1. Error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data 2.

The 'standard deviation' summarizes the spread of values around a 'mean'. 3. 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation of the mean. 4. All unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life within one standard deviation of the mean. 5. Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways. 6. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission 7. Tumors are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue. 8. Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur. 9. The metabolic activities of interphase include: protein synthesis/DNA replication/reproduction of mitochondria/chloroplasts. 10. Growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis 11. The names of the four bases in DNA are: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine. 12. DNA replication is semi-conservative.

13. In cell respiration, glycolysis in (cytoplasm) breaks glucose into pyruvate with a small yield of ATP 14. Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. 15. Light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors) 16. Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment

17. Light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules (photolysis) to form O2 and H+. 18. ATP and H+ (from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules. 19. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins

20. Meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei. 21. In karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to their size and structure. 22. Karyotyping is performed for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities. 23. Karyotyping uses cells collected by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. 24. Some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles)

25. Many genes on the X chromosomes are absent from the shorter Y chromosome in humans. 26. Human females can be homozygous or heterozygous with respect to sex-linked genes. 27. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move in an electric field and separate according to their size. 28. Gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling.

29. Genes can be transferred between species because the genetic code is universal. 30. A gene transferred to a new species it produces the same polypeptide (same amino acid sequence) 31. BT Corn and Golden Rice are two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops. 32. Light is the initial energy source for almost all communities

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Energy transformations are never 100% efficient

34. Populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. 35. The coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. 36. Blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets 37. The blood transports the following: nutrients/oxygen/carbon dioxide/hormones/antibodies/urea/heat. 38. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves. 39. The nervous system is composed of cells called neurons that can carry rapid electrical impulses. 40. The endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood. 41. Homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment between limits. 42. Examples of homeostasis include: blood pH/ CO2 concentration/blood glucose concentration/body temperature/water balance. 43. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients. 44. 45. The members of a species show variation Multicellular organisms show emergent properties

46. Nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the CNS by sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons and from the CNS to effectors by motor neurons.

47. The most common chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen; other elements are needed by organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron & sodium.