K S .

MURTWY
SM-HEEE, M-CIGKE

lation sclieiiics are objectively pursued to obtain a iiiasiiriuin power and dcrivc a conscqueiit we metering. The natural behaviour of the Capacitor is put to use in accomplishing thcse itor bank installations are requisitioned on the distribution and sub-transmission systems. solely cct effect on power f;iclsr, its enhancement being the gain seen in revenue metering. At high transmission systems, the indirect benefit is by reducing VAR transportation; the gain in of power reach iiniiieiise proportions. Static VAR compcnsatioii schemes rely on power

ures in a harmonic environnzent can be traced to cap:icitor installations. Basic installations of

s can aggravale the issue of harnionic amplification. In such an erivironiiicnt capacitor

onaiice effccts. A carcfully analysed filter scheme should substitute otlienvise basic they are requisitioned. While on one hand the fundamental frequency power is

I.
planners are investigating different scliemes to contain Transmission and on losses which arc disturbingly high. Capacitor Bank inslallatioiis therefore are required at of voltage. Authorities such as Electricity Boards. Rural Electric Corporation. Railway and Itidustrial agencies have all lo work togctlier in ptirsuil ofthis goal in the past. technical Static Var Compensation (SVC) schemes were undertaken, modcstly aiiid specific to certain

ntly. However proriioting cornpensalion or reactive powcr requircs a cautious liartiionic prone environment can be dangerous.

are of utmost imporlaiice ;ifid are highligitted in this papcr. Points of n and supplicr and consumcir load as well as capacitor installations

203

A V SOURCE: ~ II. ~ A ~ A C ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ AS HARMONIC

Usually. Capacitor Banks are dominated in Industrial and overhead Distribution systems. Each capacitor bank, parados~cally is an outlet source for harmonics of an order (n) which is governed by &e short circuit ~ ~ ~ (Xscc) ~ of~the d location ~ and n the c size ~ of the capacitor bank (Xc). The triggered order of harmonic current is given by

=E

A typicai esaniple of a consumer load is shown in Fig.1. The operating Power Factor of the load i s 0.8 lagging. An improvenicnt to this Power Factor is envisaged by resorting to Capacitor Bank installation. ~ lhe e ~ Power e ~ Factor.to ~ a wlue of 0.89,is obtained by The Fig1 shows how the desired i n ~ p r ~ in nieans of capacitive coni

The reflccted eDiect to the above is of utmost significance. The Cap. Bank gcncratcs a harmonic frequency signal due to the interplay between short circuit rnipedancc (Xsc) and the capacitor ieipcdance (Xc). The lagging and leading impedances are also rrprcsenlcd in ternis of source MVAsc and that of MVAcap. Triggered by swilching (through Breaker or Thgristcr). the Ino reack~nces interplay to gcncrate the harmonic. Fig.2 illustrates the phenomena. It is to bc iirfcrrcd that each capacitor installation is an outlct saurce for harmonic coiitent resonating at a frequency (fr). Thc mitigation of such a barnionic source 1s thercfore vital. By coiivening the Cap. Bank into n harmonic FILTER. the crttirc problciii is automatically solTed, while ,thieving the desired Power Factor improwcn1.

CAPACITOR INSTALLATION INCREASES REAL POWER AVAILABILITY

Loss Angle

+ =iaii-Q P
- Qc

Reactive comp. Q = Q R

Real or Ideal component I

Ideal Power = P when

c o s * = cos 0 = 1

P = 4160 k
CQ*+ = 4160

P = 4160 kW
5194

= 0.8

U = Q R - ac = 31 10 1000 (WAR) = 2110 (WAR)

C o s + = 4160 = 0.89

4665

FIG. 1 EFFECT OF C

CITOR BANK INSTALLATION

204

CAPACITOR BANK BEHAVING AS HARMONIC SOURCE

Size of Capacitor (MVAC) and Location point in o power system (MVAsc) are

associated with impedances to quality

thier strengths.
Thus
MVAsc s c

x
Xsc

MVAcap

Capacitor installations are influenced by switching functions. The switching causes harmonic generations.

m -

Gwit

for

CG~CU~

W I
W n

= Radiqns at the

fundomen!ol freq.

= Radians a t the Harmonic freq.

= Harmonic order given by
W n w1

(;i) When Xc
W" =

and Xsc

ore made to resonate, then

JLC

(iii) INFERENCE: CAP. BANK INSTALLATION IS A SOURCE

is automatically solved.

OF HARMONIC

INITIATION.

By converting the Cap Bnk in to a Harmonic filter, the problem

FIG. 2 BEHAVIOUR OF CAP. BANK TO SWITCHING

111. RE, INANCE EFFECTS:

PO\\

system operation involves switching functions and therefore switching conditions trigger inces. The resonance effects and harmonic generatilon are associated with every capacitor resc ation. Series and Parallel resonance excitationslead to aimplificationof voltage and current, effects inst ch is an aver-stress on equipment insulation or thermal run-down. of v

205

ONIC C ~ J ~ R E N IN ~A S ~ ~ S T R I B U T I ON N E ~ O ~ K

NON UplEAR LOAD

0,@ .... @

CONSUMER LOADS

Harmonic currents tend to flow from the harmonic source (nonlinear load) into the E 8 supply source due to the lowest impedance

FIG. 3 PATH OF H A ~ Q CURRENTS ~ ~ C IN A DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Fig.3 shows the general llow path for all harmonic currents. How they proliferate high voltage system are indicated. Various consumers on a distribution system with their connected loads source harmonic currents. Emit and Flow of current harmonics are symbolically represented.

111. A.

RESONANCE EFFECTS

SERIES RESONANCE:

Series resonance endangers equipment insulation by posting high voltage stress at harmonic frequency. This happens whenever a Capacitor impedance matches with that of an inductive impedance, seen from a harmonic frequency source. As the two impedances match upon the escitation, a high voltage is generated at the interjection point,viz. The Capacitor installation This is illustrated in the Fig.4.

206

CAPACITOR INSTALLATION

- EFFECT OF SERIES RESONANCE

SOURCE (S) HAM N G MATCHING

FREQUENCY TO t % C

SOURCE (S)
1

II
I I

HIGH VOLTAGE:

fQUlVALENT CIRCUIT

IC. 4

- CAPACITOR INSTALLATION - EFFECT OF SERIES RESONANCE

signal ,however small, is amplified due to series resonance. The degree of amplification by the damping factor given by. R c

&

harmonic voltage, typically 6 to 20 times, is impartcd to the capacitor bus. Impact felt by Capacitors and other eqiuipnient connected to the bus. Dielectric The net result of combined voltage stress and additional dielectric losses and ultimate failure.

RESON.ANCE:
bting in system resonant circuits and conditions that aggravate harmonic levels. is a high impedance at that frequency. When voltage harmonics see high parallel resonance, a significant voltage distortion and current amplification capacitor bank at the station introduces amplification and quantify different ig.5 shows the relationship of harmonic currcnt amplification Vs. Harmonic number . introduce Resonance effects. Tlhese amplify harmonic currents flowing Higher the voltage smaller is the impedance offered to the currents. hv lines and pervade all over the system.

207

FLOW PATH ALTERED BY CAPACITOR

Naimoi horrriuriic

F l o w P a t h Altered

400

CL

350
J 67rJ

t O E
k z
O

0 . t

.,5c 2
'J']

5 .= 2
IQ

1.:3

1.00

No Capacitor Bank

2
Q

0.50 0.0

HARMONIC

NUMBER

PARALLEL RESONANCE EFFECTS

LOAD GENERATING 3r! 5'h AND 7'h HARMONIC CONTENTS

NON LINEAR LOAD

ELECTKLCAL S I R [ J C r ~ U 1 < OF E A N AC VEHICLE

FIG.5

EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS FARALLEL RESONANCE

208

T OF A CAP. INSTALLAI3ON:
instnllnbion point is to be studied and treated for harmonic filtering. The filtering is chartered in s ~ n ~lines ~ ~ to a any r new load connected at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and consumer. A course ar process chart for the cap installation is essential. This is in to harmonic iiltering scheme as shown in Fig.10.
A.

Cap. Bank Q B Distribution ~ 6 r Sub-transmission Systems

There is an increasing trend to use Shunt Capacitors to save losses. Some of the shunt Capwitor banks are equipped with series reactors that bear a certain percentage of the capacitive reactance. FLeactQrratings of 6% and 13% of capacitive VAR are considered to provide low impedance path to sink harmonics. The combination does affer,undoubtedlly,a filter path. Responding arbitrarily at one frequency,the method mostly fails to meet the issue of harmonics present at the location. Chily large values of Q can provide a point of anti-resonance frequency to ofller adequate bandwidth. This method is a notional remedy. Harmonics of 3rd arid 5th order do not get suppressed and hence the scheme falls short ofthe intended purpose. Presence ofall shunt capacitor schemes pose a threat to power systenr operation:

?he 5 MVA cap:dtor i1StalliItioli iiatcndcd lor a 33 k V subsralion is sitowii. Tlic GISC study considers the use of 6% Reaclor. The eITcct of such a reactor rating adopted as a ycrccntage of capacitor is but a partial solution for harinoriics More ortcn it stands as a no solution for
harmonics prevailing on the system. Fig.6 illustratcs this aspect. The application provides calculakd values for Capacitance, C = 15.5 pF and iirductniicc 1, = 40 mH and a Fundamental Current of
90A.
5 MVA C A P A C I ~ ~ I FN ~ ~ ~ A ~ AT ~ 33 A kV ~ SUBSTATION I ~ N

Thls mokes

x c I2

5
3

MVA

PER PHASE

where

X C 12=Copactttve VAR

CAPACITOR banks are ossocioted w i t h Reactors to limit INRUSH current.

to both
it

and

c
100
*

ih the CKT dlagrom

IS

Stlpuloted that:

VAR across L
i.e.,

7-

(I. W L ) I = 6 [I
6 100 1 ;

1w c
*

6% [VAR a c r o s s

C]

(I.WL) I =
344 L =
giving LC =

wc

I2

At the Fundamental (where at the expression is stipuloted)

6 .1 where
100

314 C

W = 2A

- 50 =

314

6
1 OOx(314) L in mH

If C i s tioken interms of p . f ond

~

Hence LC =

608.5 w h e r e L is rnH and C is F F

I

FIGG

5 MVA CAPACITOR AT DlSTRIBZlTI

209

B.

Capacitor Scheme at an Industrial Load:

Any improperly treated shunt capacitor scheme strengthens the harmonic sources. A typical Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is cited for the case study. Measurements revealed that eventhough an attenuation of signals at the station is recorded, there is a shiA of the harmonic profile due to capacitors. It is noticed that reactors associated with Capacitors have given way, a clear case of over voltage and insulation breakdown. It is reported that EAF operation makes the entire load on the line subjected to flicker and failure of connected loads A Capacitor bank was planned to derive the knelit of revenue metering. However EAF operation rendered the reactors fail. Persistent operation of bare capacitors led to a sequence of large scale failures. Harmonic measurements were carried out. Notwithstanding the levels brought down and the attenuation is significant, Capacitor installation brought about havoc to all other consumers connected on the sub-transmission circuit. A large scale failure of consumer apparatus, electronic devices and house-hold equipmnenls, made the utility to dismember the EAF load and lay a separate line.

C. Capacitor Bank at Traction Substations:

Indian Railways system consists of Eleclro Mechanical Units (EMU) having thyristor devices of large rating . As power from utilities at Traction Substatlon is received and in turn fed to the moving EMUS, the locomotion produces a stream of current harmonics. Power supply fed to traction substations from Electricity Boards is unbalanced, a factor that compounds the issues especially with regard to harmonics. These Ilow back into the utility and cause voltage distortion.
Fig.7 shows a typical Kailway Traction Schemes wherein harmonic sources are part of a moving Electro-Mechanical Unit (EMU) in relation to the Capacitor Bank installed at the substation. This brings about a recurring current amplification. The impedance response of the bus is subjected to a degree of uncertain variation..

CAPACITOR BANKS AT A TRACTION SUB STATION - PARALLEL RESONANCE

kV p h t o ph

'f

2 5 kV

T]l+i
1 I

j 1
1
SIZE
(kVAR)

M A ~ N I F I C A T I O N EFFECTS ON I I I I R U O ~ - I CAP B N K i O N l C AMPLlflCATlON

ORDER
(kVAR)

Capacitor increases h a r m o n i c current 9oing into s u b s t o l i o n

-900

3 ' d
5 th 7 th

3.8

NON LINEAR

- 700
-400

38
37

N o r m o l h a r m o n i c current

LOAD GENERATING HARMONIC CURRENTS

7th ARE PREDOMINANT

LOAD

'

V
6
ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE. OF AN AC VEHICLE

FIG.7

- CAPACITOR BANKS AT A TRACTION SUB STATION - PARALLEL RESONANCE

210

using harmonic resonance is simulated on difkrent railway systems. T h e harmonics nverlers of ~ ~ o m o t i drives v e get magnified by the Cap. Banks. Parallel resonance

e synthesised Total Harmonic content as referred to pcrniissible liniits viz. voltage harmonics, Uh and Ih and thcir permissible limits.

OF INDIAN RAIL.WAYS

I _

FIG.8 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE EXISTING SCHEME

The existing situation and how it is iiiadcquate to scwc as ;I filler with rcspcct to 3rd hmnonic is diown in Fig.8, It is obvious that the short-coming is evidenced in the issue of 3rd harmonic at 1he stations optcd for iiieasurenicnt.
21I

Measurements were made at three traction substations with an intent 10 gathcr I~aaiiionic data arid e?;tentof its persistence at the representative substation The coniponentsof the existing arrangcincnt were simulated and at the factory and a nuniber of sweep response of iiiipedancc offered by the filmand the filtering ability to reduce the hariiioiiic are analysed
Network impcd;ince keeps varying based 011llic load variiition. Movcmc!it of [!IC EMU rcridcrs a furtlicr and continuous variation ofthis paratitclcr. On a ligliity loadcd situation, taking a value of of 18R for the bus, the Capacitor banks could shk iiot more than 3.3 of signal strength. in otlicr words about half the power content. Thc Fig8 illaslrates the situation. With the vcliicular tra1Iic on tlre rise, the ncwork impedance Crills wiicrcby [lie csisting arrangement fails to rake away the current harmonic through it. In othcr words. Lhc third liarinonic which is of 17.7% ii~crcases to 29.5% :is the impedance becomes 3052 Morcovcr, tlic rrcqucncy bandwidth fails to coves tlic iiariiioiiic distortion beyond 150 liz.
I

Harnionic currents take to the 132 kv (high voltage) line as IP fornis a path of lcnsf jftlpcdance. Voltage distortion felt 011 the lw line is shown in Fig.9. The IEEE rccommeiidaiions prescnks the iiiosl advantageous location point as the Point of Coiiiinon Coupling (PCC) for fitters. T ~ ~ L 132 IS k\. connecting point wifli tfic supylicr forms ideal III cont;iining the harmonic content

{diinoncs 1 = 1 mm O & i

2=00 3 = 3 6!% 6 1 = 0 mx 5 = 4 29% G = 0 20% 7 = '2 33% PI = 0 14"h '1 = 0 06% 10 = 0 05%
11

13 = 0 2 6 % 14 = 008%
1 7 = 0 15% 18=(109% 19 = C 09%

25 = 0 07% 26 = 0 1 4 % 29 = 0 10% 30 = 0 18% 31 = O 17% 32 = 0 50% 33=011% 34 = 0 11% 35 = 0 20%

36e011*h

16 = 0 16"h

15=003%

2 8 = 0 10%

27 = 0 O C j O k

=043%

12

= 0.22%

21 ~ 0 1 9 % 22 = 0 22% 2 3 = 0 12% 24=GO5%

20 =

(7 25%

3?.= 0 07% 38=011% 3 9 = 0 12% 4 0 = 0 07% 41=On"A 42 0 04% 43 = 0 11% 44 = 0 00% 45 = 0 16% 46 = 0 08% 4 7 = 0 27% 48 = 0 05% 49 = 0.13".

50 = 0.09%

I lG.9 - 1IAKMONIC DISTORTION REFLECTED

212

ON TO E13 SffI'PLY

FILTERING SCHEMES:
All Capacitor Applications shall be visualised for and treated to high ;passfiltering. Filtering Schemes should
chart as guided in Fig.10. The filtering scheme is to be based on harmonic nieasurenients k based on ~?rocess niadc at the point of location bcforc and aftcr thc Filters are instalkd.

To preserve accuracy, the filter shall embody an on-line nicans to gatlicr d:ita from the high voltage sidc. The on-line device must have Frequency Swept Amplification (\fOltitgC! itrrd current) characteristic, prefcrably holding to amplification factor of unity in the range of 40 Hz 10,000 111..

PROCESS CHART FOR HARMONIC FILTERING

I
r

------ -----MANUFACTURER'S DATA BANK

DATA BANK FURNISHING TYPE OF FlLTEqSWEPT RESPONSE OF IMPEDANCE AND RESISTAMCE

\.

7 1

I
CHOOSE
vr
TVDC M CII T C D I irc riLi

T
cn

DESIGN FILTER PARAMETERS

'

ASSIGN BAND WIDTH COVERAGE

(4

L
INSTALL AT SITE AND VERIFY COMPATIBILITY

I
21 3

FIG.10

- PROCESSING CAPACITORS FOR FILTERING

CBMPAK FILTER:
The Coinpak filtering schemes are made up ofcombined filters with an On-line Monitoring Divider. The Online Divider provides on a continuous basis the pattern of voltage prevailing at the HV end. The case study of 5 MVA capacitor installation is addressed by 33 k\r HI-CON filtering scheme. Filtering characteristic giving ance versus Frequency is shown in Fig.11. It is interesting to note fromthe sweep response characteristics, the coverage of bandwidth. Reactive power Q coritributed by the Filter is also brought out.

33KV HI-CON FILTERS FOR MSEB STATIONS

33KV HI-CON FlLTERS FOR MSEB STATlONS

av

-..-..-..5th 7th 3 rd H a r m o n i c HI-CON FILTERING SCHEME

Qs106 7 5 K V h

. J

VAR GENERATOR

H.P. FILTER

B A N D W I D T H OF CHARACTERISTIC H A R M O N I C S
N
W I

BANDWIDTH OF CHARACTERISTIC

HARMONICS

130

148

185

220
o

256
FREQUENCY

794
[Hz]

3LI

3'74

426

FREQUENCY RESPONSE highlighting FILTERING

FIG. 11 - 33kV HI-CON FILTERS FOR MSEB STATIONS

214

HI-CON FILTER NEITVOFa

W'd

k 5*hHARYQI'IIC C

Cy

- Measuring

Arm

of

C O M P A K

lor conlinuoua Moaitorloq

7,e.C~

- Blockin8

componenls 0 1

series Arm

%sti, C s l
SA

- Shunt Arm
- Surge

components to

mound away the Harmonic Arresler

FIG. 12

CAPACITOR FILTERING: SCIiEME

CONCLI
1. Cap

ION:
tor installations in a harmonic prone environment inivile rcsonant effects. Failure of coiincctcd rents including capacitors themselves are a direct sequel. All such installations turn out soon tential hazards.

equi into
2. con

:ling series reactors to capacitors is a notional solution to sink harmonics. Prcsciice of iinpropcrly dcsi, :d Shunt Capacitor Schemes and bare Capacitors are dangcrous to consunicrs and utilitics. ition of Capacitors on Power Systems of Common Coupling call for a tliorougi~ harmonic frequency
S.

3. APP anal
4. Fori

arc i
5 . Filtc and

lion of Shunt Fillets is the first step while combincd fillers covcring broad frcqiiciicy spcctroiiis classical and complete solution to the issuc of Iiarmonics.
ig requireiiicnt and assessiiicnt shall form a joint funclioii aiiiong EB supply authoritics, consunier

tcr iiianufacturcrs. e inonitoring IS essential for all Filtcr (Capncilor) inst;ill;itioiis Acquisitioi, of di;rgooslic d:il,i. cnlly.is essential for scrutiny and regulatory manngcnicnt

6.

011

peric
7. COP
volt;

215

AC~NQ~LE~GE~ENT~
The author wishes to express his gratitude to W.S.lndustries (Iiidia) Ltd , the employer, for permitting fullscale developmental work and extensive besting at the PC division . Special thanks to Mr.V.Srinivasan, Chairman and Managing Director of WS Group of Companies for his full support, involvement and scrutiny in the project although. Thanks are also due to Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore and Indian Railway Authorities (RDSO), Maharashtra State and Tamilnadu Electricity Boards for their intense discussion on the data of measurements.

REFERENCE
1 . CBIP 56th Research & Developnient Session Proceedings, Hyderabad - Voltage Unbalance and Harmonics in Power System by Traction Loads by H. K: Mishra, ERDA, Baroda.

2. CBIP 55th Research & Development Session Proceedings. Srinagar Field Measurements of Hartnonics in Traction Loads of Railways by M.Krishnan, CPRI, Bangalorc.
3. IEEE Reconiniended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Powcr Systcnis.

IEEE Std.519-1992.

H.J. Klein, The Propagation of Harmonic Currents Gcncrated by Invcner-Fed Loconiolives i n 4. Iiol~z,. the Distributed Overhead Supply System, Trans. IEEE on Power Electronics. vo1.4 No.2, April 1089. pp. 168-174.
5 . F.van Overbeeke, L.J J. Qffringa, Traction Drive for British-Rail Class 323 EMU with Pour-Qu;irdr;int PWM SO Hz Line-Side Converter, Proc. EPEOl, Florence, Italy, 199 1, pp.4-644-4448,

6. Harnionics in Distribution System and Industrial Systems Transactions. Sumnicr Power Mecting SM/ 91.
7. Mcasurcnients of Harmonics condtictcd by TNEB at G.K.Stccl Plant. Dindugal.
8. N.Cinccio. K..Laiiwticti, Aprtideiizi, P Verdc Hannonic Resoi~aticcsi n Railway Systems Electrified at 2s25kV - 50 Hz 1996 Proceedings ICHQF, Las Vegas, USA pp. 116-12 1.

9. R.J. Hill. D C Carpenter Railtrack transmission line distributed iiiipcdaiice and admittance: tlicorctical and experimental results IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology Vol.42, Noz May 1993, pp.2252-11,

BIOGRAPHY:
Mr K S Murthy was born i n Kolar, India on Octobcr 19, 1938 and had his basic dcgrce in Electrical Engineering He obt;iiiied his Master degree in High Voltage Engineering froin Indian Iiistitute of Science, Bangalore At High Voltage Dcpartincnt, he had 15 acadcniic tenure between 1960-64 specialisirig i n Surge Arresters and High Voltage Itnpulsc Measurenients He Iias been working a1 W S Industries (India) Ltd since 1961 i n w u s capacities HIS responsibilities consist of tcchnology liansfer and implenicntation of projects. rnitiattoii of Research and Developnicntal activities and facilitate intcractions with acadcmic institutions and national bodics rclatriig to W S Group Hc holds a nuiiiber of palenls aiid is a working nietiibcr i n diNccrcri1 N;itional Coniniilices and Stardards 111 India lnteriiatioiial Mciubersliip Details Senior Member lEEE Member - CIGRE STUDY COh4MlIrEE 35

216