ISDN AND STANDARDS

OVERVIEW OF ISDN-USER INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE AND STANDARDS PACKET SWITCHED CALL OVER ISDN B AND D CHANNELS LINK ACCESS PROCEDURE ISDN LAYERED ARCHITECTURE SIGNALLING LIMITATIONS OF NARROW BAND ISDN EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN)

2.1 Introduction 2.2 learning objectives 2.3 Overview Of Isdn-User Interface 2.4 Architecture And Standards 2.5 Packet Switched Call Over Isdn 2.6 B And D Channels 2.7 Link Access Procedure 2.8 ISDN Layered Architecture 2.9 Signalling 2.10 Limitations Of Narrow Band ISDN 2.11 Evolution Of Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)

UNIT-2
ISDN AND STANDARDS

2.1 Introduction
This digital telephone is a replacement of analog telephone .It both voice and data transmission and used for multimedia services.It It implements both PRI and BRI .It also defines ATM at data link layer

2.2 learning objectives

This topic tells how integration decreases complexity and there by improving quality of transmission and speed using ATM as the underling with many switching capabilities .It also provides the required bandwidth with a combination of B and D channels .B-ISDN has been developed with a better performance and supporting multimedia and other features that are the draw backs of ISDN with much faster transmission.

2.3 Overview Of ISDN-User Interface

2.3.1 Overview Of ISDN
It is evolved from telephony Integrated Digital Network(IDN) .Wide range of services are supported with end-to-end digital connectivity .It is based on two technologies digital switching and digital transmission

Non Integrated

ANALOG SWITCH

FD M

FD M

ANALOG SWITCH

FD M

FD M

ANALOG SWITCH

Integrated:

TDM PCM DIGITAL SWITCH DIGITAL SWITCH DIGITAL SWITCH

TDM PCM

Non Integrated

Integrated

Separate organization administer and Here only one organization function for an analog telephone that constitutes switching These two are referred as 1. Outside plant 2. Inside plant respectively Working: Here incoming voice lines Working: Its an integration of 2 digital in transmission A Digital switch of transmission and

are modulated and multiplexed at the and switching systems end office sent over an FDM. Here pulse code modulation is used to convert

They span through different the voice signals to digital and TDM for multiplexing. switching destination centers to reach the

following

above

mentioned working at each center. Disadvantage: The process of modulation Disadvantage: Separate channel banks for multiplexing and

and demodulation increases a noise demultiplex are not required that reduce noise. accumulation at each channel bank.

Example:

ABE
ABCDEF
SWITCH

CDF

In coming trunk 6 channels of data

2 Out going trunks 3 channels of data each

(a
EBA EBA EBA FED CBA FED CBA FED

In Coming Trunk TDM stream of bits from 6 channels

FDC FDC FDC

2 Out going trunks 3 channels of data each

Digital Switch b)

A(F1)

A(F1)

B(F2)

B(F2)

A(F1),B(F2) ,C(F3)

A(F1),B(F2),C(F3) ,D(F4),E(F5),F(F6)

C(F3)

ANAL OG SWITC H

C(F3)

D(F4)

D(F4)

E(F5)

E(F5)

D(F4),E(F 5),F(F6)

F(F6) F(F6)

2 outgoing trunks 3FDM channels each Demodulate demultiplex Modulate multiplex

a) General Block Diagram b) Digital time-division Switch c) Frequency division Switch

2.3.2 User Interface

ISDN is a network that provides end-to-end digital. Digital connectivity to support a wide range of services including voice and non-voice services, to which users have access by a limited set of standard multipurpose user-network interfaces.

2.3.2.1Types of Interfaces:
There are two types of interfaces. They are 1. Basic access(2B+1D)144kbps(192kbps total) 2. Primary rate access.(23B+1D) 1.544 kbps,(30B+1D)1.92 kbps ISDN CHANNELS Channel Bit rate Interfaces

B H0 H11 H12 D16 D64

64 Kbits/s 384 Kbits/s 1536 Kbits/s 1920 Kbits/s 16Kbits/s 64 Kbits/s

Basic Access Primary rate Access Primary rate Access Primary rate Access Basic Access Primary rate Access

2.3.2.2 CONCEPTUAL VIEW OF ISDN:

The user has to access ISDN by means of a local interface to a digital pipe of certain bit rate. Different pipe sizes are available for different needs like telephone, LAN, ALARM e.t.c The user may access circuit-switched and packet switched services as well as other services in dynamic mix. The user is charged according to the capacity used rather than the connect time T-telephone W.St-workstation A-Alarm PKT-packet switching CKT-circuit switching 1-subscriber loop with ISDN channel Structure 2-digital pipes to other subscribers 3-digital pipes to other networks and services

PKT

T
3 2
CKT W.ST

Customer ISDN interface

ISDN Central office

others

PBX Data bases

Other service s

Have you understood questions? 1.What are the different types of interfaces and give their properties ?

2.4 Architecture And Standards

2.4.1 ISDN STANDARDS
It is a set of rules that help to access the nw across the globe when an equipment is plugged in to provide same functionality even when supplied by different vendors with proper interfaces. The eminent body in this group is CCITT(international telegraph and telephone consultative committee) It defines the following principles for ISDN 1. Support of voice and Non voice application using a limited set of standardized facilities.

2.

Support for switched and non switched application like circuit and packet switching

3. 4.

5. 6.

Reliance on 64 kbps connection to provide circuit and packet switched connection .This is the fundamental building block of ISDN. Intelligence in the network :It provides sophisticated services beyond simple setup of circuit switched call. Management and maintenance too to be sophisticated that is provided by Signaling system number 7 with intelligent switching nodes in the network Layered protocol architecture. protocols designed for ISDN can be mapped on to OSI with 3 layered architecture Variety of configurations say physical based on any countries requirements.

2.4.2 ISDN ARCHITECTURE

> 64 kbps nonswitched capabilities

> 64 kbps switched capabilities

> 64 kbps ckt nonswitched capabilities

Terminal equipme nt (TE)

Network Terminati on (NT)

ISDN switch

> 64 kbps ckt switched capabilities

ISDN switch

Subscribe r Site or Service provider

> 64 kbps pkt nonswitched capabilities

> 64 kbps pkt switched capabilities

Frame mode capabilities

Common Channel signalling capabilities

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1-subscriber interface to ISDN 2-Digital subscriber loop to central office 3-user network signaling 4-user-user signaling 1. This supports new physical connection for users + digital subscriber line + Variety of services. 2. This same physical interface can be used for telephone PC, and video text terminal. 3. For both basic and primary services an interface is defined bet customers equipment ,terminal equipment (TE) and a device on customers premises known as network termination (NT) that forms boundary bet customer and network.

2.4.3 Features:
1. Full duplex digital transmission 2. Supports basic and primary data rates. 3. Twisted pair (Larger NW optical fiber) I Circuit Switched capabilities: 1. 2. Operating at 64kbs Facilities provided are same as other digital switched communication

II Non-switched capabilities 1. 2. 64kbps dedicated link. Virtual circuit or ATM transmission.

III Switched Capabilities 1. 2. >64kbps Uses ATM as a part of broadband ISDN.

IV Packet Switched Capabilities 1. Same as packet switch in other data networks.

V Frame mode capabilities A service that supports frame relay VI Common Channel Switched Capabilities These capabilities are used to connect the network provide call management.

Have you understood questions? 1.What are the different capabilities of ISDN ? 2.What are terminal equipment and network termination?

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2.5 Packet Switched Call Over ISDN

BRI is an ISDN interface, and it is a combination of two B channels (B1 and B2) and one D channel. The transfer of data, voice, and video are done by B channels. Control of B channels ,to carry x.25 packets and carrying of signal information is done by D channels. It has a capacity of 16kbpswith x.25 over D channel utilizing 9.6 kbps.A separate X.25-over-Dchannel logical interface is created whaen X.25 is configured on ISDN. You can set its parameters without disrupting the original ISDN interface configuration. The original BRI interface will continue to represent the D, B1, and B2 channels.

Configuring dynamic X.25 on an ISDN interface

BRI ISDN X.25 HOST

BRI

X.2 5 yen Dina r

x.25 host

PRI

Have you understood questions? 1.How x.25 is configured on ISDN interface ?

2.6 B And D Channels

2.6.1 B(BEARER)CHANNEL
The B (Bearer) Channel is the basic building block in an ISDN configuration. Capable of supporting Two types of connections 1circuit-switched 2 packet-switched connections The B Channel carries 1Digitized voice 2 video 3.Data The rates are up to 64 Kbps and provisions three services 1 Asynchronous

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2.Synchronous 3.Isochronous For dependable and reliable information transport these services help. B Channel protocols include the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for transporting diverse LAN traffic over telecommunications links and the multipoint PPP (ML-PPP) for extending PPP services.

BONDING (Bandwidth On-Demand Interoperability Group)

The H channel is a combination of six B channels that is a H Channel or Hyper Channel with high throughput via the PSTN that provides required bandwidth with advanced ISDN voice, video, and data applications. Typically, ISDN employs BONDING (Bandwidth OnDemand Interoperability Group) or inverse multiplexing to combine separate B (Bearer) Channels into a single virtual wideband digital channel or digital pipe for supporting interactive videoconferences over the PSTN. H channels provide a way to aggregate B channels. They are implemented as: 1. 2. 3. 4. H0=384 kb/s (6 B channels) H10=1472 kb/s (23 B channels) H11=1536 kb/s (24 B channels) H12=1920 kb/s (30 B channels) - International (E1) only

2.6.2D(DELTA)CHANNEL
The D (Delta) Channel enables signaling and control capabilities such as 1.Call acknowledgment 2.Call setup 3.Automatic number identification The D Channel operates at a rate of 16 Kbps or 64 Kbps , selection of rate depends on network interface that supports communications between the ISDN device and the switch at the local telephone exchange. The D Channel supports asynchronous packet data transport at 9.6 Kbps (Kilobits per second) and works with the X.25 protocol for facilitating access to PSTN services. The D Channel uses apart of available bandwidth .with the excess supporting data transport.

Have you understood questions? 1.What is bonding 2.What is the difference between b and d channels

2.7 Link Access Procedure

2.7.1 LAPD(LINK ACCESS PROTOCOL-D CHANNEL)
It operates above the Physical Layer of the OSI Reference Model, Link Access Protocol-D Channel (LAP-D)uses D channel to enable acknowledged and unacknowledged information transfer services that support Data-Link Layer operations. Its frame format has following fields 2-byte address field, a 2byte t CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) field for determining data errors, a 7-byte terminal endpoint identifier field, and a 6-byte SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier) field.. LAPD is the protocol used on ISDN's (Integrated Services Digital

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Network) D channel. Call setup and other signaling takes place on the D channel. Data transmissions take place on B channels.

2.7.2 x.25 frame relay

X.25 is a protocol standard for WAN communications that defines how connections between user devices and network devices are established and maintained. X.25 is designed to operate effectively regardless of the type of systems connected to the network. It is typically used in the packet-switched networks (PSNs) of common carriers, such as the telephone companies. Subscribers are charged based on their use of the network. At that time, there was a need for WAN protocols capable of providing connectivity across public data networks (PDNs).

2.7.2.1 X.25 Devices

X.25 network devices fall into three general categories: 1.data terminal equipment (DTE) 2. data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) 3 packet-switching exchange (PSE). Data terminal equipment: These devices are end systems that communicate across the X.25 network. They are usually terminals, personal computers, or network hosts, and are located on the premises of individual subscribers Data circuit-terminating equipment : These devices are communications devices, such as modems and packet switches, that provide the interface between DTE devices and a PSE, and are generally located in the carrier's facilities. packet-switching exchange They are switches that compose the bulk of the carrier's network. They transfer data from one DTE device to another through the X.25 PSN. DTEs, DCEs, and PSEs Make Up an X.25 Network PC
x.25 WAN

NW host

Modem DT E PSE
Switc h DCE DTE

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Packet Assembler/Disassembler
The packet assembler/disassembler (PAD) is used when a DTE device, such as a charactermode terminal, cannot implement the full X.25 functionality. The PAD is placed amidst DCE and DTE devices, and it performs three primary functions: buffering (storing data until a device is ready to process it), packet assembly, and packet disassembly. The PAD buffers data going to or coming in from the DTE device. It also assembles and disassembles outgoing and incoming data into packets and forwards them to the DCE and DTE respectivelyby adding and deleting x.25 header part. The PAD Buffers, Assembles, and Disassembles Data Packets DC
DATA

x.2 Assemble /Disassem ble Data

Buffer

2.7.2.2 X.25 Session Establishment

X.25 sessions are established when one DTE device contacts another to request a communication session. The DTE device that receives the request can either accept or refuse the connection. If the request is accepted, the two systems begin full-duplex information transfer. Either DTE device can terminate the connection. After the session is terminated, any further communication requires the establishment of a new session. 2.7.2.3 X.25 Virtual Circuits A virtual circuit is a logical connection created to ensure reliable communication between two network devices. A virtual circuit denotes the existence of a logical, bidirectional path from one DTE device to another across an X.25 network. Physically, the connection can pass 15

through any number of intermediate nodes, such as DCE devices and PSEs. Multiple virtual circuits (logical connections) can be multiplexed onto a single physical circuit (a physical connection). Virtual circuits are demultiplexed at the remote end, and data is sent to the appropriate destinations. Figure illustrates four separate virtual circuits being multiplexed onto a single physical circuit. source Virtual ckt

mux Physical ckt

Demux

Two types of X.25 virtual circuits exist: switched and permanent. Switched virtual circuits (SVCs): They are temporary connections used for sporadic data transfers. They require that two DTE devices establish, maintain, and terminate a session each time the devices need to communicate.

Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) :

They are permanently established connections used for frequent and consistent data transfers. PVCs do not require that sessions be established and terminated. Therefore, DTEs can begin transferring data whenever necessary because the session is always active. The basic operation of an X.25 virtual circuit begins when the source DTE device specifies the virtual circuit to be used (in the packet headers) and then sends the packets to a locally connected DCE device. At this point, the local DCE device examines the packet headers to determine which virtual circuit to use and then sends the packets to the closest PSE in the path of that virtual circuit. PSEs (switches) pass the traffic to the next intermediate node in the path, which may be another switch or the remote DCE device. When the traffic arrives at the remote DCE device, the packet headers are examined and the destination address is determined. The packets are then sent to the destination DTE device. If communication occurs over an SVC and neither device has additional data to transfer, the virtual circuit is terminated.

2.7.2.4 The X.25 Protocol Suite :

The X.25 protocol suite maps to the lowest three layers of the OSI reference model. The following protocols are typically used in X.25 implementations: 1Packet-Layer Protocol (PLP), 2Link Access ProcedurBalanced (LAPB 3 physical-layer serial interfaces

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OSI REFERENCE MODEL

x.25 REFERENCE MODEL

APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA PHYSICAL PLP LAPB Other services

x.21b

Have you understood questions? 1what are the different categories of x.25 devices .Discuss. 2 What is session establishment .How it is done in x.25 3 What are the different types of x.25circuits .write about them 4.Give the protocol suite of x.25 in mapping to OSI

2.8 ISDN Layered Architecture

The development of standards for ISDN are based on interaction of ISDN and network.There is a mapping of ISDN layers on to OSImodelIn this model there are two layered stacks of protocol entities within a single functional grouping they are 1.User protocol stack 2.Control protocol block

User protocol stack:

Has the exclusive task of transparent transfer of user information

Control protocol block:

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Has the exclusive task of of supporting ISDN signaling like 1. Controlling network connection 2.Controlling multimedia calls 3.Controlling the use of an already established connection 4.Providing supplementary services

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Physical Q.931 x.25 packet LAPD I.465/ V.120 x.25 packet LAPB

End-To -End user signaling

1.430 BASIC OR 1.431 PRIMARY

D-CHANNEL

B-CHANNEL

Have you understood questions? 1.write about ISDN layered architecture

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2.9 Signalling
SS7-signalling sstem number 7 provides control and network intelligence and is based on common channel signaling Signaling data link level: It is the lowest level of ss7 and corresponds to OSI laer.It specifies a full duplx physical link dedicated to ss7 traffic Signaling link level: It corresponds to OSI layer 2.The protocol uses the same principles as LAPD and LAPB Signaling Network level: Corresponds to layer 3 .It includes functions relating to message handling ,such as discrimination, routing and distribution and functions related to network management,such as traffic management,route management and link management Signaling connection control part: It completes the set of functions normally associated with OSI layer 3.It provides enhanced addressing capability over the signaling network level and supports reliable, connection oriented data transfer

ISDN user part: Defines functions and procedures for information flows for user services and facilitates voice and non-voice Q.930 ISDN UNI Layer 3 General Aspects Q.931 Specification for Basic Call Control Q.932 Generic Procedures for the Control of ISDN Supplementary Services Q.933 Specification for Frame-mode Basic Call Control Q.939 Typical DSS1 Service Indicator Codings for ISDN Telecommunication Services Q.950 Supplementary Service Protocols - Structure and General principles

Have you understood questions? 1.What is signaling ?What are the different levels in signaling.

2.10 Limitations Of Narrow Band ISDN

1.High speed transmission,switching and signal processing technologies 2.Limitation in image processing and data processing capabilities. 19

3.Working with advanced software applications for telecommunications 4To integratr interactive and distributed services is a limitation 5Need to integrate packet and circuit transfer mode

Have you understood questions? 1.what are the limitations of narrow band isdn

2.11 Evolution Of Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)

The B-ISDN protocol uses a three plane approach. These three separate planes are referenced as: User Plane Control Plane Management Plane The user plane is responsible for user information transfer including flow control and error control. The control plane manages the call-control and connection-control functions. The management plane includes plane management, and layer management. The protocol for B-ISDN also adopts a layered approach, made up of four layers: Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Higher Layers

2.11.1 B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model

Management plane

Control plane Higher layer

User plane Higher layer 1

2

ATM Adaption layer

ATM layer

Physical layer

20 2-Plane management

The higher layers will not be discussed . This layer would however be a services layer for video, SMDS, Frame Relay, Access & Network Signaling. ATM , asynchronous transfer mode, is often referred to as fast packet switching. For this it can be taken that B-ISDN will be a packet based network. B-ISDN needs to be able to handle both packet and circuit-mode applications. Thus the use of an adaptation layer, the ATM Adaptation Layer, is required. The AAL will, therefore, be required to handle non-ATM protocol , such as Link Access ProtocolD. The ATM layer provides the packet transfer capabilities, while the physical layer provides the base network functions.

2.11.2Functions of B-ISDN Layers

Higher Layer Functions Higher Layers Convergence CS Segmentation and Reassemble SAR Generic flow control Cell ATM header generation /extraction Cell VPI/VCI translation Cell multiplex and demultiplex Cell rate decoupling HEC header sequence generation/verification Cell delineation Transmission frame adaptation Layer Management Transmission generation/recover Bit timing Physical medium frame PM Physical Layer

AAL

TC

CS=Convergence Sub layer SAR = Segmentation and Reassemble Sub layer 21

AAL = ATM Adaptation Layer ATM = Asynchronous Control Sub layer PM = Physical Medium Sub layer

TC = Transmission Control Sub layer

2.11.3 ATM Adaptation Layer

As shown the ATM Adaptation Layer consists of two sublayers. The segmentation and reassemble sublayer, SAR, and the convergence sublayer, CS. The convergent sublayer provides specific application support for applications using AAL. This sub layer is service dependent as applications attach to the AAL at specific service access points. The segmentation reassemble sub layer packs the information received from CS into cells for transmission and handles unpacking at the other end. The SAR must pack all SAR header and trailer information as well as CS header and trailer information into 48-octet blocks. ITU-T has defined four types of service classifications. Type 1 - this classification requires constant bit rate, maintenance of timing relation, and is a connection oriented classification. Type 2 - This includes variable bit video, i.e., video conference. Here the application is connection oriented, timing is important, however the bit rate will vary over time. Type 3/4 - initially this was two classifications, however, ITU-T combine them due to similarity in processing. This type represents data transfer applications, and with varying bit rates, no timing requirements with type three being connection oriented, and type four being connectionless orientated. Type 5 is a new classification which was introduced to provide streamline transport facilities. Note: A PDU is a Protocol Data Unit. A PDU is used to pack the information from the higher layers into a manageable unit that will be passed to the ATM layer.

Have you understood questions? 1.What are the different layers of ISDN and mention their functions? 2.What are the different types of services? Summary
The draw backs of non integrated is it has more elements there by reducing quality and it is rectified with integration. ISDN has a layered architecture and different switching capabilities. This has two types of interfaces BRI and PRI implemented with a combination of B channels and D channels .ISDN has Architecture that helps for transfer of information between ISDN and Non ISDN equipment with interfaces that take care of covering the differences .LAPD is a protocol for transmission over D channels in ISDN .X.25 help to establish connection for communication between user devices and network devices. B-ISDN has four layers with physical layer, ATM layer and ATM adaptation.The AAL has 5 types of service classifications with type 3 and 4 put together

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