Microwave Principles - TopePDF

MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION PRINCIPLES By Tope Okunlola
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Introduction
Radio Frequencies
Wireless telecommunications involve the
use of radio frequencies for telecommunication purposes Radio Frequencies are electromagnetic radiation spanning from roughly 300Khz to 300Ghz
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Microwave Frequencies
They are sub band of the Radio Frequency spectrum They roughly range from 2Ghz to 60Ghz They are used for modern commercial telecommunications purposes
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Microwave Link
A Microwave Link is a communications system that uses radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. That is, it is a point to point wireless communication technology for the transmission of data, voice and video (Broadband). Microwave links move large amounts of information at high speed.
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Microwave Users
Wireless ISPs use microwave links to provide high speed internet access to their clients Telephone companies transmit calls between switching centers on microwave links Cellular telephone calls are carried between cells on microwave link Broadcasters send programmes from studio to transmission station on microwave link
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Microwave Advantages
It has the following advantages: Fast and Easy Deployment Cheaper cost of deployment Cheaper cost of Radio Equipment Flexibility in terms of upgrading, redeploying, and capacity increase Resilience to natural calamities/problems
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Microwave Network
This consists of the portions of the network communicating by Radio (Microwave) frequencies Commercial telecommunications Networks use Radios for both its Access and Transport Networks
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Access Network
This comprises of the subscriber wireless terminals and the Base Station Access Radios It is also known as the Point to Multipoint Network There must be a means of transporting information from one BS to another as subscribers may reside on different BS In a wireless telecommunication system, access network is always wireless
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Transport Network
This is the network that serves as a pipe to carry voice, data and Video signals from one BS to another It is also known as Point to Point It is also known as the Backbone In a wireless telecommunication system, transport network is not always wireless Transport choices may be mixed in the Transport network
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Transport Choices
Leased lines Microwave Fibre Optics Satellite
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Microwave Protection Scheme

Space Diversity Frequency Diversity Monitored Hot Standby Route Diversity Hybrid Diversity
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Microwave Topology
Linear/Chain Star Tree Ring
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Components of Microwave
Radio Equipment Transmission cable Antenna
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Contents
Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Line of Sight: there are Visual LOS and RF LOS; Visual LOS occurs when one is able to see the transmitting antenna with the visible eyes from the receiving end, and vise versa. RF LOS occurs like visual LOS with the exception that the LOS can be affected by the blockage of the Fresnel Zone.
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Fresnel Zone: This is the portion of the space (air) that the RF transmitted signals travel through from the transmitter to the receiver. It is ellipsoid. The first 60% of the fresnel zone must be free of obstruction for a good link.
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Obstructions: This may be Natural, or Man made. Natural e.g. Mountains, hills. Man Made e.g. Buildings. They may be referred to as clutter or terrain when designing many hops. Hop: A hop is a single link involving two Base Stations communication each other. Transmitting Power: This is the amount power that is released from the antenna source into the atmosphere. It does not include Loss of cables and Gain of antenna. It is measured in mW or dBm.
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i. Propagation Loss: Reflection: This occurs when part of the signals transmitted are reflected back by the earth terrain and clutter. The wavelength of the reflected signals is smaller compared to the diameter of the obstructing surface.
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Refraction: This occurs when part of the signals transmitted passes through another medium of different density and then bends away from the normal route. iii. Scattering: This occurs when part of the transmitted signals meet some obstacles that are having diameters smaller compared to their wavelength. These obstacles may be rough surfaces, or even fine particles in the air.
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ii.

iv. Diffraction: This occurs when the transmitted signals meet obstacles on the way and could not pass through, but passes either sides of the obstacles. It is effect of the waves turning, or bending around the obstacles. v. Absorption: This occurs when part of the transmitted signals strikes and are absorbed into the obstacles in a way that it does not pass through, reflect off, or bend around the object.
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iv. Path Length: This is the distance between the Transmitter and the Receiver. In other words, the distance of a hop. Free Space Loss: This is the loss that occurs in the air/space when the wave is being transmitted from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. It is the loss occurred in the path. It can be referred to as Path Loss. Mathematically, FSL: 92.45 + 20LogF + 20LogD D= distance in Km, F= Frequency in GHz
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v.

iv. Loss: This is a decrease in signal strength. Loss can be cable loss, or FSL. Signal degradation can be caused as a result of Impedance mismatches in the cables and the connectors. This is also referred to as attenuation. The unit is decibel, Db. Gain: This is an increase in signal amplitude. It can be when an external power source such as RF amplifier is used to amplify the signal or a high gain antenna is used to focus the beam width of a signal to increase the signal amplitude. The unit is decibel, Db. Antenna: An antenna converts electrical energy from the cable into waves in case of a transmitting antenna, and waves into electrical signal in case of a receiving antenna.
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v.
vi.

vii. Antenna Gain: This is proportional to the antenna physical shape and size. Antenna creates the effect of amplification by virtue of its physical shape. Antenna gain is as a result of focusing the signal into a tighter beam. The focusing of the radiation is measured by way of beamwidths, which are either measured in horizontal or vertical degrees. Antenna are of different types viz:Omni directional, Semi directional, Highly directional. viii. Voltage Wave Standing Ratio: This occurs when there is mismatched impedance that is, resistance to current flow measured in Ohms between the devices in the Microwave system. The effect can be a decrease in the amplitude of the transmitted signal.
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x. Radiated Power: This is the amount of power as measured in the main lobe of the transmitting antenna. This puts into consideration the losses and the gains encountered during propagation. It can be referred to as Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. Mathematically, EIRP = Transmit Power + Transmit Antenna Gain + Cable Loss of the transmitter. It is measured in mW or dBm. Receiver Sensitivity: This is also known as Receiver Threshold. It is the minimum Power level at the Input of a radio receiver for it to decode a packet of data without an error, to transfer information without error. A good example is the Elastic Limit.
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xi.

Fade Margin: This is also known as Link Margin. This is the allowance given to the link when designing, for it to function properly putting multipath effects into consideration and any unforeseen contingencies that may occur even after implementation. It can be viewed as link insurance. The bigger the FM the better the link reliability. Mathematically, FM = Received Signal Level Receiver Sensitivity. xiii. Link Reliability: This is the percentage of the time the link is expected to be up. The higher the FM, the more reliable the link is. At least 99.995% is required for a short-haul. And 99.9999% for a long-haul. Reliability is also referred to as Availability. xii.
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xiv. Signal to Noise Ratio: This is the minimum power difference to achieve between the wanted received signal and the noise level/floor. The noise can be thermal noise, interfering noise from other network or within the same network. For the microwave system to be able to work at a certain data rate, the system needs a minimum S/N ratio. If the signal is more powerful than the noise, signal/noise ratio will be positive; if the signal is buried in the noise, the signal/noise ratio will be negative.
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Multipath Fading: This occurs as a result of the signals traveling in many/multiple paths or directions between the transmitter and the receiver. It occurs as a result of the signals being reflected, refracted, scattered, absorbed, and diffracted. Some of these signals are lost in the air before reaching the receiver, thus reducing the RSL of the link. The effect can be reduced by space diversity. xvi. Radio Relay: This is the Transmitting Station that is used to boost signals from one Base Station to the other. It is either Active Station or Passive Station. An Active Station consists of the transmission equipments, while the Passive Station consists of a good reflective surface placed at certain angles to boost the signals.
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xv.

xvii. Received Signal Level: This is the signal level received that is measured at the antenna port of the receiving antenna. It is measured in dBm. The higher the RSL, the better the link. Mathematically, RSL = transmit power + transmit antenna gain transmit cable losses free space loss + receive antenna gain receive cable loss.
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Link Link Budget Budget

This is the Power Budget of a microwave link. It takes into account all the gains and losses in the link. It is computation of the whole transmission chain. The link working condition is: total transmit + total Propagation + total receive; must be greater than Zero (0). The remain gives the Margin of the system.
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Link Link Budget Budget Contd Contd

Mathematically, Link Budget: Total Transmit (dBm): Transmit Output Power (dBm) cable loss (dB) + antenna gain (dB). Propagation (dB): Free Space Loss (dB) Total Received (dBm): antenna gain (dBi) cable loss (dB) receiver sensitivity (dBm)
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Interference Interference
In microwave links, interference occurs whenever a receiver receives a signal from an unintended transmitter. It can either be Intrasystem or Intersystem. Intrasystem Interference occurs when the interference source is from within the system itself, like through antennas, waveguides. Severe forms of intrasystem interference occurs as a result of bad transmission network design; things like bad frequency or polarization assignment. Intersystem Interference occurs when the interference source is from another network.
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Modulation Modulation
This is process of putting information on the radio waves by altering the characteristics on the radio waves being Transmitted. It can be done by either digital or by analog. In other words, you modulate to carry your information through altering the characteristics since information signals cannot travel far but microwave can. Waves characteristics to be altered are: 1. Amplitude 2. Frequency 3. Phase
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Modulation Modulation contd contd

Few examples of analog modulation scheme are: AM, FM while few of digital are: QAMS, QPSK.
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Important Important Considerations Considerations

Perform link analysis and budget for each hop to determine antenna sizes to use. Per hop reliability objectives are expected to be met. Frequency and Polarization to be well assigned to reduce interference to the minimum level.
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Planning Planning Tools Tools

Software tools are used in the planning and the design simulation and analysis. Examples of such are: ATDI ICS telecoms and Pathloss 4.0
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THANKS!
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MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION PRINCIPLES By Tope Okunlola

Microwave Protection Scheme

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Microwave Microwave Terms Terms with with meanings meanings

Link Link Budget Budget

Link Link Budget Budget Contd Contd

Modulation Modulation contd contd

Important Important Considerations Considerations

Planning Planning Tools Tools

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