Quality Control

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CAM tools required to support the manufacturing process

Manufacturing phase Process planning Part programming Inspection Assembly Required CAM tool(s) CAPP techniques; cost analysis, material and tooling specification NC programming Inspection software Robotics simulation and programming

Definition of CAM tools based on their constituents

Networking concepts Hardware (central unit, display terminals, input/output devices)

CAM tools Manufacturing tools (processes, heuristics, etc.)

Manufacturing tools + computers

CAD (Computer Aided Design)

Software (CAD databases, NC, CAAP, MRP, etc.)

Networking (of robots, manufacturing cells, material handling systems, etc.)

= CAM tools

Definition of CAM tools based on their implementation in a design environment

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What is CAD/CAM? . . .
Using computers for design and manufacturing. Computerize the easier tasks, which are tedious and mistake prone when done manually. In CAD, design product geometries, do analysis, and produce final documentation. In CAM, parts are planned for manufacturing (e.g. generating NC code), and then manufactured with the aid of computers.

What is CAD/CAM? . . .
CAD/CAM tends to provide solutions to existing problems. For example, analysis of a part under stress is much easier to do with FEM, than by equations, or by building prototypes. CAD/CAM systems are easy to mix with humans. This technology is proven, and has been a success for many companies.

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What is CAD/CAM? . . .
There is no ONE WAY of describing CAD/CAM. It is a collection of technologies which can be run independently, or connected. If connected they are commonly referred to as CIM.

What is CAD/CAM? . . .
What is the difference between CAD, CAM AND CIM . . . . CAD/CAM involves the use of computers to make Design and Manufacturing more profitable. Parts of CIM use CAD/CAM techniques and products to try and make the factory fully connected using computers.

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What is CAD/CAM? . . .
The essential difference is CAD/CAM provides the tools, CIM is the philosophy which is used when organizing the computers, programs, etc. and all the information that flows between them. Another way to think of CIM is that it allows the structure of an organization to be entered into the computers. CIM focuses on connecting the various CAD/CAM modules.

Definition of CAD/CAM tools based on their constituents

Design tools (analysis, codes, heuristics, etc.) Manufacturing tools (processes, heuristics, etc.) CAD/ CAM tools

Geometric modeling

Networking, integration & automation concepts

Computer graphics concepts

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing (C (CIM IM) )

CIM is a concept for integrating all components involved in the production of an item Integration media is through communication networks using LAN/WAN/INTERNET technology

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (C (CIM IM) )

The product cycle includes idea generation product design procurement process planning product manufacture quality control packaging/shipping after sales service

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing (C (CIM IM) )

The engineering functions including NC,CNC,DNC,CAD/CAM, GT,CAPP,MRP,AGVs are integrated with business activities

Scope Of CAD CAD/ /CAM & CIM

CAD

CIB

Factory Operation

CAM (Planning)

CAM (Control)

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Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent Engineering
Parallel engineering. Alternative to over the wall engineering. (Sequential engineering engineering) ) greatly facilitated by the use of CAE.

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Concurrent Engineering
For maximum productivty a concurrent, concurrent, parallel or simultaneous engineering approach should be adopted. This approach requires that the design process, and hence the design team, involves the activity of personnel from a number of relevant departments (designer, process engineer, manufacturing engineer, marketing person)

Breaking Down Barriers

Sequential design : Walls between functional areas

Customers

Marketing Person

Design Engineering

Manufacturing Engineering

Production Person

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Concurrent Engineering
Sequential design: Each department has its own responsibility When the task designated to that department is complete, the results are thrown over the wall to the next department.

Concurrent Engineering
Simultaneous decision making by design teams Integrates product design & process planning Details of design more decentralized Needs careful scheduling - tasks done in parallel

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Concurrent Approach
Product design Process design

NEED

Manufacturing system design

Breaking Down Barriers

Concurrent design : Walls broken down
Design team

This over the wall approach to engineering has been common practice until quite recently; The trend, is to adopt a concurrent engineering strategy to design and development where product idea are realized by a team made up of members of many departments.

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Concurrent Engineering
being used to transmit 3-D solid models to tool designers, part vendors numerical control programmers for manufacturing development via internet.

Concurrent Product Development

Design Support Customer Engineering

Sales

Manufacturing

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Sequential Vs. Concurrent Product Development

Sequential Activity A Activity B Activity C Time to market

Concurrent Competitive Advantage!

Concurrent Engineering
Serial process Marketing Design Engineering Manufacturing Concurrent engineering Marketing Design Engineering Manufacturing

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Conventional Collaboration
Communication face face-to to-face discussion, memos, telephone, whiteboard, bulletin board, wall charts, etc. Collaboration meetings, coco-located workgroup Knowledge management notebooks, binders, printed reports, photocopies, drawings, forms, data files

Virtual Collaboration
Communication fax, telephone, mail email, discussion groups, shared whiteboard, videoconferencing Collaboration application sharing, shared network workspace (files in shared directories) Knowledge management Product data management system, document management system, distributed databases

Geographically Distributed Teams

Company A

Company B

Enterprise data &information

Transparent global network

Company A

Company B

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Concurrent Engineering
gives rise to new approaches to product development, development, enhances the effectiveness of existing productivity tools and these include design for the market, design for manufacture DFM design for assembly DFA DFA. .

Design For Market Market

responsible for the marketing of the product are involved very early on in the design process and continue to be involved throughout the evolution of the design and manufacture. involves the customer in design decisions: physical models or impressions of the design proposals proposals. .

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Design For Manufacture

Involvement of the manufacturin manufacturing g and production planning & control departments provides a valuable contribution to the manufacturability of a design. DFM is the application of certain rules to the design of components that ensure costcost -effective manufacture.

Design For Assembly

Consider how components are fitted together to form a subassembly or assembly. Much of these considerations will affect component design as well as that of the overall product.

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Suitability for part function

Quite often a particular component is manufactured in a certain way because a particular process is there rather than it being the most appropriate. A component may be more cheaply produced

forming

mpact extrusion

machining

Suitability for manufacturing process

The process planning of the component affects the design rather than the design influencing the process used for its manufacture. Therefore a components geometry and appearance and the way it is to be manufactured are arrived at more or less simultaneously.

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Variety control
Minimize the range of parts for a Minimize companys product range as well as reducing the number of different parts within any one product. standardizing on one type of component

Standardization
This is an aspect of variety control which is also discussed below as being a crucial factor for a design for assembly strategy. No company is so diverse in its product range that it can not carry out some degree of standardization of component parts.

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Design for automated assembly

Many of the principles which can be applied to an assembly and which make it easier to put together by automated process. Here are some of the important issues: Insertion direction and geometry Layered or sandwich construction Tangle free components Easy fastening

Insertion direction and geometry

Insertion of components from the side requires more complex programming and specialized equipment. Most standard pick and place devices (SCARA or Cartesian robots robots) ) can only effect vertical insertion.

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Layered or sandwich construction

Orientating a partly build product at various stages throughout its assembly can be an unnecessary and costly task. Adopting a layered or sandwich type construction of a product it can remain in one orientation. i.e. can be almost entirely constructed face face-down and only turned on its base for final test, inspection and packaging.

Tangle free components

Springs and other components prone to tangling can be modified to partially or even totally eliminates the problem. ease the orientation and presentation of such components to the assembly process and in a manual situation the operator is not spending a large proportion of time untangling small items

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Easy fastening
As evaluation of the fastening together of components may also yield benefits. Some fastenings are difficult to undo for maintenance and quite often result in the case being rendered useless.

screws

snap-together type

Implementation and Operation of CIM

The integration of all computercomputer-assisted functions of a manufacturing facility and the data generated by those activities into one common database in order that all such activities can be coordinated by one central computing resource.

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Islands of Automation
The different departments invest in new technology largely in isolation from each other.
Design & development CNC machines

CAM
Production or process planning Robots

CADD

FMS

FAS

MRP
Production Production planning planning

Integrated Manufacturing Database

All data concerned with design, planning, control and monitoring of the product is accesible to all departments. An electronic database is a collection of computer files on mass storage medium (hard (hard-disk, tape, CDROM).

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Integrated Manufacturing Database

Production planning & control
Master production planning Capacity planning & adjustment Stock inventory Bill-of-materials etc. Quality statistics Integrated Manufacturing databese

Design
Component models Assembly models Analysis data Materials data

Marketing/Sales
Order control Cost estimating Market surveys Product performance

Manufacturing
Process planning CNC planning Robot control programs

Integrated Engineering Software

The main feature of CADCAM integrated products is that they can be built up from a range of software modules which share the same database and user interface. The software modules include many of the items :
2-D drawing 2 D drawing Solid modeling Surface modeling Finite element analysis Boundary element analysis Kinematic modeling Assembly modeling CNC part programing Robot modeling

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Integrated Engineering Software

Not all CAE software integrated Many companies specify and purchase CAD and CAM software separetly separetly. . Standard systems are for exchanging data between CADD systems and between CAD and CAM.

Integrated Engineering Software

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) The first developments on IGES began at 1979 for transferring geometric data from one CADD to another. IGES translator
Source CAD system Geometric Database IGES translator Geometric Database

IGES file

Destination CADCAM system

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Integrated Engineering Software

The IGES file is divided into 5 or 6 sections : 1- The flag section 2- The start section 3- The global section 4- The directory entry section 5- The parameter data section 6- The terminate section

Integrated Engineering Software

Standard for Exchange of Product (STEP) Standard Data is emerging standard ser to replace IGES. The STEP specification is a drawing toghether and unifying of the existing standards. STEP defines the exchange of more than just graphical or topological data.

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Data Mining

What is DM ?
defined as the process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible information from large databases in order to improve and optimize business decisions.

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DM Successes Applications
The purpose of data mining is to discover patterns in data so that this knowledge can be applied to problem solving. Analytical data mining integrated with powerful visualizations presents new pathways to knowledge discovery.

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DM Successes Applications
The data mining system can automatically find and show you new patterns that can lead to fresh insight. Examples of this might be determining correlations among attributes, discriminating among subsets of the data with differing characteristics, and inferring probabilities of future events from historical data.

Data Mining Methods

Analytical Data Mining Discovers Patterns in Data
Supervised Modeling
Classification Regression Assessing the Accuracy of Models

Unsupervised Modeling
Associations Clustering Clustering

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Data Mining Methods

Visual Data Mining An analytical data mining algorithm can be complemented with data visualization techniques taking advantage of the human brain's amazing pattern recognition capability.
Map Visualizer Scatter Visualizer Splat Visualizer Tree Visualizer

CIM/DM Research Areas

Data mining for product development and concurrent engineering; Design and manufacturing warehousing; ComputerComputer-integrated manufacturing (CIM (CIM) ) and data mining; Data mining for Material Requirements Planning (MRP); Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Workflow Management; Process and quality control; Process analysis; Data representation/visualization; Fault diagnosis; adaptive schedulers; Learning in robotics.

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Data Mining for Product Development

Enterprise Learning Knowledge sharing; Data Mining for Concept Development Data Mining for System System-level Design Prediction of Product Development Span Time and Cost Concurrent Engineering Marketing and Logistics

Data Mining for Engineering Design

Design Analysis Materials Data Mining Dynamic Indexing and Retrieval of Design Information in Knowledge Bases Creative Design using GAs & Evolutionary Programming Cost Evaluation Systems Industrial Design Integrated Data Mining and Design of Experiments

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Data Mining for Manufacturing

Selection of Materials and Manufacturing Processes Time Series Analysis and Data Mining Fault Diagnosis Data Mining for Preventive Machine Maintenance Manufacturing Knowledge Acquisition with Data Mining Process and Quality Control Predicting Assembling Errors Process Analysis Operational Manufacturing Control

Lean Production & Agile Manufacturing

Lean Production Agile Manufacturing Market forces & agility Reorganizing the production system for agility Managing relationships for agility Agility versus mass production Differences between Lean & Agile

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What is Lean Production

Lean is about doing more with less: less time, inventory, space, labor, and money. "Lean manufacturing", a shorthand for a commitment to eliminating waste, simplifying procedures and speeding up production.

Lean Production
Five areas drive lean manufacturing/production: cost quality delivery safety, and morale.

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Lean Production
The collection of efficiency improvements that Toyota Motors undertook to survive in the Japanese automobile business after World War II (Toyota Production System) Includes the production concepts: Just In Time (JIT) production Kanban production control system Smoothed production Reduced setup time Quality circles, and dedicated adherence to statistical quality control

Lean Production
At the heart of Toyota's production system is waste elimination driven by controlling the inventory levels An adaptation of mass production in which workers and workcells are made more flexible and efficient by adopting methods that reduce waste in all of its forms Production concept based on four concepts: Minimize waste Perfect firstfirst-time quality Flexible production lines Continuous improvement

Do more and Do better with less !

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Basis Elements of Lean Manufacturing

waste elimination, continuous one piece workflow, customer pull. When these are focused in the areas of cost cost, , quality and delivery, delivery, this forms the basis for a lean production system

Agile Manufacturing
Putting together the pieces of the assembly automation puzzle
deals with the things we can NOT control. Agility ; the ability to thrive and prosper in an environment of constant and unpredictable change. not only to accommodate change but to relish the opportunities inherent within a turbulent environment.

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Agile Manufacturing
Concept based on four principles or characteristics:
Organize to manage change Leverage the impact of people and information Cooperate to enhance competitiveness Enrich the customer

Differences Between Lean & Agile

Use different statements of principles Lean emphasizes technical & operational issues, while Agile emphasizes organizational & people issues Agile is broader in scope (applies at enterprise level & even to virtual enterprises) Agile may be the next phase of lean in an evolutionary sense Lean tries to minimize change, while Agile embraces change (e.g., responds or adapts to continuous & unpredictable change, flexibility is apparent)

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Reverse Engineering
The measurement of a physical part and the subsequent creation of a computer model that represents the part. The challenge is to create a compromise between how closely surfaces match the imperfect physical object while still satisfying CAD system requirements.

Reverse Engineering
ReverseReverse-engineering is used for many purposes: o as a learning tool; o as a way to make new, compatible products

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Reverse Engineering

Reverse Engineering

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Reverse Engineering
Creating a CAD model from an old hard model or a prototype part can be an extremely time consuming and difficult task without the proper tools.

Reverse Engineering
First, digitize the part using our CMM which provides us with scan lines or contours which we then export to our 3D modeling software. At this point begin manipulating the scan lines to create surfaces. Once completed the full surface model, a final verification is performed.

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Reverse Engineering
The surface model is loaded into CMM software and the original part is inspected back to the new surface model which highlights any minor deviations which may still exist.

Reverse Engineering
Then correct any differences, ending up with a virtually exact surface model replica which can then be used to create CNC toolpaths, further assemblies, etc. Convert 2D drawings or 3D wire frame models into a 3D surface model.

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Int to CAE
Questions : 1. What changes in the product development process, as you understand it, would the implementation of computercomputer -aided engineering impose? 2. Draw a block diagram showing the four main areas of CAE. How definitive are the boundaries between the areas? 3. With the aid of a flow chart describe the product development process from specification to delivery to the costomer. State the CAE/IT tools that can be used to increase productivity at each stage

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