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Dan Meiron
Caltech
February 6, 2013
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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and an initial condition (x , 0) = 0 (x , 0) This led us to a homogeneous boundary value problem of the form d 2X + 2 X = 0 0x 1 dx 2 which had a countably innite number of solutions for special values of : Xn (x ) = A sin(n x ) n = n n = 1, 2, . . .
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 2 / 25
(x , t ) =
n=1
Bn exp(n2 2 t ) sin(n x ).
which satises the boundary conditions, because the sines vanish at x = 0, 1 But there is also an initial condition to satisfy. At t = 0 we have some starting distribution of heat in the rod: (x , 0) = 0 (x ). In order to satisfy this condition we substitute t = 0 into
(x , t ) =
n=1
0 (x ) =
n=1
D. Meiron (Caltech)
Bn sin(n x )
February 6, 2013 3 / 25
0 (x ) =
n=1
Bn sin(n x )
As promising as this looks, there are some unanswered questions: How does one determine Bn ? If you can determine Bn is there only one choice that works? Even if there is a unique choice of Bn can you show the series converges to 0 (x ) as n ? If it converges at t = 0 does it converge for t > 0?
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
4 / 25
You will also see this ODE written as d dx p(x ) dy dx + q (x )y (x ) = r (x )y (x ), a < x < b,
we see this problem is indeed an example of the Sturm-Liouville ODE: d dx p (x ) dy dx q (x )y (x ) + r (x )y = 0, a < x < b,
We have p = 1, q = 0 r (x ) = 1 and = 2 Well see some other examples shortly where the coefcients p, q , r are not just constants.
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 7 / 25
that the coefcient functions p(x ), q (x ) and r (x ) are all continuous in the interval a x b. We also assume that p (x ) is also continuous in this interval. Most importantly, we will assume that p(x ) and r (x ) are strictly positive over the interval a x b. And, as usual, there is no loss of generality if we restrict our attention to a specic interval so we will assume in what follows that a = 0 and b = 1.
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
8 / 25
that p(x ) and r (x ) be strictly positive There are a few more restrictions that we will impose and then relax later. First well insist the boundary conditions be of the separable form c1 y (a) + c2 y (a) = 0, d1 y (b) + d2 y (b) = 0 Second, we insist that the domain a x b be nite You can see that if p(x ) vanishes our ODE becomes singular But the ODE will also be singular if the domain is made innite A S-L problem on a nite domain with separable boundary conditions and p(x ) > 0 and w (x ) > 0 is called a regular Sturm-Liouville problem
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 9 / 25
Note as written its not in the typical S-L form which is d dx p(x ) d y (x ) + q (x )y (x ) = r (x )y (x ) dx
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
10 / 25
We can write this in the form d dy m2 x y (x ) + 2 xy (x ) = 0 dx dx x Now we see this is in S-L form with m2 r (x ) = x x Note we replaced by 2 but this is just for convenience p(x ) = x q (x ) =
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 11 / 25
which are of separable type. This problem is now a regular S-L ODE problem Well take m = 0 for simplicity d dx x dy dx + 2 xy (x ) = 0. 1 x 2 y (1) = 0 y (2) = 0
February 6, 2013 12 / 25
D. Meiron (Caltech)
dy dx
+ 2 xy (x ) = 0.
It is not easy to see where this determinant () = J0 ()Y0 (2) Y0 ()J0 (2) might vanish The Bessel functions are not simple things like sines and cosines. So we resort to computing it numerically and evaluating the determinant for various values of .
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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If we calculate the crossings of adjacent zeroes and see how far apart they are, we can see that the spacing of adjacent zeroes approaches a constant. That constant seems to be getting close to . In fact the numbers themselves seem to be approaching = n for n large This is similar to the values of we calculated when we solved the heat equation. It will turn out this is not an accident.
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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Additional similarities with sines and cosines can be seen when we look at the actual solutions. When the determinant crosses zero we can get a solution (unique up to some multiplicative constant). The values of y (x ) are plotted in the gures below for increasing values of .
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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Figure: The solution corresponding to the rst value of for which the determinant vanishes
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 21 / 25
Figure: The solution corresponding to the sixth value of for which the determinant vanishes
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 22 / 25
Figure: The solution corresponding to the 11th value of for which the determinant vanishes
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 23 / 25
Figure: The solution corresponding to the 16th value of for which the determinant vanishes
D. Meiron (Caltech) ACM 100b - Methods of Applied Mathematics February 6, 2013 24 / 25
D. Meiron (Caltech)
February 6, 2013
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