Industrial Symbiosis in Biofuel Industries:

A case for improved environmental and economical performance Michael Martin

Environmental Technology and Management Michael.Martin@liu.se

What do you know about biofuels?

Problems with Biofuel Production

Biofuel production systems have questionable performance Food vs. Fuel Debate Depletion of Rainforests Which vehicle to choose? Are they really green? CO2 Emissions equivalents?

Social and Ethical Biofuel Issues

Food vs. Fuel Debate

Media and some academics only see the problems.

Environmental Economic Energy

What are biofuels and how are they produced?

Biofuels for Transport

Vehicle fuels derived from biomass and wastes
Solid Liquid Gas

Replacement of traditional/conventional fuels

Total substitution Partial (blending) Dual Fuel

1st vs. 2nd Generation Biofuels

First Generation Biofuels
Common Produced from allocated feedstocks

Second Generation Biofuels

Created from ligno-cellulose Not common More development needed HUGE POTENTIAL!

Biofuels for Transport

3 Main Fuels for Transport
Ethanol Biodiesel Biogas SVO, Pure Vegetable Oil

Ethanol Raw Materials

Sugar Rich Crops
Sugar cane Sugar beets

Starch Rich and Cereals

Sorghum Sweet Potatoes Wheat Corn (Maize)

Cellulosic Crops Abundant

Ethanol Production Process

Ethanol Production Material/Energy Flows

Other chemicals to balance pH Biogas from waste water treatment Heavy alcohols Fats from Seeds and Grains

Biodiesel Raw Materials

Raw Materials
Sunflower Oil Rapeseed (Canola) Waste Cooking Oils Animal Fats Soybean Oil Jatropha Cashews Algae Etc....

Biodiesel Production

Production
Transesterification of oils and fats Seperate glycerin and methyl esters Uses Methanol or Ethanol and catalysts

Biodiesel Production Material/Energy Flows

Heating done with electricity, water or other means Methanol Recovery Glycerol produced contains some chemicals Biomass from plants

Biogas
Raw Materials
Manure Food Residues Biomass Sewage Landfills Glycerin Rubber Fats

Mats Eklund and his V70 Bi-fuel

Biogas Production

Anaerobic fermentation of organic matter Produces methane and CO2

Biogas Production Material/Energy Flows

Smuggled Booze Cloetta Chocolate Arla Products Scandic West and Restaurant wastes

How can biofuels improve their environmental & economic performance?

Industrial Symbiosis

Industrial Symbiosis for Biofuel Production

Make use of material and energy flows Outputs can be used as raw materials External Industries for Biofuel Raw Materials and Ouputs Energy/Material Cascading Synergies

What are Synergies?

syn-ergo
Greek for Working together Several Parts Final outcome greater than sum of the parts

What are typical biofuel synergies?

Using ethanol for biodiesel production Using glycerol for biogas production Ethanol stillage used for biogas production Biogas digestate used as biofertilizer for biofuel crops Pelletizer from ethanol production used to pelletize biogas digestate Oil/Fat from ethanol production used for biodiesel production Flue gases from biogas plant taken care of at ethanol facility Materials cascaded (Corn example) Combined capture/use of CO2 Waste heat used for subsequent processes

Bad Example, No Symbiosis: U.S. Ethanol & Stand Alone Plants

Use Coal and Oil for Fuel Questionable Energy Efficiencies No conection to other industries Run by incentive programs

Bettering the Ethanol in USA (Material Cascading Synergies)

Pressing

Corn Meal

Organic Fluids Digestate Distillers Grain

Ethanol Production
Ethanol

Biodiesel Production

Glycerol

Regional Biofuel Industries

Norrkpings Industrial Symbiosis

fordonsgas

Colmec
dckstommar Gran rsj Dckstommar

Norrkpings kommun
fordonsgas fjrrvrme hh-avfall biogas

slam

Graphic Packaging
rejekt slam

kartong

IL Recycling
tidningar

gummi rapskaka

aska

returslam

Sweden Bioenergy
glycerol, rester

E.ON
nga

biobrnsle vs-avfall

Econova

fiberslam

Holmen Paper
tidningar

etiketter, lim

Cleanaway

Svensk biogas
gdsel

PET

drank

Agroetanol
vete flis

TidningsRetur Rostiprimpac
flis

PET-flaskor

Returpack

Jordbruk

Skogsbruk

Regional Agriculture
Manure Fodder Seedcake

Wheat
Grains

Raps

Biomass
Oil Stillage
Glycerol Methanol

Heat, Electricity & Steam

CHP Plant
Biomass

Greenhouse

Linkping and Surrounding Communities

The Biogas Concept: Wastes to Winnings

=
CH4

Improved Performance with Integrated Biogas Systems

Cascading = Energy + Economics

Why not pure biogas?

Biofuel Synergies in Tanzania

Synergies and Symbiosis with External Industries

Biofuel Industry External Industry Synergies

C02/Water from Ethanol production for Algae Production Glycerol used as a carbon source in biological cleaning steps Glycerol used as binding agent for wood pellets Wet Stillage used for Animal Feed Direct (no drying) C02 trapped from Ethanol, Biogas production for Greenhouses Waste heat from ethanol, biodiesel and biogas used in nearby greenhouses Waste water from biodiesel or ethanol production used for Salix production

Potato Chip Waste Biofuels

Ethanol Production

Low Quality Cashews for Biodiesel

PVO Generator Cashew Tree

Oil Biodiesel Processing Cashew Fruit & Nut Oil Extractor Biodiesel

Press Cake

Digester

Biogas

Animal Feed

Ethanol Systems Perspective

Effects on Energy Balance, Pl Brjesson

Option 1: Energy Balance, 1.2
Current Production Systems All Energy allocated to ethanol

Option 3: Energy Balance, 1.7

Future Production Systems Increased use of waste heat All energy allocated to ethanol

Option 8: Energy Balance, 5.2

Current Production Systems Hay used to provide heat and energy Energy input from ethanol and malt pellets Use of some malt to offset protein fodder imports
(Brjesson, 2007)

Systems Performance: Good Example

Option 6, Energy Balance = 2.7 5.45 Heating Fodor Malt Pellets 2.0 Prod. Ethanol Harvest Energy In Energy Out

Systems Performance: Best Case Example

Energy In: 0.76

Soy Protein Feed

Energy Out: 7.2

Energy Balance: 9.2

CO2 Storage/Combustion from Industries

The Future?: C02 and Heat Algae

Conclusions
Economical Benefits Environmental Performance Carbon Capture Potential Efficient use of Materials and Energy Better view of biofuels