FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTME NT

SUBMITTED BY : Sonica gupta

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b.com (hons) 7011 Section - c

Objective of the study:

To know the flow of investment in India To know how can India Grow by Investment. To Examine the trends and patterns in the FDI across different sectors To know how much to invest in a developed country or in a developing. To know which sector is good for investment. To know the reason for investment in India To understand the FII & FDI policy in India.

Definition
Foreign direct investment is that investment, which is made to serve the business interests of the investor in a company, which is in a different nation distinct from the investor's country of origin. A parent business enterprise and its foreign affiliate are the two sides of the FDI relationship. Together they comprise an MNC. The parent enterprise through its foreign direct investment effort seeks to exercise substantial control over the foreign affiliate company. 'Control' as defined by the UN, is ownership of greater than or equal to 10% of ordinary shares or access to voting rights in an incorporated firm. For an unincorporated firm one needs to consider an equivalent criterion. Ownership share amounting to less than that stated above is termed as portfolio investment and is not categorized as FDI. FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment, a component of a country's national financial accounts. Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets. Foreign direct investment is thought to be more useful to a country than investments in the equity of its companies because equity investments are potentially "hot money" which can leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas FDI is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor. FDIs require a business relationship between a parent company and its foreign subsidiary. Foreign direct business relationships give rise to multinational corporations. For an investment to be regarded as an FDI, the parent firm needs to have at least 10% of the ordinary shares of its foreign affiliates. The investing firm may also qualify for an FDI if it owns voting power in a business enterprise operating in a foreign country.

History
In the years after the Second World War global FDI was dominated by the United States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction brought by the conflict. The US accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI (including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI has spread to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive preserve of OECD countries. FDI has grown in importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20 percent of global GDP. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization. Figure below shows net inflows of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gross domestic products (GDP). The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North America, Western Europe and Japan). But flows to non-industrialized countries are increasing sharply.

Foreign Direct investor A foreign direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or privateenterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct Investor or investors.

Types of Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview

FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: 1 2 Outward FDIs Inward FDIs

This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the various prerequisites required for these investments. Outward FDI: An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks. This
form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to the local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as 'direct investments abroad.' Inward FDIs: Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of differential performance and limitations related with ownership patterns.

Other categorizations of FDI Other categorizations of FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the MNC. Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a similar business operation in different nations. Horizontal FDI the MNE enters a foreign country to produce the same products product at home. Conglomerate FDI the MNE produces products not manufactured at home. Vertical FDI the MNE produces intermediate goods either forward or backward in the supply stream. Liability of foreignness the costs of doing business abroad resulting in a competitive disadvantage.

Methods of Foreign Direct Investments

The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:

by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise

Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms: Low corporate tax and income tax rates

tax holidays other types of tax concessions preferential tariffs special economic zones investment financial subsidies soft loan or loan guarantees free land or land subsidies relocation & expatriation subsidies job training & employment subsidies infrastructure subsidies R&D support derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)

Entry Mode
The manner in which a firm chooses to enter a foreign market through FDI. International franchising Branches Contractual alliances Equity joint ventures Wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries

Investment approaches: Greenfield investment (building a new facility) Cross-border mergers Cross-border acquisitions Sharing existing facilities

Why is FDI important for any consideration of going global?

The simple answer is that making a direct foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks: 1 .Avoiding foreign government pressure for local production. 2. Circumventing trade barriers, hidden and otherwise. 3. Making the move from domestic export sales to a locally-based national sales office. 4. Capability to increase total production capacity. 5.Opportunities for co-production, joint ventures with local partners, joint marketing arrangements, licensing, etc;

The Strategic Logic behind FDI

Resources seeking looking for resources at a lower real cost. Market seeking secure market share and sales growth in target foreign market. Efficiency seeking seeks to establish efficient structure through useful factors, cultures,
policies, or markets.

Strategic asset seeking seeks to acquire assets in foreign firms that promote corporate long
term objectives.

Enhancing Efficiency from Location Advantages

Location advantages - defined as the benefits arising from a host countrys comparative advantages.- Better access to resources
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Lower real cost from operating in a host country Labor cost differentials Transportation costs, tariff and non-tariff barriers Governmental policies

Improving Performance from Structural Discrepancies

Structural discrepancies are the differences in industry structure attributes between home and host countries. Examples include areas where:

Competition is less intense Products are in different stages of their life cycle Market demand is unsaturated There are differences in market sophistication

Increasing Return from Ownership Advantages

Ownership Advantages come from the application of proprietary tangible and intangible assets in the host country. Reputation, brand image, distribution channels Technological expertise, organizational skills, experience

Core competence skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily imitate or match.

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The Impact of FDI on the Host Country

Employment Firms attempt to capitalize on abundant and inexpensive labor. Host countries seek to have firms develop labor skills and sophistication. Host countries often feel like least desirable jobs are transplanted from home countries. Home countries often face the loss of employment as jobs move.

FDI Impact on Domestic Enterprises

Foreign invested companies are likely more productive than local competitors. The result is uneven competition in the short run, and competency building efforts in the longer term. It is likely that FDI developed enterprises will gradually develop local supporting industries, supplier relationships in the host country.

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FDI Policy in India

Foreign Direct Investment Policy FDI policy is reviewed on an ongoing basis and measures for its further liberalization are taken. Change in sectoral policy/sectoral equity cap is notified from time to time through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA) in the Department of Industrial Policy announcement by SIA are subsequently notified by RBI under FEMA. All Press Notes are available at the website of Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion. FDI Policy permits FDI up to 100 % from foreign/NRI investor without prior approval in most of the sectors including the services sector under automatic route. FDI in sectors/activities under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the Government or the RBI. The investors are required to notify the Regional office concerned of RBI of receipt of inward remittances within 30 days of such receipt and will have to file the required documents with that office within 30 days after issue of shares to foreign investors. The Foreign direct investment scheme and strategy depends on the respective FDI norms and policies in India. The FDI policy of India has imposed certain foreign direct investment regulations as per the FDI theory of the Government of India. These include FDI limits in India for example:
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Foreign direct investment in India in infrastructure development projects excluding arms and ammunitions, atomic energy sector, railways system , extraction of coal and lignite and mining industry is allowed upto 100% equity participation with the capping amount as Rs. 1500 crores.

FDI figures in equity contribution in the finance sector cannot exceed more than 40% in banking services including credit card operations and in insurance sector only in joint ventures with local insurance companies.

FDI limit of maximum 49% in telecom industry especially in the GSM services

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Government Approvals for Foreign Companies Doing Business in India

Government Approvals for Foreign Companies Doing Business in India or Investment Routes for Investing in India, Entry Strategies for Foreign Investors India's foreign trade policy has been formulated with a view to invite and encourage FDI in India. The Reserve Bank of India has prescribed the administrative and compliance aspects of FDI. A foreign company planning to set up business operations in India has the following options:

Investment under automatic route; and Investment through prior approval of Government.

Procedure under automatic route

FDI in sectors/activities to the extent permitted under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the Government or RBI. The investors are only required to notify the Regional office concerned of RBI within 30 days of receipt of inward remittances and file the required documents with that office within 30 days of issue of shares to foreign investors. List of activities or items for which automatic route for foreign investment is not available, include the following:

Banking NBFC's Activities in Financial Services Sector Civil Aviation Petroleum Including Exploration/Refinery/Marketing Housing & Real Estate Development Sector for Investment from Persons other

than NRIs/OCBs.

Venture Capital Fund and Venture Capital Company Investing Companies in Infrastructure & Service Sector Atomic Energy & Related Projects Defense and Strategic Industries Agriculture (Including Plantation) Print Media Broadcasting
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Postal Services

Procedure under Government approval

FDI in activities not covered under the automatic route, requires prior Government approval and are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). Approvals of composite proposals involving foreign investment/foreign technical collaboration are also granted on the recommendations of the FIPB. Application for all FDI cases, except Non-Resident Indian (NRI) investments and 100% Export Oriented Units (EOUs), should be submitted to the FIPB Unit, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance. Application for NRI and 100% EOU cases should be presented to SIA in Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion.

Investment by way of Share Acquisition

A foreign investing company is entitled to acquire the shares of an Indian company without obtaining any prior permission of the FIPB subject to prescribed parameters/ guidelines. If the acquisition of shares directly or indirectly results in the acquisition of a company listed on the stock exchange, it would require the approval of the Security Exchange Board of India.

New investment by an existing collaborator in India

A foreign investor with an existing venture or collaboration (technical and financial) with an Indian partner in particular field proposes to invest in another area, such type of additional investment is subject to a prior approval from the FIPB, wherein both the parties are required to participate to demonstrate that the new venture does not prejudice the old one.

General Permission of RBI under FEMA

Indian companies having foreign investment approval through FIPB route do not require any further clearance from RBI for receiving inward remittance and issue of shares to the foreign investors. The companies are required to notify the concerned Regional office of the RBI of receipt of inward remittances within 30 days of such receipt and within 30 days of issue of shares to the foreign investors or NRIs.

Participation by International Financial Institutions

Equity participation by international financial institutions such as ADB, IFC, CDC, DEG, etc., in domestic companies is permitted through automatic route, subject to SEBI/RBI regulations and sector specific cap on FDI.

FDI in Small Scale Sector (SSI) Units

A small-scale unit cannot have more than 24 per cent equity in its paid up capital from any industrial undertaking, either foreign or domestic. 14

If the equity from another company (including foreign equity) exceeds 24 per cent, even if the investment in plant and machinery in the unit does not exceed Rs 10 million, the unit loses its small-scale status and shall require an industrial license to manufacture items reserved for small-scale sector. See also FDI in Small Scale Sector in India Further Liberalized

Sector Specific Foreign Direct Investment in India

Hotel & Tourism: FDI in Hotel & Tourism sector in India
100% FDI is permissible in the sector on the automatic route,
The term hotels include restaurants, beach resorts, and other tourist complexes providing accommodation and/or catering and food facilities to tourists. Tourism related industry include travel agencies, tour operating agencies and tourist transport operating agencies, units providing facilities for cultural, adventure and wild life experience to tourists, surface, air and water transport facilities to tourists, leisure, entertainment, amusement, sports, and health units for tourists and Convention/Seminar units and organizations.

For foreign technology agreements, automatic approval is granted if 1. Up to 3% of the capital cost of the project is proposed to be paid for technical and consultancy services including fees for architects, design, supervision, etc. 2. Up to 3% of net turnover is payable for franchising and marketing/publicity support fee, and up to 10% of gross operating profit is payable for management fee, including incentive fee.

Private Sector Banking: Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFC)

49% FDI is allowed from all sources on the automatic route subject to guidelines issued from RBI from time to time. a. FDI/NRI/OCB investments allowed in the following 19 NBFC activities shall be as per levels indicated below: i. ii. iii. iv. Merchant banking Underwriting Portfolio Management Services Investment Advisory Services
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v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix.

Financial Consultancy Stock Broking Asset Management Venture Capital Custodial Services Factoring Credit Reference Agencies Credit rating Agencies Leasing & Finance Housing Finance Foreign Exchange Brokering Credit card business Money changing Business Micro Credit Rural Credit

b. Minimum Capitalization Norms for fund based NBFCs: i) For FDI up to 51% - US$ 0.5 million to be brought upfront ii) For FDI above 51% and up to 75% - US $ 5 million to be brought upfront iii) For FDI above 75% and up to 100% - US $ 50 million out of which US $ 7.5 million to be brought up front and the balance in 24 months c. Minimum capitalization norms for non-fund based activities: Minimum capitalization norm of US $ 0.5 million is applicable in respect of all permitted non-fund based NBFCs with foreign investment. d. Foreign investors can set up 100% operating subsidiaries without the condition to disinvest a minimum of 25% of its equity to Indian entities, subject to bringing in US$ 50 million as at b) (iii) above (without any restriction on number of operating subsidiaries without bringing in additional capital)
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e. Joint Venture operating NBFC's that have 75% or less than 75% foreign investment will also be allowed to set up subsidiaries for undertaking other NBFC activities, subject to the subsidiaries also complying with the applicable minimum capital inflow i.e. (b)(i) and (b)(ii) above. f. FDI in the NBFC sector is put on automatic route subject to compliance with guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India. RBI would issue appropriate guidelines in this regard.

Insurance Sector: FDI in Insurance sector in India

FDI up to 26% in the Insurance sector is allowed on the automatic route subject to obtaining license from Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (IRDA)

Telecommunication: FDI in Telecommunication sector

i. In basic, cellular, value added services and global mobile personal communications by satellite, FDI is limited to 49% subject to licensing and security requirements and adherence by the companies (who are investing and the companies in which investment is being made) to the license conditions for foreign equity cap and lock- in period for transfer and addition of equity and other license provisions. ii. ISPs with gateways, radio-paging and end-to-end bandwidth, FDI is permitted up to 74% with FDI, beyond 49% requiring Government approval. These services would be subject to licensing and security requirements. iii. iv. No equity cap is applicable to manufacturing activities. FDI up to 100% is allowed for the following activities in the telecom sector : a. b. c. d. ISPs not providing gateways (both for satellite and submarine cables); Infrastructure Providers providing dark fiber (IP Category 1); Electronic Mail; and Voice Mail

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The above would be subject to the following conditions: e. FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to the condition that such companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of Indian public in 5 years, if these companies are listed in other parts of the world. f. The above services would be subject to licensing and security requirements, wherever required. Proposals for FDI beyond 49% shall be considered by FIPB on case to case basis.

Trading: FDI in Trading Companies in India

Trading is permitted under automatic route with FDI up to 51% provided it is primarily export activities, and the undertaking is an export house/trading house/super trading house/star trading house. However, under the FIPB route:i. 100% FDI is permitted in case of trading companies for the following activities:

exports; bulk imports with ex-port/ex-bonded warehouse sales; cash and carry wholesale trading; Other import of goods or services provided at least 75% is for procurement and sale of goods and services among the companies of the same group and not for third party use or onward transfer/distribution/sales.

ii. The following kinds of trading are also permitted, subject to provisions of EXIM Policy: a. Companies for providing after sales services (that is not trading per se) b. Domestic trading of products of JVs is permitted at the wholesale level for such trading companies who wish to market manufactured products on behalf of their joint ventures in which they have equity participation in India. c. Trading of hi-tech items/items requiring specialized after sales service d. Trading of items for social sector e. Trading of hi-tech, medical and diagnostic items.
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f. Trading of items sourced from the small scale sector under which, based on technology provided and laid down quality specifications, a company can market that item under its brand name. g. Domestic sourcing of products for exports. h. Test marketing of such items for which a company has approval for manufacture provided such test marketing facility will be for a period of two years, and investment in setting up manufacturing facilities commences simultaneously with test marketing

FDI up to 100% permitted for e-commerce activities subject to the condition that such companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of the Indian public in five years, if these companies are listed in other parts of the world. Such companies would engage only in business to business (B2B) e-commerce and not in retail trading.

Power: FDI in Power Sector in India

Up to 100% FDI allowed in respect of projects relating to electricity generation, transmission and distribution, other than atomic reactor power plants. There is no limit on the project cost and quantum of foreign direct investment.

Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

FDI up to 100% is permitted on the automatic route for manufacture of drugs and pharmaceutical, provided the activity does not attract compulsory licensing or involve use of recombinant DNA technology, and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations. FDI proposals for the manufacture of licensable drugs and pharmaceuticals and bulk drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology, and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations will require prior Government approval.

Roads, Highways, Ports and Harbors

FDI up to 100% under automatic route is permitted in projects for construction and maintenance of roads, highways, vehicular bridges, toll roads, vehicular tunnels, ports and harbors.
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Pollution Control and Management

FDI up to 100% in both manufacture of pollution control equipment and consultancy for integration of pollution control systems is permitted on the automatic route.

Call Centers in India / Call Centres in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions.

Business Process Outsourcing BPO in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions.

Forbidden Territories:

Arms and ammunition Atomic Energy Coal and lignite Rail Transport Mining of metals like iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulfur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.

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Special Facilities and Rules for NRI's and OCB's

NRI's and OCB's are allowed the following special facilities: 1. Direct investment in industry, trade, infrastructure etc. 2. Up to 100% equity with full repatriation facility for capital and dividends in the following sectors

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii.

34 High Priority Industry Groups Export Trading Companies Hotels and Tourism-related Projects Hospitals, Diagnostic Centers Shipping Deep Sea Fishing Oil Exploration Power Housing and Real Estate Development Highways, Bridges and Ports Sick Industrial Units Industries Requiring Compulsory Licensing

3. Up to 40% Equity with full repatriation: New Issues of Existing Companies raising Capital through Public Issue up to 40% of the new Capital Issue. 4. On non-repatriation basis: Up to 100% Equity in any Proprietary or Partnership engaged in Industrial, Commercial or Trading Activity. 5. Portfolio Investment on repatriation basis: Up to 1% of the Paid up Value of the equity Capital or Convertible Debentures of the Company by each NRI. Investment in Government Securities, Units of UTI, National Plan/Saving Certificates. 6. On Non-Repatriation Basis: Acquisition of shares of an Indian Company, through a General Body Resolution, up to 24% of the Paid Up Value of the Company. 7. Other Facilities: Income Tax is at a Flat Rate of 20% on Income arising from Shares or Debentures of an Indian.

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India Further Opens up Key Sectors for Foreign Investment

India has liberalized foreign investment regulations in key sectors, opening up commodity exchanges, credit information services and aircraft maintenance operations. The foreign investment limit in Public Sector Units (PSU) refineries has been raised from 26% to 49%. An additional sweetener is that the mandatory disinvestment clause within five years has been done away with. FDI in Civil aviation up to 74% will now be allowed through the automatic route for non-scheduled and cargo airlines, as also for ground handling activities. 100% FDI in aircraft maintenance and repair operations has also been allowed. But the big one, allowing foreign airlines to pick up a stake in domestic carriers has been given a miss again. India has decided to allow 26% FDI and 23% FII investments in commodity exchanges, subject to the proviso that no single entity will hold more than 5% of the stake. Sectors like credit information companies, industrial parks and construction and development projects have also been opened up to more foreign investment. Also keeping India's civilian nuclear ambitions in mind, India has also allowed 100% FDI in mining of titanium, a mineral which is abundant in India. Sources say the government wants to send out a signal that it is not done with reforms yet. At the same time, critics say contentious issues like FDI and multi-brand retail are out of the policy radar because of political compulsions.

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Difference between FDI and FII

FDI v/s FII
Both FDI and FII are related to investment in a foreign country. FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII or Foreign Institutional Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.In FII; the companies only need to get registered in the stock exchange to make investments. But FDI is quite different from it as they invest in a foreign nation. The Foreign Institutional Investor is also known as hot money as the investors have the liberty to sell it and take it back. But in Foreign Direct Investment, this is not possible. In simple words, FII can enter the stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit that easily. This difference is what makes nations to choose FDIs more than then FIIs. FDI is more preferred to the FII as they are considered to be the most beneficial kind of foreign investment for the whole economy. Specific enterprise. It aims to increase the enterprises capacity or productivity or change its management control. In an FDI, the capital inflow is translated into additional production. The FII investment flows only into the secondary market. It helps in increasing capital availability in general rather than enhancing the capital of a specific enterprise.The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor. FDI not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and even technology transfer. Though the Foreign Institutional Investor helps in promoting good governance and improving accounting, it does not come out with any other benefits of the FDI. While the FDI flows into the primary market, the FII flows into secondary market. While FIIs are short-term investments, the FDIs are long term. 1. FDI is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.

2. FII can enter the stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit easily. 3. Foreign Direct Investment targets a specific enterprise. The FII increasing capital availability in general. 4. The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor

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CONCLUSION
A large number of changes that were introduced in the countrys regulatory economic policies heralded the liberalization era of the FDI policy regime in India and brought about a structural breakthrough in the volume of the FDI inflows into the economy maintained a fluctuating and unsteady trend during the study period. It might be of interest to note that more than 50% of the total FDI inflows received by India came from Mauritius, Singapore and the USA. The main reason for higher levels of investment from Mauritius was that the fact that India entered into a double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) with Mauritius were protected from taxation in India. Among the different sectors, the service sector had received the larger proportion followed by computer software and hardware sector and telecommunication sector. According to findings and results, we have concluded that FII did have significant impact on Sensex but there is less co-relation with Bankex and IT. One of the reasons for high degree of any linear relation can also be due to the sample data. The data was taken on monthly basis. The data on daily basis can give more positive results (may be). Also FII is not the only factor affecting the stock indices. There are other major factors that influence the bourses in the stock market.

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