[History

10] [Exam Notes]

Table of Contents
World War One ........................................................................................................................ 4 Causes ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Long Term .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Battles ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Second Battle of Ypres ................................................................................................................................... 5 Battle of the Somme (July 1, 1916) .......................................................................................................... 5 Battle of Vimy Ridge (April 9, 1917) ...................................................................................................... 5 Battle of Passchendaele ................................................................................................................................ 5 Canadas 100 Days .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Canadas Response on the Home Front ..................................................................................... 6 Financing the War ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Propaganda ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Womens Changing Roles ............................................................................................................................. 6 War Measures Act ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Conscription ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Military Service Act, 1917 ............................................................................................................................ 7 Military Voters Act, 1917 ............................................................................................................................. 7 Halifax Explosion .............................................................................................................................. 7 Life in Trenches ................................................................................................................................. 7 1920s and 1930s ..................................................................................................................... 8 Prohibition .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Persons Case 1927-1929 ............................................................................................................... 9 Residential Schools .......................................................................................................................... 9 Mackenzie King and his Government ......................................................................................... 9 Canadas Growing Autonomy ........................................................................................................ 9 1930s ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Causes of Great Depression ........................................................................................................ 10 Timeline ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Response to Great Depression ................................................................................................... 11 Unions ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Relief Camps On-to-Ottawa Trek ........................................................................................... 11 WW2 .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Allies ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Axis ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Neutral ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Why World War 2 a Total War ................................................................................................... 13 Timeline ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Summary of War ............................................................................................................................. 13 Stage 1 1939 1941 Axis Victories ................................................................................................ 13 Stage 2 1942 1944 The Tide Turns .................................................................................. 14 Stage 3 1933 1945 The Allied Victory ........................................................................................ 14 Policy of Appeasement ................................................................................................................. 14 Anschluss .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Hitlers Pact with Russia .............................................................................................................. 15 Battles ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Hitler Turns on Russia ............................................................................................................................... 15 2

Battle of Dunkirk .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Disaster at Dieppe ........................................................................................................................................ 15 D-Day ................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Hong Kong ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Battle up the Boot ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Internment Camps ......................................................................................................................... 16 Womans role in Military ............................................................................................................. 16 Holocaust .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Final Solution .................................................................................................................................. 17 Nuclear Hiroshima and Nagasaki .......................................................................................... 17

Post War ................................................................................................................................... 17 Pierre Trudeau ............................................................................................................................... 17 Lester B. Pearson ............................................................................................................................ 17 Brian Mulroney ............................................................................................................................... 18 Cold War ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Suez Crisis ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Quebec Sovereignty ....................................................................................................................... 18 October Crisis .................................................................................................................................. 19 John Diefenbaker ........................................................................................................................... 19 International Security Canadas Participation .................................................................. 19 NORAD North American Aerospace Defence Command ......................................................... 20 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization ..................................................................................... 20 Canada in the UN .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Commonwealth ............................................................................................................................................. 20 DART The Canadian Forces Disaster Assistance Response Team ....................................... 20 Canada in UN Peacekeeping ....................................................................................................... 20 New Flag ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Aboriginals in Canada ................................................................................................................... 21

World War One

Long Term Imperialism o Great Britain: had many colonies, wanted more o France: had very few colonies, wanted to achieve major power o Germany: had few African colonies, felt need to expand and show power o Austria-Hungary: last of old empire, no colonies o Russia: failed to sieve territory from Japan, caused them to be easily provoked and angry Militarism o Great Britain: Strongest Navy (not largest) o France: Large population with proud military, leaders corrupt, out- dated equipment, weak Navy o Germany: lots of funding to military and technology development, believed in use of planes, not afraid to start wars o Austria-Hungary: weak, only fought small countries, lacks confidence o Russia: large army however large country hard to protect, can only win when not defending Nationalism o Great Britain: King George IV ruled country with elected government, believed they were the most civilized nation o France: Napoleon controlled whole continent, power faded France lost to Prussia in Franco-Prussian war o Germany: young but strong country, desired to prove strength in war o Austria-Hungary: tense/politically divided, proud and zealous o Russia: felt alienated, wanted to prove something, large population and country made them feel invincible Alliances o Great Britain: strong ties with Germany, rising power in Germany means Britain was likely to become allies with enemies of Germany o France: hard time making allies, looking for anybody against Germany o Germany: Allied with Italy and Austro-Hungarian Empire, attempted to keep alliances a secret, however thought of it as another way to prove its strength o Austria-Hungary: avoids conflicts with larger countries, ally with Germany o Russia: ready to make alliance with any country against Germany because it alienated them in Europe

Causes

Battles
Second Battle of Ypres Germans began using chlorine gas o Troops started using gas more, however ineffective due to wind that pushed gas back onto them Canada came as reinforcements, were successful in pushing Germans out of Ypres 6000 Casualties Battle of the Somme (July 1, 1916) Allied artillery bombarded German line (45km front) before the battle began British Commander wanted to destroy German trenches and barbed wire plan failed o Therefore when Newfoundland regiment attacked Beaumont-Hamel, they failed terribly due to intact barbed wire and Germans ready with machine guns Allied forces suffered 60000 casualties on first attack, however Haig (British Commander) ordered another attack. Allies suffered 650000 casualties total Battle of Vimy Ridge (April 9, 1917) First time 4 Canadian divisions fought as one Allies learned from Battle of the Somme Soldiers shown maps and aerial photos of German locations Tunnels were built to move troops halfway without detection Machine guns carried behind first wave to hold captured positions Victory gave Allies new hope, gave Canada more credit as a powerful and smart force Battle of Passchendaele Symbolizes pointlessness of WW1 for historians Canadians ordered to take Passchendaele Ridge o Scouts send report to Germans Neither side made progress due to wet conditions 15000 Canadians dead and wounded

Canadas 100 Days August 8, 1918 to November 11, 1918 Allied forces push back German line Germany and Allies declared armistice (truce) on November 11, 1918 Paris Peace Conference Included France, Britain, and the USA Canada was allowed to send delegates, however had no real say in discussions Result was Treaty of Versailles o Germany lost all of its colonies o New nations created: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania o Monetary Compensation: Germany required to pay back $33 Million o Germany not allowed to build battleships over 10,000 tons or any other tanks, airplanes, and poison gas o Germany forced to accept blame for starting War

Canadas Response on the Home Front

Financing the War War cost almost $1 million a day Government sold victory bonds o Raise money for war, bondholders promised that at end of fixed term, they will get their money back with interest o First selling of bonds raised $100+ Million Income Tax 1917 o Government took portion of Canadian money earned o Supposed to be temporary, however government didnt stop Propaganda Shaping people beliefs in an effort to achieve a certain goal Posters promoted patriotism, and encouraged people to join the war o Also promoted hatred of enemy (Germany) Womens Changing Roles Women started taking on jobs that men would do (Farming, labour, and running businesses) o Women worked for less than half of what men earned for the same positions Women were only allowed to vote starting (1917 provincial)

War Measures Act Gave government unlimited power extended to police (could arrest and detain without cause and without trial) Enemy Aliens o Immigrants whose background is from enemy nations were forced to be arrested and had less rights made to work hard labour Conscription Law requiring all able bodied me to enlist in army Military Service Act, 1917 Pushed by Prime Minister Robert Borden Volunteers for war were down and Britain was asking for more support Would allow government to take any necessary actions without a vote at their discretion Main Issue Quebec opposed the idea o French Canadians felt they would lose their rights Military Voters Act, 1917 All members of military had right to vote overseas, female relative s of men in military could also vote Aboriginal woman, enemy aliens, and people opposed to the war couldnt vote Prime Minister Robert Borden Exempted Farmers sons from conscription Most woman could vote by 1918

Halifax Explosion
December 6, 1917 French munitions ship collided with Belgian and caught fire Largest non-atomic explosion in history 1600 killed, 9000 injured People feared it may be result of German attack or the work of spies

Life in Trenches
Miserable and dangerous Soldiers endured cold, heat, or constant rain and mud Uniforms were filthy and infested with lice

Rats everywhere Diseases such as trench foot - rotted the flesh of the feet, caused by standing in mud and water, foot and leg might need to be amputated Might be surprise raid or all-out attack at anytime Troops were not safe between battles Snipers tried to shoot enemy soldiers Army tried to lob shells and grenades into others trenches

1920s and 1930s

Assimilation: The idea that minority groups should be forced to adopt the values, beliefs, customs, and languages of the majority culture. Tariffs: Duty or tax imposed by a government on imports and or exports Rum Runner: A person who smuggled alcohol in the 1920s and 1930s Bootlegger: Someone who makes or sells illegal liquor Teetotaler: someone who does not consume alcohol Speakeasy: illicit liquor store or nightclub Inflation: A constant increase in the price of consumer goods that usually decreases the purchasing power of money Suffrage: campaign for the right to vote

Prohibition
Laws against making and selling liquor o Created because Alcohol was causing social problems: poverty, crime, family violence etc. o When men stopped spending money on alcohol, they can focus on their families o Instated under the War Measures Act Canada was able to sell alcohol to the USA Womens Christian Temperance Union o Led by Nellie McClung and Louise McKinney advocated for prohibition

In 1921 prohibition was replaced with government-controlled liquor sales due to lose of alcohol taxes

Persons Case 1927-1929

Allowed women to be considered Persons and be appointed to the Senate of Canada August 27, 1927 the Famous Five petitioned the government asking the Supreme Court to examine the word Persons in the British North America Act to determine whether or not it included female persons Supreme court decided that it only included men Issue was taken to the Judicial Committee of Englands Privy Council o Concluded that persons included Men and Women This famous case led to more rights and increased opportunities for women in the workforce, government, and in general Cairine Wilson became first female admitted to the Canadian Senate

Residential Schools
Native Children sent Christian residential schools where families not allowed to visit o Physically, emotionally, and sexually abused o English was forced as language of expression o Taught to be ashamed of their past o Suppression of dancing

Mackenzie King and his Government

Prime Minister during 1920s and 1930s Stood for unity among Canadians Leader of Liberal party Promised no conscription, but called for plebiscite Supported free trade Favoured protectionism, lowering tariffs enough to keep international trade, but how enough to not anger industrialists

Canadas Growing Autonomy

Chanak Crisis, 1922 o Great Britain asks Canada to help with the crisis in Turkey by sending troops o P.M. King refuses, tells Britain that they can no longer expect Canada to support them

Parliament would now decide when to send troops Halibut Treaty, 1923 o Canada signs treaty with USA for fishing rights, doesnt include Great Britain King-Byng affair, 1925 o Outcome of the crisis is that the role of the Governor-General is greatly reduced in Canada Statue of Westminster, 1932 o Canada gains complete control of all law-making in Canada o Considered equal to Great Britain Suez Crisis, 1956 o Canada does not work with Great Britain to attack Egypt o Creates its own plan and Lester B. Pearson comes up with a solution to save the situation and end the Crisis

1930s

Causes of Great Depression

Loss of jobs Inability to payback loans Stock Market Crash Bank Failures Reduction in Purchasing Drought Conditions made crops not grow decreasing revenue for farmers In 1929 depression started o People started losing jobs and therefore couldnt pay debts Importers and Exporters Affected October 4, 1929 TSX lost $200 Million in value October 18, 1929 TSX fell $1 Million a minute

Timeline
Austerity Economic Recession (1919 1924) o Causes End of WW1 No Jobs Low Wages o Characteristics People saving money No Hiring

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Prosperity Economic Recovery (1924 1929) o Causes Growth in auto industry Growth in construction industry New products manufactured o Characteristics Rise of consumerism People buying on credit Borrowing money Depression - Economic Depression (1929 1939) o Causes Not able to payback money Low demand on Canadian products Falling price of wheat o Characteristics Stock market crash High unemployment Hard to start new business Prime Minister Mackenzie King o Believed stock market crash was temporary o Said Liberal government wouldn't help out provincial governments o R.B. Bennett accused King of being unwilling and unable to deal with depression Prime Minister Bennett o Promised to fix unemployment o Was P.M. for the worst years of depression o Increased tariffs to protect Canadian manufacturers o Canadian exporters of resources were unable to sell their products due to US and Britain increasing tariffs as well One Big Union o Smaller Unions united to form one big union o Made up of labour workers o Fighting for better working conditions o Eliminate large divides between wage earners o Used strikes to achieve their goals The depression caused many people to lose their jobs Government created relief camps to keep the jobless people off the streets o Relief camps had horrible conditions o Duties included clearing trees, building roads, etc. 11

Response to Great Depression

Unions

Relief Camps On-to-Ottawa Trek

o Nobody liked them As a result all the men travelled towards Ottawa to voice their concerns to P.M. Bennett o Men prepared in Vancouver, gathering food and rallying o Bennett stopped the rioters in Regina, SK and met trek leaders in Ottawa o The meeting in Ottawa didnt lead to anything and Bennett concluded that the camps were fine for workers

WW2

Allies
Canada France Britain USSR USA

Axis
Germany Italy Austria-Hungary Japan

Neutral
Spain Portugal Switzerland Sweden Turkey Greece

Ideologies Fascism: led by a dictator having complete power, suppresses opposition and emphasizes aggressive nationalism and often racism Communism: holding all property in common, ownership ascribed to the whole or to the state Totalitarianism: Government led by dictator, doesnt accept other opinions, 12

exercises dictator style control over many aspects of life Democracy: Government run by people elected by the nation. Decisions are made as a group and everybody has rights and responsibilities.

Why World War 2 a Total War

War on all fronts Every country was either at war, in support, or occupied Civilians and soldiers were involved War of technology biggest and best weapons War at all costs War for total domination

Timeline 1919: Treaty of Versailles 1933: Hitler gains control of German parliament 1936: German troops into the Rhineland March 1938: Hitler invades Austria September 1938: Munich agreement [Brought a part of Czechoslovakias land to German (a small part near Germany)] March 1939: Hitler occupies Czechoslovakia August 1939: Germany signs pact with Soviet Union September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany September 10, 1939: Canada declares war (Separate from Britain to show independence)

Summary of War
Stage 1 1939 1941 Axis Victories Allied appeasement to Axis aggression 13

German Blitzkrieg leads to quick fall of Western Europe o Many strong attacks (Bombings especially) lightning war Germany and Japan are winning the war Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia fall to the Axis Due to irrational hatred for Slavic people, Hitler invades USSR Japan attacks USA at Pearl Harbour bringing the USA into the war against Axis By 1941 USA and USSR enter war on the Allied side

Stage 2 1942 1944 The Tide Turns

Germany suffers first major defeat in North Africa Big Three (USA, USSR, and Great Britain) coordinate war effort in attempt to open a second front in Europe taking pressure off the eastern front Canada suffers heavy losses at Dieppe in a failed invasion of Northwest France Japan suffers losses to the American navy in the Pacific war at Midway and Corel Sea

Stage 3 1933 1945 The Allied Victory Canada and Allies continue their assault in Italy D-Day and invasion of Western Europe takes place on June 4th, 1944 the Beginning of the end Intense air campaign against Germany results in incredible losses, mostly civilian Holocaust intensifies and becomes known to Allies Germany is overrun by the Allies Germany surrenders unconditionally USA decides to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan, ending WW2

Policy of Appeasement
Granting concessions in order to maintain peace Basically giving land to a country to keep them happy and not start war Western leaders used the policy with Germany when the Nazis began making territorial claims This changed when Hitler decided to invade Poland in September 1939

Anschluss
Letters between Hitler and Kurt (President of Austria) about war and what could happen (Destruction and Havoc) if Austria doesnt team up with Germany

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Result was that Germany and Austria united which was against the Treaty of Versailles

Hitlers Pact with Russia

Hitler had made a pact with Russia that they dont attack Germany Protected Germany from an attack from the East

Battles
Hitler Turns on Russia June 22, 1941: Hitler attacks Russia with 3 million troops, confirming Joseph Stalins suspicions Battle of Dunkirk 800 boats saved Allied troops for the beach and ferried them back to safety across the channel o This came at a time where Germany was deciding whether to attack with air or land army Shortly after Dunkirk, Hitler invaded France giving him almost full control of western Europe o This allowed him to focus on Britain next Disaster at Dieppe Summer of 1942, Soviets urged Allies to attack from Western Europe Allies werent prepared, however wanted to test out new weapons and gather intelligence Mission was spearheaded by 2nd Canadian infantry - failure from the beginning Ship was spotted by a German ship and started to bomb allies 10 minutes before they landed on shore 907 killed, 587 wounded Dieppe was the greatest sacrifice of Canadian lives during war D-Day Allies learned the element of surprise o Made it look like there was an attack coming from the east, however they really were attacking from the far west Planned for 5 years 150,000 Allied troops were ferried across the channel to Normandy 14000 Canadians assigned to Juno Beach

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o Fought through German defences penetrated farther than any other allied force

Hong Kong 8 Hours after Pearl Harbour, Canadian soldiers joined allies to attack Japan Japan captured the airport, air support was stopped Allies lost Canadians were sent to prisoner-of-war-camps Battle up the Boot Benito Mussolini (Italian Dictator) overthrown Italy surrendered to Allies German army took over o Allies faced difficulties moving up Italy due to German occupation

Internment Camps
Canada used War Measures act to create internment and prisoner of war camps Captured enemy soldiers and merchant soldiers After Pearl Harbour, Canada took many innocent Japanese Canadians and considered them threats o Although the RCMP recognized them as harmless, the government sent them to internment camps and deprived them of their rights o Canada apologized in 1988 and paid $12 million in remuneration 45000 woman enlisted in the Military Took on roles like: o Medical Corps o Army (Womens Division) o Navy (Womens Division) o Air Force (Womens Division) By the end of the war 30000 worked in the aircraft industry o 373000 were working in munitions

Womans role in Military

Holocaust
Means great destruction Deliberate murder of millions of Europeans o Specifically Jews, disabled people, gays, and people who Hitler defined as Unfavourable

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Final Solution
After Battle of Normandy, Germany started losing power and occupancy Germany unconditionally surrendered to Western Allies on May 7th, 1945 and to the Soviet Union on May 8th, 1945

Nuclear Hiroshima and Nagasaki

In 1950s, Canada was a middle power as it proved itself during WW2 Didnt have a large military, however gained influence on the countries that did and this was key during the Cold war September 23, 1949 the Soviet Union announced that they exploded their first atomic bomb 2 months earlier As a defence, many western European countries piled up bombs to try to achieve Mutual Deterrence o The idea that having a lot of stock piles of bombs would create a peaceful stable situation Canada assisted with the design of the Atomic Bomb (with USA and UK) August 6, 1951: Hiroshima bombing August 9, 1951: Nagasaki bombing August 10, 1951 Japanese government sued for peace

Post War
Pierre Trudeau
Elected Prime Minister in 1958 Introduced multiculturalism Changed immigration patterns Instated Official Languages act Making English and French official languages of Canada Created a constitution that made all provinces content Except Quebec Reduced hostility between US and USSR

Lester B. Pearson
Major player in the Suez Crisis (See Suez Crisis) Won Nobel Prize for accomplishments in Egypt Elected as Prime Minister in 1963 Advocate for World Peace

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Brian Mulroney
Played large role in trying to bring Quebec into the Constitution Introduced Meech and Charlottetown accords (rejected) Introduced Canada-US Free Trade Agreement Introduced Goods and Services Tax

Cold War
Conflict between US and USSR Both countries armed with nuclear weapons Both countries could equally retaliate causing mass destruction No war was fought between them, however there was a constant threat o US and USSR used economic and political measures to fight instead of military aggression

Suez Crisis
Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal A major trade route for France and Britain France and Britain were angered and decided to attack Egypt along with Israel to regain control of the Suez Canada assisted the UN security council to generate a solution o Lester B. Pearson proposed a neutral UN military force that would create peace in the area o This was later known as UN peacekeeping and positioned Canada in a peacekeeping position o Canada has been involved in all peacekeeping missions since

Quebec Sovereignty
In history Quebec has attempted several times to become its own identity The first attempt was the Meech Lake Accord -1987 to 1990 o Brian Mulroney attempted to bring Quebec into the constitution o In this situation, Quebec would become a distinct society giving them more power on what goes on in the province o All provinces also received a greater say in nominating Senators, Supreme Court judges, the right to opt out of national social programs and shared control over immigration o Why it failed: 56% of Canadians opposed the distinct society clause because it may give too much power to Quebec

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Aboriginals argued that they should receive distinct status if Quebec received it a well National Action Committee on the Status of Woman feared that Quebec would use distinct status to override womans rights In last days before deadline Clyde Wells (Premier of Newfoundland) and Elijah Harper (Aboriginal Member of Legislative Assembly) Second attempt was the Charlottetown Accord -1992 o Brian Mulroney proposed a constitution that recognizes aboriginal peoples rights to self government, elected senate with equal number of senators from each province with a reserved number for aboriginals o Fate determined by National referendum 54% of Canadians rejected the Accord so it failed The Quebecois started the Bloc Quebecois which is dedicated to Quebec Sovereignty o In 1995 the Bloc Quebecois promised sovereignty referendum. Victory was for Canada as there was a slight win for Quebec to join the referendum

October Crisis
In 1970, series of kidnappings including James Green and Pierre Laporte by FLQ Front de Libration du Qubec Pierre Trudeau refused to negotiate with the terrorists and enacted the War Measures act to protect politicians in Canada

John Diefenbaker
Prime Minister during Cold War From German Descent Brought first Chinese member of parliament, first Ukrainian Minister of Labour, and first woman cabinet minister Brought strong Quebec support to conservative party Passed Canadian Bill of Rights (1960) led to Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Cancelled Avro Arrow Caused him to lose popularity and be voted out

International Security Canadas Participation

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NORAD North American Aerospace Defence Command Main goal to protect North American airspace from Russian bombs Canada is right between Russia and the USA, therefore by teaming up with Canada, both USA and Canada receive protection from nuclear bombs. Now NORAD focuses on drug trafficking and terrorist protections NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Formed in 1949 after Cold War Attack on one country was considered an attack on all of them (Canada, USA, and many European Countries) included Hungary and Czech Republic later on NATO took control of Afghanistan mission in 2003 Canada in the UN Founding member Driving force behind 1st World Summit for Children Commonwealth Member since 1931 Members work together to promote trade and economic/social development Promote peace, equal rights, and rule of law DART The Canadian Forces Disaster Assistance Response Team Provides rapid military needs in places in need of help Includes 200 skilled and trained Canadian forces Helped Hondurans recover from hurricane in 1998 Helped Turkey after 1999 earthquake Helped Sri Lanka after 2004 Tsunami

Canada in UN Peacekeeping
Suez Crisis (see above) Rwanda o 1933, 2500 UN peacekeepers (including 400 Canadians) o 2 main groups Tutsis and Hutus o In 100 days, Rwandan president died, 800,000 killed, 90% Tutsis o Considered a failure, Romeo Dallaire warned UN however they did not assist Yugoslavia o After leader of Yugoslavia (Joseph Tito) died, many smaller groups (which later became countries) started to fight for independence

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o Over time different countries gained independence Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia o UN Negotiated ceasefires so that UN Peacekeepers could help refugees o Commander MacKenzie blamed UN for not properly understanding the problem in Yugoslavia and sending peacekeepers to a mission bound to fail Afghanistan o 2001 - 2010 o Stabilize a country emerging from years of civil war o Keeping Afghanistan safe and rebuilding it o Lead in securing Kandahar province o Maintain peace and order by building capacity of Afghan National Army and Police Pearson wanted new flag in 1964 Canadians felt Pearson was siding with the Quebecois because they wanted to get rid of the Union Jack Result is the current Canadian flag

New Flag

Aboriginals in Canada
Beginning of 1890s, Canada instituted programs aimed to reconfigure fabric of Native life Residential Schools: o Native Children sent Christian residential schools where families not allowed to visit o English was forced as language of expression o Taught to be ashamed of their past o Suppression of dancing Reserves: o Poverty o High Alcoholism o Suicide Rates League of Indians of Canada o Natives resisted assimilation by creating national political leagues and new forms of cultural expression in art, literature, and education o Fredrick Ogilvie loft established league in 1918 o Primary concern was education o Loft sent letters on behalf of Indians to political officials o Stopped in 1934

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