2

Answer all the questions.

ENERGETICS
A2 WS 1
1

The table below shows the enthalpy changes needed to calculate the lattice enthalpy of
calcium chloride, CaCl 2.
enthalpy change / kJ mol1

process
first ionisation energy
of calcium

+590

second ionisation energy

of calcium

+1150

electron affinity of
chlorine

348

enthalpy change of formation

for calcium chloride

796

enthalpy change of
atomisation for calcium

+178

enthalpy change of
atomisation for chlorine

+122

(a) The Born-Haber cycle below can be used to calculate the lattice enthalpy for calcium
chloride.
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e

!H = kJ mol1
Ca2+(g) + Cl2(g) + 2e

H = kJ mol1

Ca2+(g) + 2Cl (g)

!H = kJ mol1
Ca+(g) + Cl2(g) + e

!H = kJ mol1
Ca(g) + Cl2(g)
lattice enthalpy of
calcium chloride

!H = kJ mol1
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)

!H = kJ mol1
CaCl2(s)

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Examiners
Use

3
(i) Use the table of enthalpy changes to complete the Born-Haber cycle by putting in
the correct numerical values on the appropriate dotted line.
[3]

For
Examiners
Use

(ii) Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice enthalpy of calcium chloride.

answer ........................... kJ mol1 [2]

(iii) Describe how, and explain why, the lattice enthalpy of magnesium fluoride differs
from that of calcium chloride.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is less positive than the second
ionisation energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

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2 2
Q2

...................................................................................................................................
[2]For
4
[3] Examiners
(a) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of sodium oxide, Na2O.

Use

[Total: 12]

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The Born-Haber cycle shown may be used to calculate the lattice energy of sodium
oxide.
2Na+(g) + O2(g)

2
2Na+(g) + B
Hat(oxygen)
2Na (g) + /2O2(g)
+

3
1
A + /2O2(g)
1

2Hat(Na)
2Na(s) + 1/2O2(g)
4

(i)

Na2O(s)

In the spaces below, identify the species A and B in the cycle, including the
appropriate state symbols.
species A ...................................

(ii)
UCLES 2006

species B ...................................

Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by the numbers 1 to 4 in the cycle.

1 ................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................
4 ................................................................................................................................
[3]
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(c) Use your cycle, the following data, and further data from the Data Booklet to calculate a
value for the lattice energy of sodium oxide.
Data:

For
Examiners
Use

enthalpy change of atomisation for Na(s)

+107 kJ mol1
first electron affinity of oxygen
141 kJ mol1
second electron affinity of oxygen
+798 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of formation of Na2O(s)
414 kJ mol1
enthalpy change of atomisation for oxygen = half the bond energy for O2.

[3]
(d) (i)

How would you expect the magnitude of lattice energy of magnesium oxide to
compare with that of sodium oxide? Explain your reasoning.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

State a use of magnesium oxide, and explain how the use relates to your answer in
part (d) (i).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 11]

3
Q3

(c) (i)

Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber
cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS.
standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS(s)

460 kJ mol1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba(s)

+180 kJ mol1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S(s)

+279 kJ mol1

electron affinity of the sulfur atom

200 kJ mol1

electron affinity of the S ion

+640 kJ mol1
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[3]
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2

......................................................................................................................................[2]
Q4 3

One of the reasons the melting point of magnesium chloride is quite high is because it has a
fairly high lattice energy.
(d) (i)

Explain the term lattice energy.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Write a balanced equation including state symbols to represent the lattice energy
of magnesium chloride.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

(e) Suggest, with an explanation in each case, how the lattice energy of magnesium
chloride might compare with that of
(i)

sodium chloride, NaCl,

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

calcium chloride, CaCl2.

...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
3

(f) 2004
Use
UCLES

the following data to calculate a9701/04/M/J/04

value for the lattice energy of sodium chloride.
Hf (NaCl)
Hat (Na)
Hat (Cl)
first ionisation energy of Na
electron affinity of Cl

=
=
=
=
=

411 kJ mol1
107 kJ mol1
122 kJ mol1
494 kJ mol1
349 kJ mol1

lattice energy of NaCl = ........................................ kJ mol1 [3]

[Total: 15]

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Answer
all questions in 3
the spaces
provided.
electron affinity
of bromine
= 325
kJ mol1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver
= +285 kJ mol1
1 in dry cell batteries,
Zinc (c)
chloride
is oneachange
of
the most
important
compounds
of
zinc.
ItkJ
is mol
used
enthalpy
of equation
atomisation
of
bromine
+112
(i)
Write
chemical
representing
the =
lattice
energy
of AgBr.
1
as a flux for
soldering
andoftinning,
as of
a AgBr(s)
corrosion inhibitor
towers and in the
enthalpy
change
formation
= 100inkJcooling
mol
manufacture of rayon.

For
Examiners
Use

(a) Draw a fully

labelled diagram to show how you could use a standard hydrogen electrode
..................................................................................................................................
to measure the standard electrode potential, E o, of zinc.
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s).
first ionisation energy of silver
electron affinity of bromine
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver
enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine
enthalpy change of formation of AgBr(s)

=
=
=
=
=

+731 kJ mol1
325 kJ mol1
+285 kJ mol1
+112 kJ mol1
100 kJ mol1

[6]
(b) The electrolysis
of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
conditions used.
Suggest
themight
products
at eachofelectrode
in the following
OneExplain
space has
(iii) How
the formed
lattice energy
AgCl compare
to that cases.
of AgBr?
your
been filled
in for you.
answer.
..................................................................................................................................
conditions
product at anode
product at cathode

chlorine
ZnC!2(l) ..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(concentrated
aqueous)
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
ZnC!2(dilute aqueous)
(iii) Howa might
theion
lattice
energy
of AgCl
compare
to an
that
of AgBr?
Explain
youra
In photography
bromide
absorbs
a photon
and
releases
electron
which
reduces
[3]
answer.
silver ion to a silver atom.
Q5
(c) Use the following
data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................

Br for
+ eenergy
Born-Haber cycle and calculate a value
the Br
lattice
of zinc chloride.
..................................................................................................................................

Ag + e Ag
standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnC!2

415 kJ mol1

..................................................................................................................................
(d) Predict
whether
it would
require
energyoforZn(s)
less energy
standard
enthalpy
change
of more
atomisation
+131tokJinitiate
mol1 this process[4]in

a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer. 1

electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms
349 kJ mol
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver
ion to a silver atom.
Br Br + e
..........................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e Ag
....................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 14]
(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process
in
UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr
[Turn over
emulsion. Explain your answer.
9701/04/O/N/05
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol1 [3]

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
UCLES 2007

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[Total: 14]
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[Total: 11]

3
Q3

(c) (i)

Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber
cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS.
standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS(s)

460 kJ mol1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba(s)

+180 kJ mol1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S(s)

+279 kJ mol1

electron affinity of the sulfur atom

200 kJ mol1

electron affinity of the S ion

+640 kJ mol1

For
Examiners
Use

[3]
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9701/4 O/N/02

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lattice energy = ............................. kJ mol1

(ii)

Explain whether the magnitude of the lattice energy of BaS is likely to be greater or
less than that of BaO.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 11]

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(iii) Howa might

theion
lattice
energy
of AgCl
compare
to an
thatelectron
of AgBr?
Explain
youra
In photography
bromide
absorbs
a photon
and
releases
which
reduces
[3]
answer.
silver ion to a silver atom.
Q5 5
(c) Use the following
data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................

Br for
+ eenergy
Born-Haber cycle and calculate a value
the Br
lattice
of zinc chloride.
..................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e Ag
standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnC!2
415 kJ mol1
..................................................................................................................................
(d) Predict
whether
it would
require
energyoforZn(s)
less energy
standard
enthalpy
change
of more
atomisation
+131tokJinitiate
mol1 this process[4]in
a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer. 1
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms
349 kJ mol
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver
ion to a silver atom.
Br Br + e
..........................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e Ag
....................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 14]
(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process
in
UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr
[Turn
over
emulsion.
Explain
your
answer.
9701/04/O/N/05
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol1 [3]

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
UCLES 2007

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[Total: 14]
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6
Q662

Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an important industrial chemical used in refrigeration plants, for
de-icing roads and for giving greater strength to concrete.
(a) Show by means of an equation what is meant by the lattice energy of calcium chloride.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Suggest, with an explanation, how the lattice energies of the following salts might
compare in magnitude with that of calcium chloride.
(i)

calcium fluoride, CaF2

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

(ii)

calcium sulfide, CaS

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Use the following data, together with additional data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
the lattice energy of CaCl2.
standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl2

796 kJ mol1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s)

+178 kJ mol1

electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms

349 kJ mol1

enthalpy
Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)

lattice energy = ............................................ kJ mol1 [3]

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HAMEED

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For
Examiners
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Examiners
Use

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Q7 71

Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the air. Oxygen is by far the more
reactive of the two gases, and most of the substances that react with air combine with the
oxygen rather than with the nitrogen.
(a) State one reason why the molecule of nitrogen, N2, is so unreactive.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
Despite the apparent lack of reactivity of N2, nitrogen atoms have been found to form bonds
with almost all of the elements in the Periodic Table. Lithium metal reacts with nitrogen gas
at room temperature to give lithium nitride, Li3N. Magnesium produces magnesium nitride,
Mg3N2, as well as magnesium oxide, when heated in air.
(b) Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium nitride using the following data, in addition to
relevant data from the Data Booklet.
value/kJ mol1

enthalpy change
atomisation of Mg(s)

+148

total of electron affinities for

the change N(g)
N3(g)

+2148

enthalpy of formation of
Mg3N2(s)

461

lattice energy = ...........................kJ mol1 [3]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

(a) (i) What is meant by the term lattice energy?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of MgO.
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to measure the enthalpy change of
formation of magnesium oxide,
(MgO).
to suction pump

stirrer

copper spiral
water

magnesium ribbon
oxygen gas

small electric heater

(to ignite magnesium)

List the measurements you would need to make using this apparatus in order to calculate
(MgO).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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3
(c) Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
a value of
(MgO).
lattice energy of MgO(s)

3791 kJ mol1

enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg

+148 kJ mol1

electron afnity of the oxygen atom

141 kJ mol1

electron afnity of the oxygen anion, O

+798 kJ mol1

For
Examiners
Use

(MgO) = .......................... kJ mol1

[3]
(d) Write equations, including state symbols, for the reactions, if any, of the following two
oxides with water. Suggest values for the pH of the resulting solutions.
oxide

equation

pH of resulting
solution

Na2O
MgO
[3]
[Total: 12]

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