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U +
x
F(
U) =
0
U(x, 0) =
_
U
L
if x < 0
U
R
if x > 0
t
x
Rarefaction
fan
contact Shock
Diaphragm
pressure
high
pressure
low
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
General Riemann problem for Euler eq.
Structure of the solution
state
R
3
set of all admissible values for (, u, E) R
3
.
U +
x
F(
U) = 0 .
strictly hyperbolic, i.e., for any state
U
state
, the Jacobian
A(
U) =
U
, (A(
U))
ij
=
F
i
x
j
(1 i , j 3)
has m distinct eigenvalues
i
(
1
(
U) <
2
(
U) <
3
(
U)
With each eigenvalue
i
(
U)
A(
U) r
i
(
U) =
i
(
U) r
i
(
U)
and a left eigenvector
l
i
(
U))
T
)
l
i
(
U)
T
A(
U) =
i
(
U)
l
i
(
U)
T
with (as eigenvalues are distinct)
l
i
(
U)
T
r
j
(
U) = 0 i = j
the
2
= u characteristic wave is always a contact
discontinuity
x
x
x
x
t
t
t
t
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Characteristic wave pattern for Euler eq.
the
2
= u characteristic wave is always a contact
discontinuity ( u and p continuous, but discontinuous)
the
1/3
= u a characteristic wave is either a shock
(piecewise constant discontinuity) or a rarefaction wave
(continuous, piecewise smooth)
x
x
x
x
t
t
t
t
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Characterization of elementary waves
U
l
) > S
i
>
i
(
U
r
)
U
l
) = S
i
=
i
(
U
r
)
i
(
U
l
) <
i
(
U
r
)
x
t
rarefaction
shock
contact
U
U
U
U
1
2
3
4
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Characterization of elementary waves (cont.)
Rankine-Hugoniot cond.:
U
r
=
U
l
+ r (
U
l
) + O(
2
)
= consider change in
i
(
U) in direction of r
i
The
i
-characteristic eld is genuinely nonlinear if
i
(
U) r
(i )
(
U) = 0
U
state
= characteristic speed is not constant across the wave
The
i
-characteristic eld is linearly degenerate, if
i
(
U) r
(i )
(
U) = 0
U
= characteristic speed is constant across the wave (as in a
linear system with constant coecients)
i
(
U) =
_
i
u
1
,
i
u
2
,
i
u
3
_
,
i
(
U) r
(i )
=
3
j =1
i
u
j
r
(i )
j
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Genuinely non-linear and linear degeneracy
The
2
-characteristic eld is lin. degenerate:
2
= u = u
2
/u
1
2
(
U) =
_
2
u
1
,
2
u
2
,
2
u
3
_
=
_
u
1
u
2
u
1
,
u
2
u
2
u
1
,
u
3
u
2
u
1
_
=
_
u
2
u
2
1
,
1
u
1
, 0
_
=
_
,
1
, 0
_
=
2
(
U) r
2
(
U) =
_
,
1
, 0
_
_
1, u,
1
2
u
2
_
T
= 0
The
1
,
3
-characteristic elds are genuinely non-linear.
x
nonlinear t
genuinely
nonlinear
degenerate
genuinely
linearly
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Rarefaction waves
We seek a continuous self-similar weak solution of the form
U(x, t) =
_
U
L
,
x
t
k
(
U
L
)
v
_
x
t
_
,
k
(
U)
L
x
t
k
(
U
R
)
U
R
,
x
t
k
(
U
R
)
If
U(x, t) = v(x, t) solves
t
U + A(
U)
x
U =
0, then
_
x
t
2
_
v
_
x
t
_
+
_
1
t
_
A
_
v
_
x
t
__
v
_
x
t
_
= 0
Then by setting = x/t, we obtain
( A(v()) I ) v
() =
0
so that either v
() =
0, i.e.,
U is constant (
U =
U
l
or
U =
U
r
), or
there exists an index k 1, . . . , m such that
v
() = () r
k
(v()) ,
k
(v()) =
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Rarefaction waves (cont.)
We consider v
() = ()r
k
(v()) ,
k
(v()) =
Dierentiation of the second equation with respect to
k
(v()) v
() = 1.
Substitution into the rst equation gives
1 =
k
(v()) v
() = ()
k
(v()) r
k
(v())
k
(v()) r
k
(v()) = 0, then we cannot solve for v.
k
(
U) r
k
(
U) = 1 and then () = 1.
Then we can solve for v provided
k
(
U
l
) <
k
(
U
r
)
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Riemann invariants
x
=
k
U
R
( )
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
k-Riemann invariants
A k-Riemann invariant is a smooth function w :
state
R,
U w(
U) with
w(
U) r
(k)
(
U) = 0 ,
U
state
There exist (locally) (m 1) k-Riemann invariants w
1
, . . . , w
m1
whose gradients are linearly independent, which are independent of
the set of independent variables chosen.
If the
k
-characteristic eld is linearly degenerate, then
k
is a
k-Riemann invariant.
The 2-Riemann invariants may be computed from
w(
W) r
2
(
W) = 0
_
w
,
w
u
,
w
p
_
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
= 0
i.e., two linear-independent 2-RI are w
1
(
U) = u, and w
2
(
U) = p
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
k-Riemann invariants (cont.)
For shocks, s > 0: for (x, t) on the shock, its prior history is
not known (did the point run from the left into the shock or
from the right)
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Isentropic relations for ideas gases
s = c
v
ln(p) c
p
ln() = c
v
ln(p) c
v
ln(
) = c
v
ln
_
p
_
s = c
v
ln(e) R ln()
= c
v
ln(c
v
T) (c
p
c
v
) ln() = (const) + c
v
ln
_
T
1
_
Then for isentropic processes s = 0
p = (const)
T = (const)
1
a = (const)
(1)/2
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Rarefaction waves for Euler eq.
Here
1
wave: Recalll the 1-Riemann invariant
u +
2a
1
= (const) f ur x = (u a)t
Using x = (u a)t and hence a = u x/t we get
u +
2
1
_
u
x
t
_
= u
L
+
2a
L
1
= u
R
+
2a
R
1
Solving this equation for u gives the solution for u in the expansion
u(x, t) =
2
+ 1
_
x
t
+
1
2
u
L
+ a
L
_
=
2
+ 1
_
x
t
+
1
2
u
R
+ a
R
_
a(x, t) = u(x, t)
x
t
p = p
L
_
a
a
L
_
2/(1)
= p
R
_
a
a
R
_
2/(1)
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Shock tube problem for Euler eq.
Special Riemann problem with zero initial velocity
U +
x
F(
U) =
0
U(x, 0) =
_
U
L
if x < 0
U
R
if x > 0
t
x
Rarefaction
fan
contact Shock
Diaphragm
pressure
high
pressure
low
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Shock tube problem for Euler eq. (cont.)
The states to the left and right of the shock
U
3
and
U
4
U
R
are
related by
a
2
3
a
2
4
=
p
3
p
4
+1
1
+
p
3
p
4
1 +
+1
1
p
3
p
4
u
3
= u
4
+
a
4
p
3
p
4
1
_
+1
2
_
p
3
p
4
1
_
+ 1
S = u
4
+ a
4
+ 1
2
_
p
3
p
4
1
_
+ 1
The states to the left and right of the contact
U
2
and
U
3
are
related by
u
3
= u
2
p
3
= p
2
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Shock tube problem for Euler eq. (cont.)
The states to the left and right of the expansion
U
1
=
U
L
and
U
2
are connected by
u(x, t) =
2
+ 1
_
x
t
+
1
2
u
1
+ a
1
_
a(x, t) = u(x, t)
x
t
=
2
+ 1
_
x
t
+
1
2
u
1
+ a
1
_
x
t
p = p
1
_
a
a
1
_
2/(1)
As u + 2a/( 1) is constant across the fan
u
2
+
2a
2
1
= u
1
+
2a
1
1
The we use the isentropic relations
u
2
= u
1
+
2a
1
1
2a
2
1
, a
2
= a
1
_
p
2
p
1
_
(1)/2
= u
2
= u
1
+
2a
1
1
_
1
_
p
2
p
1
_
(1)/2
_
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Shock tube problem for Euler eq. (cont.)
u
2
= u
1
+
2a
1
1
_
1 (p
2
/p
1
)
(1)/2
_
u
3
= u
1
+
2a
1
1
_
1
_
p
3
p
4
p
4
p
1
_
(1)/2
_
We solve this equation for p
1
/p
4
and obtain
p
1
p
4
=
p
3
p
4
_
1 +
1
a
1
(u
1
u
3
)
_
2/(1)
We nally substitute u
3
and get an implicit equation for p
3
/p
4
.
We set x p
3
/p
4
and solve for x using Newtons method
p
1
p
4
=
p
3
p
4
_
_
1 +
1
a
1
_
_
_
_
u
1
u
4
a
4
p
3
p
4
1
_
+1
2
_
p
3
p
4
1
_
+ 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
2/(1)
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
L
= 1kg/m
3
,
u
L
= 0m/s
p
L
= 100000N/m
2
R
= 0.125kg/m
3
,
u
R
= 0m/s
p
R
= 10000N/m
2
Acoustic wave: u
1
a
1
= 3.74 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
2
a
2
= 2.22 10
1
m/s
Contact: u
3
= u
2
= 2.93 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
2
+ a
2
= 6.93 10
2
m/s
Shock wave: S = 5.54 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
1
+ a
1
= 3.35 10
2
m/s
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Test case 1: Shock tube problem
L
= 1kg/m
3
,
u
L
= 0m/s
p
L
= 100000N/m
2
R
= 0.01kg/m
3
,
u
R
= 0m/s
p
R
= 1000N/m
2
Acoustic wave: u
1
a
1
= 3.74 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
2
a
2
= 3.55 10
1
m/s
Contact: u
3
= u
2
= 6.08 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
2
+ a
2
= 1.14 10
3
m/s
Shock wave: S = 8.87 10
2
m/s
Acoustic wave: u
1
+ a
1
= 3.74 10
2
m/s
Vorlesung, 31.5.2006
Tobias Knopp
DLR Gottingen, AS-NV
Test case 2: Shock tube problem