ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS

Unit 3
Title: Engine process
analysis (part 2)
General objective:
To understand the structure of dual-combustion cycle and mean
effective pressure.
Specific objectives:
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
1. draw the p-v diagram of dual-combustion cycle.
2. explain the dual-combustion cycle.
3. explain the mean effective pressure
4. draw the p-v diagram of mean effective pressure

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Input 3
This section introduces the subject matter that you
are going to learn.
3.0 Introduction
In this unit, we will introduce the meaning of dual combustion cycle, heat
supplied at constant volume and at constant pressure.
3.1 The Dual Combustion Cycle
Modern oil engines known also as diesel engine, use solid injection of the
fuel. The ideal cycle which is used as a basis for comparison is called the dual
combustion cycle or the mixed cycle, and is shown on a p-v diagram in Figure.
3.1 In this cycle, heat is supplied in two parts; the first part at constant volume
and the second in constant pressure. Hence the name dual combustion.


conts v p

.
P
V
1
2
3
4
5
P
3
=p
4
V
2
=V
3
V
1
=V
5
ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Figure 3.1 : p-v diagram
3.2 The dual combustion cycle process.
1. Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression.
2. Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant volume heating.
3. Process 3 to 4 is reversible constant pressure heating.
4. Process 4 to 5 is isentropic expansion.
5. Process 5 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling.
In order to fix the thermal efficiency completely three factors are
necessary. There are the ratio of compression, r
v =
v
1
/ v
2
; the ratio of pressure, r
p
= p
3
/p
2
and the ratio of volume and cut, r
c
= v
4
/v
3
.
Then it can be shown that
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1

1 1
1
1
1
1
c p p
c p
v
r r r
r r
r

The efficiency of dual combustion cycle depends not only on the

compression ratio but also on the relative amount of heat supplied at constant
volume and at constant pressure. The best method of calculating thermal
efficiency is to evaluate each temperature throughout the cycle and then use this
equation,
1 2
/ 1 Q Q . The heat supplied, Q
1,
is calculated using the equation,

( ) ( )
3 4 2 3 1
T T c T T c Q
p v
+
The heat rejected, Q
2
, is calculated by
( )
1 5 2
T T c Q
v


ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Example 1.0
An oil engine takes in air at 1.01 bar, 20
0
C and the maximum cycle
pressure is 69 bar. The compression ratio is 18/1. Draw the p-v diagram and
calculate the air standard thermal efficiency based on the dual combustion cycle.
Assume that the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at
constant pressure.
The cycle is shown on p-v diagram in Figure. 3.1 using the Otto cycle equation,
1
2
1
1
2

,
_

V
V
T
T
= 18
0.4
= 3.18
T
2
= 3.18 x T
1
T
2
= 3.18 x 293 = 931 K.
(Where T
1
= 20 + 273 = 293 K)
Based on Figure 3.1, from 2-3, the process is at constant volume, hence
2
3
2
3
T
T
P
P

(since
2
2 2
3
3 3
T
V P
T
V P

and V
3
=V
2
)
i.e. T
3
=
2
2
2
3
391 69
P
T
P
P

To find P
2
using the Otto cycle equation
i.e. 2 . 57 18
4 . 1
2
1
1
2

,
_

V
V
P
P
i.e. p
2
= 57.2 x 1.01 = 57.8 bar.

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Then substituting,
T
3
= K 1112
8 . 57
931 69

Now the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added at constant
pressure in this example, therefore,
c
v
(T
3
T
2
) = c
p
(T
4
T
3
)
i.e. 0.718(1112 931) = 1.005 (T
4
1112)
:- T
4
= 1112
005 . 1
181 718 . 0
+

i.e. T
4
=1241.4 K
Based on Figure 3.1,find T
5,
it is necessary to know the value of the
volume ratio, V
5
/V
4
. At constant pressure from 3 to 4,
116 . 1
1112
4 . 1241
3
4
3
4

T
T
V
V
Therefore
14 . 16
116 . 1
1
18
4
3
2
1
4
1
4
5

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Then, using the Otto cycle equation method,
04 . 3 14 . 16
4 . 0
1
4
5
5
4

,
_

V
V
T
T
i.e. T
5
= K 408
04 . 3
4 . 1241

Now the heat supplied, Q

1
= c
v
(T
3
T
2
) + c
p
(T
4
T
3
) or Q
1
= 2c
v
(T
3
T
2
)

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
(since in this example the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat
added at the constant pressure).
:. Q
1
= 2 x 0.718 x (1112 931) = 260 kJ/kg.
The heat rejected, Q
2
, is given by
Q
2
= c
v
(T
5
T
1
) = 0.718(408 293) = 82.6 kJ/kg.
Then from the equation
682 . 0 318 . 0 1
260
6 . 82
1 1
1
2

Q
Q

or 68.2 %.
It should be mentioned here that the modern high-speed oil engine operates on
a cycle for which the Otto cycle is a better basis of comparison. Also, since the
Otto cycle calculation for thermal efficiency is much simpler than that of the dual
combustion cycle, then this is another reason for using the Otto cycle as a
standard of comparison.

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Activity 3A
This section tests your understanding of the
subject matter. You have to complete this section
by following the instructions carefully.
3.1 Define dual combustion cycle
3.2 Draw and label dual combustion cycle on a P-v diagram.
3.3 Explain the process for each point on the p-v diagram in question 3.2.
3.4 In a dual combustion cycle, the maximum pressure is 64 bar. Calculate the
thermal efficiency when the pressure and temperature at the start of the
compression are 1.01 bar and 18
0
C respectively. The compression ratio is 17/1.

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS

Input
This section introduces the subject matter that you
are going to learn.
3.5 The mean effective pressure
In order to compare reciprocating engines, a mean effective pressure
method is used. The mean effective pressure is defined as the height of
rectangle having the same length and area as the cycle plotted on a p-v
diagram. This is illustrated in an Otto cycle in Figure 3.2. The rectangle ABCDA
is the same length as the cycle 12341, and area ABCDA is equal to area 12341.
Then the mean effective pressure, P
m
is the height AB of the rectangle, The work
done per kg air can therefore be written as W = area ABCDA = P
m
(V
1
V
2
)

1
2
3
D
4
A
B
C
P
m
P
V
Figure 3.2 : P-V diagram and Pm
ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
The term (V
1
-V
2
) is proportional to the swept volume of the cylinder, hence it can
be seen from equation before that the mean effective pressure gives a measure
of work output per swept volume. It can therefore be used to compare similar
engines of difference sizes.
The mean effective pressure discussed in this section is for the air standard
cycle.
Example 2.0
Calculate the mean effective pressure for the cycle in example 1.0
the heat supplied, Q
1
, and the thermal efficiency were found to be 260
kj/kg and 68.2% respectively. From the equation,
1
Q
W

W = . / 177 260 682 . 0
1
kg kJ Q
Now from the definition of mean effective pressure, we have
W = P
m
(V
1
V
2
)
Using equation pv =RT and r
v
= V
1
/V
2
=18, then
5
1
1
1
1
1 2 1
10 01 . 1 18
293 287 17
18
17
18
17
18


,
_

p
RT
V
V
V V V
i.e. V
1
V
2
= 0.768 m
3
/kg.
Then substituting,
W = P
m
x 0.768 or P
m
= W/0.768 kJ/m
3
i.e. P
m
= 25 . 2
10 768 . 0
10 177
5
3

bar

ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Activity 3B
This section tests your understanding of the
subject matter. You have to complete this section
by following the instructions carefully.
3.5 Define the meaning of mean effective pressure
3.6 Draw and label the mean effective pressure cycle on P-v diagram.
3.7 The pressure and temperature of air standard dual combustion cycle are given
below,
1. T
1
= 290 K 5. T
5
= 429.3 K
2.

T
2
= 871.1K 6. P
1
= 1.01 bar
3. T
3
= 1087.5 K
4. T
4
= 1236.3 K
and ratio of compression is 16:1. Calculate the thermal efficiency and the mean
effective pressure .


ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Self
Assessment
Self-assessment evaluates your understanding of
each unit.
Question 3-1
In a dual combustion cycle the maximum pressure is 54 bar. Calculate the
thermal efficiency when the pressure and temperature is at the start of
compression 1.01 bar and 17
0
C respectively. The ratio of compression is 16/1.
Question 3-2
Refer to equation 3.4,(page 9) calculate the mean effective pressure .


ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS