What are the possible causes for an IRAT Failure?

There are several reasons for IRAT failure in cellular network optimization. Major 4 reasons which played good role in WCDMA Optimization. Missing 2G relations Non availability of 2G Resources Poor 2G Coverage Missing 3G Relations

What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS network?
There are several reasons for RAB Drop in WCDMA network. Poor Coverage (DL / UL) Pilot Pollution / Pilot Spillover Missing Neighbor SC Collisions Delayed Handovers No resource availability (Congestion) for Hand in Loss of Synchronization Fast Fading Delayed IRAT Triggers Hardware Issues External Interference

hat is a typical soft handover gain in your link budget?

CS-12.2k: PS-64k: PS-128k: PS-384k: Know more about

3dB (UL), 2dB (DL) 1dB (UL), 0dB (DL) 1dB (UL), 0dB (DL) 1dB (UL), 0dB (DL)

ief describe the advantages and disadvantages of soft handover?

Advantages: Overcome fading through macro diversity. Reduced Node B power which in turn decreases interference and increases capacity. Reduced UE power (up 4dB), decreasing interference and increasing battery life. Disadvantages:

UE using several radio links requires more channelization codes, and more resources on the Iub and Iur interfaces. More Dowload For You:

hat are the processing gains for CS and PS services?

CS12.2: 25dB PS-64: 18dB PS-128: 15dB PS-384: 10dB HSDPA: 2dB

hy is Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS?

PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF link. Explore More: E Book on WCDMA Download WCDMA IRAT Good Discussion Topic on Congestion Control for UMTS Handover Networks Document.

What is Eb/No?
By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy per information bit to the power spectral density (of interference and noise) after dispreading. Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better.
Lots people have some confusion related to RSCP,RSSI and EcNo. Here is the solution. RSSI is Rx level before descrembling. Its just RxLev of UARFCH. Discuss Your Optimization Problem at Our Forum CPICH_RSCP is Rx level after descrembling. CPICH_Ec/No is result of filtering after dechanalization. In dBm is: RSCP=RSSI+EcNo If I am wrong than Discuss it here

Small Steps to Helping Friends..Keep Reading If you are interested to write this type of article than write to us telecomfunda@gmail.com
Tagged EcIo, EcNo, RSCP, RSSI. Bookmark the permalink.

What is SIR?
What is SIR? SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical control channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.

How Power Control is implemented in HSDPA?

Initial Power is set in the same way as open Loop Power control of DCH & there is no further power control on HSDPA Shared Channel HS-DSCH. The Channel Rate is controlled by adaptive modulation & coding formats. The principles and functionality of the power control for the HSDPA associated dedicated channels are the same as for the DPCH power control. HS-DPCCH power is an offset relative to DPCCH depending upon whether the UE is in soft handoff or not. The Power for HS-SCCH is fixed.

How is Initial RACH Power is calculated?

The initial power on the PRACH - the power of the first preamble - is determined according to equation P_PRACH = L_PCPICH + RTWP + constantValueCprach Where L_PCPICH is the path loss estimated by UE since it knows transmit & receive CPICH power RTWP is received Total Wideband Power(uplink interference) measured by RBS . constantValueCprach is used by the UE to calculate the initial power on the PRACH . This parameter is configurable and decides at which level below RTWP preamble ramping will start. Download UMTS KPI Introduction Doc

What is a typical CPICH power?

CPICH power typically takes about 8~10% of the total NodeB power. For a 20W (43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (35.1 ~ 33dBm).

In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because: 1) The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and 2) More power can be allocated to traffic channels

ow much power usually a NodeB is allocated to control channels?

The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required. You might also like:

ow does UE camp (synchronize) to a NodeB?

1. UE uses the primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) for slot alignment (TS synchronization). 2. After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary synchronization channel (SSCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group identification. 3. UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus camping to a NodeB. Online 3G Tutorial

How many slots are there in a WCDMA Frame? How big is a frame in ms. how many chips are there in a slot?
WCDMA Frame is 15 slots wide. It is 10ms in length. There are 2560 chips in one slot. Chip rate is 3840 Kc/s Length of frame = 10 ms Number of chips in a frame = 3840 *10=38400 chips. Number of chips in a slot = 38400/15= 2560 chips

How many channelization codes are available?

The number of channelization codes available is dependent on the length of code. In the uplink the length is defined as between 4 and 256. In the downlink the length is defined as between 4 and 512. Know more about Scrambling Code

What is channelization code?

Channelization codes are orthogonal codes used to spread the signal and hence provides channel separation, that is, channelization codes are used to separate channels from a cell.

What is the usage of Channelization code in downlink and uplink?

Uplink separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channel (DPCCH) from same terminal. Downlink separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell.

s UMTS an Uplink limited or Downlink limited System?

Initially, A typical WCDMA network is Uplink Limited. Later a Loaded Network becomes Downlink Limites. Downlaod Document on RRC KPIs

When is System information sent to UE?

The system information is regularly broadcast to the UE on the BCCH. When a parameter in the system information is changed, all UE in a cell are notified by a paging message or by a system information change indication message. You might also like: What is Hard Handover in UMTS? When will it happen? What are different Idle mode tasks UE performs? What can we try to improve when access failure is high? Is UMTS an Uplink limited or Downlink limited System? What is a typical UE sensitivity level?
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Posted by Tele Talk at 7:40 AM

What is a typical UE sensitivity level?

The service and load determines the UE sensitivity; in general, in no-load condition, the sensitivity is between -105dBm and -120dBm. For Ericsson, the UE sensitivity level is calculated at around: CS12.2: PS-64: PS-128: PS-384: HSDPA: -119 dBm -112 dBm -110 dBm -105 dBm -95 dBm

enefits of CPICH Optimization Improving current 3G coverage and increase 3G traffic Improve in-building penetration for 3G

Reduce IRAT HO to 2G Offload traffic from 2G layer You might also like: Pilot Channel failure - High Downlink Interference CPICH Optimization What is a typical CPICH power? What is a typical CPICH power? HSDPA Frame Loss
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HSDPA Frame Loss

These counters relating to frame loss are available on the RBS to monitor HighSpeed data service in the downlink direction. IubDataStreams::pmHsDataFramesLostSpiXX - the number of HSdata frames lost, destroyed and errored over Iub in the RBS. There areseparate counters for each of the priority classes. IubDataStreams::pmHsDataFramesReceivedSpiXX - the totalnumber of HS data frames correctly received over Iub in the RBS. Thereare separate counters for each of the priority classes. The XX suffix represents the priority class and can range from 00 to 15.The counters can be used to indicate data loss rate for the HS service.High frame loss will indicate potential congestion problems. RecommendedPerformance Indicator for this is:

What are Events that can trigger the HSDPA Cell Change?
Event 1d HS Change of Best Cell in the Active Set Event 1b or Event 1c Removal of the Best Cell from the Active Set

What is Eb/No requirement for HSDPA?

The Eb/No requirement for HSDPA varies with user bit rate (data rate), typically 2 for768kbps and 5 for 2Mbps.

Frame Loss Rate on the path from SRNC to RBS

What Resources are monitored for Capacity Management?

Simple definition of Pole Capacity Power control In WCDMA What is the family of codes used for Chanelization in WCDMA? What are the major differences between GSM and UMTS handover? You might also like:

hat are the Eb/No targets in your design?

The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service: On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is about 2dB lower. On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB PS is about 1dB lower.

ilot Channel failure - High Downlink Interference

Symptoms:
From the drive test, following symptoms will be observed by using TEMS: Received Ec/No of the pilot channel is less than 16dB and Received RSCP of the pilot channel is high enough to maintain the connection,e.g. > - 100dBm and DL RSSI is very high and The connection finally drops. Good Excel Sheet on CPICH Calculator

Reason 1 no dominant cell Solution:The most direct and effective way to solve this problem is to increase the pilot channel power Primary CPICH power of the desired cell. Reason 2 dominant interferer Solution:The simplest solution to overcome this problem is to include the overshooting cell into the neighboring cell list. This means the interferer now becomes a useful radio link. Reason 3 low best serving PPilot/PTot Solution:The received Ec/No of the best serving pilot channel is very low (near or less than 16dB) even though there is no other cell. It means the pilot power setting is not large enough to fulfill existing downlink load. Solution 1 The best solution is to add a new site with good coverage control at the problematic area. Solution 2 The direct but ineffective solution is to increase the pilot channel power

Primary CPICH power of the problematic cell. With high pilot power, the common channel powers and the required power for the downlink DPCHs will be increased. At the end, the ratio of the PPilot/PTot does not increase much.

What is Pilot Pollution?

Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is pilot pollution in the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than 3 strong cells then there is pilot pollution. Definition of strong cell: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell. Typical handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution. Cell selection is based on:

Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell. Qmin: minimum required SIR. Pcompensation: a correction value for difference UE classes.

S = Qmean - Qmin - Pcompensation If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate. A UE will camp on the cell with the highest S.

What do you understand by Directed Retry?

When there is a co-existing GSM RAN, excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be offloaded to GSM If a call is chosen for Directed Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will be rejected with cause "Directed retry" and then a request is made to the core network to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using the Inter-RAT handover procedure. This handover is a blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co-located with the WCDMA cell. Co-located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility as their respective WCDMA cells.

What do you understand by CQI Measurements?

Channel Quality Estimation (CQI) for HSDPA sessions only. In order to aid scheduling and TFRC selection in the RBS, the UE sends a channel quality indicator (CQI) report on the uplink. The CQI report estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to

the UE using a certain assumed HS-PDSCH power with a block error rate of 10%.

What do you understand by DRX cycle?

The UE listens to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing power consumption. The periodicity of these searches is set by the system and the time interval is called Discontinuous Reception (DRX) cycle. Different DRX cycles are used for circuit switched and packet switched services in Idle mode. A separate DRX cycle is also used to page Connected mode UEs in state URA_PCH. You might also like:

What effect is there on signal by spreading and dispreading?

Spreading will increase the bandwidth of a as signal. A signal of 10 Kb/s will become 40 Kb/s after spreading and will become 10 Kb/s after despreading. The processing gain term expresses the gain achieved by spreading a narrow band signal over a wideband spectrum. This gain is the ratio between the spreading chip rate and the actual service bit rate measured at the RLC level. You might also like:

What is Cell Breathing and why?

The cell coverage shrinks as the loading increases, this is called cell breathing. In the uplink, as more and more UE are served by a cell, each UE needs to transmithigher power to compensate for the uplink noise rise. As a consequence, the UEwith weaker link (UE at greater distance) may not have enough power to reach theNodeB therefore a coverage shrinkage. In the downlink, the NodeB also needs to transmit higher power as more UE arebeing served. As a consequence UE with weaker link (greater distance) may not bereachable by the NodeB.

How Power Control is implemented in HSDPA?

Initial Power is set in the same way as open Loop Power control of DCH & there is no further power control on HSDPA Shared Channel HS-DSCH. The Channel Rate is controlled by adaptive modulation & coding formats. The principles and functionality of the power control for the HSDPA associated dedicated channels are the same as for the DPCH power control. HS-DPCCH power is an offset relative to DPCCH depending upon

whether the UE is in The Power for HS-SCCH is fixed.

soft

handoff

or

not.

What HS Channels are introduced in HSDPA in L1?

HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel

What are different Idle mode tasks UE performs?

In Idle mode, the UE has no connection to the radio network.Keeping UEs in Idle mode minimizes the use of resources both for the UEs and in the network. However, the UEs must still be able to access the system and be reached by the system with acceptable delays. For this, the following procedures need to be performed.

PLMN selection and reselection Cell selection and reselection Location Area (LA) and Routing Area (RA) updating Paging System information broadcast

What is Compressed Mode?

Compressed mode is a physical layer function that allows the UE to temporarily tune to another frequency, and measure the RF environment of another UMTS frequency (e.g. IFHO) or another technology (e.g. IRAT), while maintaining an existing dedicated channel.

hat is the typical event sequence of IRAT Handover from 3G to 2G

Simple IRAT Handover Flow Event 2d entering into compressed mode measurement candidates Event 3a Verification of 2G resources Handover from UTRAN Command from 3G RNC to UE of 2G

What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of call?

6 to 9 seconds Multiple RRC Attempts (UE is on poor coverage need more than Access Attempt)

Delayed Page Responses High Load on Paging and/or Access Channel Paging / Access Parameters

What is Paging Success Ratio? What is the typical PSR that you have seen in a WCDMA UMTS network?
Paging Success Ratio: Its Paging Responces to the Paging Attempts in WCDMA UMTS network.

Typical Value for Good WCDMA Cellular Network is greater than 90%. You might also like:

What are the possible causes for a lower PSR?

There are several different reason for low Paging Success Ratio - Non-continuous RF Coverage UE going in and out of coverage area frequently - Very High Periodic Location Update Timer Keeping UEs in VLR long time after it moved out of coverage Lower Paging Channel Power Access Channel Parameter Issues - Delayed Location Update when crossing the LA / CN Boundaries

What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of call?

6 to 9 seconds Multiple RRC Attempts (UE is on poor coverage need more than Access Attempt) Delayed Page Responses High Load on Paging and/or Access Channel Paging / Access Parameters

What is Paging Success Ratio? What is the typical PSR that you have seen in a WCDMA UMTS network?
Paging Success Ratio: Its Paging Responces to the Paging Attempts in WCDMA UMTS network. Typical Value for Good WCDMA Cellular Network is greater than 90%. You might also like: What are the possible causes for a lower PSR?

What are the typical KPIs you use to measure a network and what criteria? What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of call? What is Soft Handover Overhead? What is the typical value in UMTS network? What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS network?

What are the typical KPIs you use to measure a network and what criteria?
Access failure rate ( 2%). Call setup time (CS: over 95% of the time < 6-second for mobile-to PSTN, 9-second for mobile-mobile. PS: over 95% of the time <

5second). Dropped call rate ( 2%). BLER: over 95% of the blocks 2%. Average DL/UL throughput for PSD: 210kbps for loaded, 240kbps for unloaded.

What can we try to improve when access failure is high?

When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance: Increase maximum UE transmit power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power. Increase power quickly: power_Offset_P0. Increase number of preambles sent in a given preamble cycle: preamble_Retrans_Max. Increase the number of preamble cycles: max_Preamble_Cycle. Increase number of RRC Connection Request retries: N300.

What could be the cause of soft handover failure?

Undefined neighbors One way Neighbor definition UE issue Resource unavailable at target NodeB Inadequate SHO threshold defined

RC Establishment Causes
RRC Establishment Cause Description Cause 0 Originating Conversational Call Cause 1 Originating Streaming Call Cause 2 Originating Interactive Call Cause 3 Originating Background Call Cause 4 Originating Subscribed traffic Call Cause 5 Terminating Conversational Call Cause 6 Terminating Streaming Call Cause 7 Terminating Interactive Call

Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause

8 Terminating Background Call 9 Emergency Call 10 Inter-RAT Cell re-selection 11 Inter-RAT Cell change order 12 Registration 13 Detach 14 Originating High Priority Signaling 15 Originating Low Priority Signaling 16 Call re-establishment 17 Terminating High Priority Signaling 18 Terminating Low Priority Signaling 19 Terminating cause unknown

What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS network?
There are several reasons for RAB Drop in WCDMA network. Poor Coverage (DL / UL) Pilot Pollution / Pilot Spillover Missing Neighbor SC Collisions Delayed Handovers No resource availability (Congestion) for Hand in Loss of Synchronization Fast Fading Delayed IRAT Triggers Hardware Issues External Interference

There are several reasons for IRAT failure in cellular network optimization. Major 4 reasons which played good role in WCDMA Optimization. Missing 2G relations Non availability of 2G Resources Poor 2G Coverage Missing 3G Relations

hat are the conditions you typically set to trigger IRAT handover?
RSCP and Ec/Io are used to trigger IRAT handover: 1. RSCP -100dBm. 2. Ec/Io -16dBm.

What is Hard Handover in UMTS? When will it happen?

Hard Handover in UMTS is a break before make type Handover It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur link.

What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of call?

6 to 9 seconds Multiple RRC Attempts (UE is on poor coverage need more than Access Attempt) Delayed Page Responses High Load on Paging and/or Access Channel Paging / Access Parameters

Pilot Channel failure - High Downlink Interference

Symptoms:
From the drive test, following symptoms will be observed by using TEMS: Received Ec/No of the pilot channel is less than 16dB and Received RSCP of the pilot channel is high enough to maintain the connection,e.g. > 100dBm and DL RSSI is very high and The connection finally drops. Good Excel Sheet on CPICH Calculator

Reason 1 no dominant cell Solution:The most direct and effective way to solve this problem is to increase the pilot channel power Primary CPICH power of the desired cell. Reason 2 dominant interferer Solution:The simplest solution to overcome this problem is to include the overshooting cell into the neighboring cell list. This means the interferer now becomes a useful radio link. Reason 3 low best serving PPilot/PTot Solution:The received Ec/No of the best serving pilot channel is very low (near or less than 16dB) even though there is no other cell. It means the pilot power setting is not large enough to fulfill existing downlink load. Solution 1 The best solution is to add a new site with good coverage control at the problematic area. Solution 2 The direct but ineffective solution is to increase the pilot channel power Primary CPICH power of the problematic cell. With high pilot power, the common channel powers and the required power for the downlink DPCHs will be increased. At the end, the ratio of the PPilot/PTot does not increase much.

What is Pilot Polution?

In idle or cell_FACH mode, phenomenon of the pilot pollution is that a UE cannot firmly camp on a cell at one location because of receiving many pilot channels with similar quality (or signal strength), i.e., Ec/No (or RSCP). The condition to determine the area has pilot pollution in idle or cell_FACH mode is that third pilot appears in the cell re-selection region. In cell_DCH mode, phenomenon of the pilot pollution is that a UE at one location frequently changes its active set cells (active set update rate is very high) because of receiving many pilot channels with similar quality (or signal strength), i.e., Ec/No (or RSCP). It causes high signaling load in RRC and Iub interfaces and the capacity of RNC is consequently reduced. May be useful to you WCDMA Tilt and CPICH Power Adjustment Solution for Pilot Polution in the network: Reason no dominant cell The reason is too many overlapping cells at an area due to poor cell planning. Solution 1 The direct solution is to remove the cells overlapping by changing the antenna configurations or reducing pilot powers of the unwanted cells. Solution 2 The most effective solution is to increase the pilot channel power Primary CPICH power of the desired cell. Solution 3 For the pilot pollution in idle or cell_FACH mode, Q Offset 2sn (CPICH Ec/No) parameter of the desired cell can be increased to create a dominated cell.

Benefits of CPICH Optimization

Benefits of CPICH Optimization Improving current 3G coverage and increase 3G traffic Improve in-building penetration for 3G Reduce IRAT HO to 2G Offload traffic from 2G layer You might also like:

Capacity Management and Its functions- WCDMA

Capacity Management is responsible for the control of the load in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions: 1. Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling: tracks utilization of critical resources ofthe system. 2. Admission Control: accepts/refuses admission requests based on the current loadon the dedicated monitored resources and the characteristics of the request 3. Congestion Control: detects/resolves overload situations.

What Resources are monitored for Capacity Management?

DL Power

Received Total Wideband power OVSF Codes

What Radio Measurements are used for Congestion Monitoring?

Downlink Received Power Uplink Received Total Wideband Power

What is the family of codes used for Chanelization in WCDMA?

Family of codes used for Chanelization in WCDMA used is Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor.(OVSF)

What Radio Measurements are used for Congestion Monitoring?

Downlink Received Power Uplink Received Total Wideband Power

Simple definition of Pole Capacity

The pole capacity is the theoretical maximum capacity of the system. In WCDMA, this capacity is only theoretical since, once reached, the system goes in an instable state that leads to its collapse. However it is still a reference for expressing the load. The uplink noise increases with the loading exponentially. When the uplink noise approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell and the cell loading is close to 100% and has reached its pole capacity. Mathematically, to calculate the uplink pole capacity we need to know: W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second) R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k) f: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 65%) EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 5dB) AF: Activity factor (assuming 50%) Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1+f) * AF * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 120.6 To calculate the downlink pole capacity we also need to know: : downlink channels orthogonality factor (assuming 55%) Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1- +f) * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 64.06 You might also like:

How to calculate maximum number of users on a cell?

To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know: W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second) EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k) i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%) R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k) : loading factor (assuming 50%) Take 12.2kbps as example:

M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8 The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for example: A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code. Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124. Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.

Consider downlink only, what are the major components in calculating maximum path loss, starting from NodeB?
NodeB CPICH transmit power. Jumper and feeder connector loss. Antenna gain. Over-the-air loss. Building / vehicle penetration loss. Body loss.

What is a typical maximum path loss?

The maximum path loss is dependent on the service and vendor recommendations; typically it is in between 135 to 140dB for urban areas and between 150 to 160dB for rural areas.

How WCDMA OSS Works?

Doc For This with Below Containing : Cell & Channel Management Adjacent Cell Configuration Management Radio Network Optimization WCDMA Neighboring Cell Support (WNCS) WCDMA Measurement Result Recording (WMRR) Alarms Status Matrix Alarm Log Browser Alarm List Viewer Element Manager RNC Element Manager RBS Element Manager Bulk Configuration C

How much power usually a NodeB is allocated to control channels?

The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.

ow does UE camp (synchronize) to a NodeB?

1. UE uses the primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) for slot alignment (TS synchronization). 2. After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary synchronization channel (SSCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group identification. 3. UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus camping to a NodeB.

How much power usually a NodeB is allocated to control channels?

The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.

RRC Establishment Cause Description Cause 0 Originating Conversational Call Cause 1 Originating Streaming Call Cause 2 Originating Interactive Call Cause 3 Originating Background Call Cause 4 Originating Subscribed traffic Call Cause 5 Terminating Conversational Call Cause 6 Terminating Streaming Call Cause 7 Terminating Interactive Call Cause 8 Terminating Background Call Cause 9 Emergency Call Cause 10 Inter-RAT Cell re-selection Cause 11 Inter-RAT Cell change order Cause 12 Registration Cause 13 Detach Cause 14 Originating High Priority Signaling

Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause

15 16 17 18 19

Originating Low Priority Signaling Call re-establishment Terminating High Priority Signaling Terminating Low Priority Signaling Terminating cause unknown

What could be the cause of soft handover failure?

Undefined neighbors One way Neighbor definition UE issue Resource unavailable at target NodeB Inadequate SHO threshold defined

What can we try to improve when access failure is high?

When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance: Increase maximum UE transmit power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power. Increase power quickly: power_Offset_P0. Increase number of preambles sent in a given preamble cycle: preamble_Retrans_Max. Increase the number of preamble cycles: max_Preamble_Cycle. Increase number of RRC Connection Request retries: N300.

w is inter-frequency Handover triggered?

The network decides that inter frequency measurements need to be performed and sends the MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE with Measurement type set to Inter-Frequency measurements. Generally it will set an Event as well along with the measurements. The following are list of Events that can trigger Measurement Report. Event 2a: Change of Best Frequency Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold The Inter-Frequency Handover Evaluation bases its decision on P-CPICH quality measures on the currently used frequency and on one or more nonused frequencies. If the evaluation result is positive, one cell on a non-used frequency is proposed to Inter-Frequency handoverExecution.

Inter-Frequency Handover is a hard handover where the UE is ordered by the network to tune to another frequency. This means that there will be small interruptions in the data flow to and from the UE.

Power control In WCDMA

Open Loop Inner Loop Outer Loop Open Loop Power control-The Open loop power control technique requires that the transmitting entity measures the channel interference and adjusts its transmission power accordingly. This can be done quickly, but the problem is that the interference estimation is done on the received signal, and the transmitted signal probably uses a different frequency, which differs from the received frequency by the systems duplex offset. As upli nk and downlink fast fading (on different frequency carriers) do not correlate, this method gives the right power values only on average. Inner Loop-In this method the received signal-to interference ratio (SIR) is measured over a 667- microsecond period (i.e., one time slot), and based on that value, a decision is made about whether to increase or decrease the transmission power in the other end of the connection. Note that the delay inherent in this closed-loop method is compensated for by making the measurements over a very short period of time. The transmit power control (TPC) bits are sent in every time slot within the uplink and the downlink. There is not a neutral signal; all power control signals contain either an increase or decrease command. Outer Loop-The outer loop power control functions within the base station system, and adjusts the required SIR value (SIRtarget), which is then used in the inner loop control. Different channel types, which can be characterized by, for example, different coding and interleaving methods, constitute a channels parameters. Different channel parameters may require different SIRtarget values. The final result of the transmission process can only be known after the decoding process, and the resulting quality parameter is then used to adjust the required SIR value. If the used SIR value still gives a low quality bit stream, then the outer loop power control must increase the SIRtarget value. This change in the outer loop will trigger the inner loop power control to increase the mobile station transmission power accordingly.

How many time Inner Loop Power Control happens and what type of fading it compensates?
How many time Inner Loop Power Control happens and what type of fading it compensates? Ans:1500Hz and compensates Fast Fading.

ow much power usually a NodeB is allocated to control channels?

The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required. You might also like:

UE Measurements
Intra-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at the same frequency as the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Inter-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at frequencies that differ from the frequency of the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Inter-RAT measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels belonging to another radio access technology than UTRAN, e.g. GSM. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Traffic volume measurements: measurements on uplink traffic volume. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Quality measurements: Measurements of downlink quality parameters, e.g. downlink transport block error rate. A measurement object corresponds to one transport channel in case of BLER. A measurement object corresponds to one timeslot in case of SIR (TDD only). UE-internal measurements: Measurements of UE transmission power and UE received signal level. UE positioning measurements: Measurements of UE position.The UE supports a number of measurements running in parallel. The UE also supports that each measurement is controlled and reported independently of every other measurement.

What is Soft Handover Overhead? What is the typical value in UMTS network?
Soft Handover Overhead is calculated in two ways. 1) Average Active Set Size Total Traffic / Primary Traffic. 2) Secondary / Total Traffic Typical Values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35% (Secondary / Total )

Explain Soft and Softer handover? Give some advantage and disadvantage for soft handover

In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links established with cells belonging to different RBSs. In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links established with cells belonging to the same RBS. It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference. However there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity. A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection. Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered, more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited.

Why is there soft handover gain?

Soft handover gain comes from the following: Macro diversity gain over slow fading. Micro diversity gain over fast fading. Downlink load sharing over multiple RF links. By maintaining multiple links each link could transmit at a lower power, resulting in lower interference therefore a gain.

Define Processing Gain for WCDMA?

Processing Gain is ratio between rate of spreaded signal and rate of non spreaded signal. Processing Gain = 10 log (Chip rate /Bit rate)

What is Significance of Eb_No?

Eb_No is related to QOS of a service which in terms related to bit error rate. Technically it is the minimum signal to noise needed by infrastructure equipment after despreading it signal. This is a value used to compare different infrastructure vendors. Eb_No changes with the service type. For AMR 12.2 is ~ 4db for Node B For AMR 12.2 is ~ 8db for MS

What is SIR?
What is SIR? SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical control channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.

Explain Timer T3212?

Periodic LA and RA updating is used to notify the network of the UEs availability, and to avoid unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost coverage and is not able to inform the CN that it is inactive. The periodic LA update procedure is controlled by a timer, called t3212, which gives the time interval between two consecutive periodic location updates. The value is sent by the WCDMA RAN to UEs on the BCCH.

Explain the functionality of TPC

During Power Control, Transmit Power control (TPC) commands are used to power up or power down based on SIR target in the step of 0.5 dB ( 1 dB if the connection is made over Iur).

What are the functionality of eNodeB?

E-UTRAN consists solely of the evolved Node B (eNB), which is responsible for all radio interface functionality. eNB is the RAN node in the EPS architecture that is responsible for radio transmission to and reception from UEs in one or more cells. The eNB is connected to EPC nodes by means of an S1 interface.The eNB is also connected to its neighbor eNBs by means of the X2 interface. Some significant changes have been made to the eNB functional allocation compared to UTRAN. Most Rel-6 RNC functionality has been moved to the E-UTRAN eNB. Below follows a description of the functionality provided by eNB. Good PDF Document on LTE Functionality 1. Cell control and MME pool support eNB owns and controls the radio resources of its own cells.Cell resources are requested by and granted to MMEs in an ordered fashion. This arrangement supports the MME pooling concept. S-GW pooling is managed by the MMEs and is not really seen in the eNB. 2. Mobility control The eNB is responsible for controlling the mobility for terminals in active state. This is done by ordering the UE to perform measurement and then performing handover when necessary. Find more on WCDMA Radio Resource Management 3. Control and User Plane security The ciphering of user plane data over the radio interface is terminated in the eNB. Also the ciphering and integrity protection of RRC signaling is terminated in the eNB. 4. Shared Channel handling Since the eNB owns the cell resources, the eNB also handles the shared and random access channels used for signaling and initial access. 5. Segmentation/Concatenation Radio Link Control (RLC) Service Data Units (SDUs) received from the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer consist of whole IP packets and may be larger than the transport block size provided by the physical layer. Thus, the RLC layer must support segmentation and concatenation to adapt the payload to the transport block size. 6. HARQA Medium Access Control (MAC) Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) layer with fast feedback provides a means for quickly correcting most errors from the radio

channel. To achieve low delay and efficient use of radio resources, the HARQ operates with a native error rate which is sufficient only for services with moderate error rate requirements such as for instance VoIP. Lower error rates are achieved by letting an outer Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) layer in the eNB handle the HARQ errors. 7. Scheduling A scheduling with support for QoS provides for efficient scheduling of UP and CP data. 8. Multiplexing and Mapping The eNB performs mapping of logical channels onto transport channels. 9. Physical layer functionality The eNB handles the physical layer such as scrambling, Tx diversity, beamforming processing and OFDM modulation. The eNB also handles layer one functions like link adaptation and power control. 10. Measurements and reporting eNB provides functions for configuring and making measurements on the radio environment and eNB-internal variables and conditions. The collected data is used internally for RRM but can be reported for the purpose of multi-cell RRM. Good PDF Document on LTE Functionality You might also like:

hat will be the impact when you change reportingrange1a from 3 to 4 dB and timetotrigger1a 100 to 320 ms, without changing any other parameters?

Reduction in number of Event1a Delayed Event1a trigger Reduction in Average Active Set Size Delay in Event1a could increase DL interference, which could lead to a drop call or increase in Average Power Per User (reduction in cell capacity)

What are the typical KPIs you use to measure a network and what criteria?
Access failure rate ( 2%). Call setup time (CS: over 95% of the time < 6-second for mobile-to PSTN, 9-second for mobile-mobile. PS: over 95% of the time <

5second). Dropped call rate ( 2%). BLER: over 95% of the blocks 2%. Average DL/UL throughput for PSD: 210kbps for loaded, 240kbps for unloaded.

What are the major differences between GSM and UMTS handover?

Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms). BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports. UMTS: Event-triggered reporting UE sends a measurement report only on certain event triggers. UE plays more part in the handover decision.

What are event 2a-2d and 3a-3d?

Events 2a-2d are for inter-frequency handover measurements and events 3a-3d are for IRAT handover measurements. e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold. e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold. e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold. e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list. Download Ebooks on WCDMA