!"
#$%
&'( ! ) +*
,-

.0/13254!4+) &&6 7

8:9<;>=@?BA:C+DFE>GHJI

K LNMNOQPBRTSNOVU<WYXZ DF?\[@=@;>D9<]_^`=@;>^FD`?a;>D`Ecbd9fehgehg>D79jilk=@?BehGm;>^`Dn=mo6DF; Z 9<?a=m;>ilD`;(epGmq(k>?B=@r>qjDFis]Ftur>AvewrDF^xGyA>]aD


eag>DF?BD!Gy?aDdGqzGm?B{@D ;A>iYrDF?=mo9<;(eaDF?a?BDFq<Gyeh9j;>{oQGm^`ea=@?a]nea=J^F=@;>]B9<E>D`?Ft9je79j]E>9j|s^`A>qjeno}=m?7GJq<Gx[6ilGm;~eh=o}A>qjqj[
Gyk>k>?aD`^F9<GyehD!eag>DFi3Gm;>EE>D`^F9jE>DbdgGyeea=~E>=Yo}=@? Gy;>Er([g>9jil]BDFqjo'+=me=@;>qj[sehgvDkD`=@k>qjD9<;EvD Z D`q<=@kDFE
^`=@A>;(eh?B9<D`]rvAveGmq<]B=
9<;E>D Z DFqj=@k>9j;>{
;Gyeh9j=@;>]`t"bdg>DF?BDl^`=@;(eh9j;TAv=@A>]E>D`]aDF?\eh9f^xGyea9<=@;gGy]rD`DF;D Z 9<E>D`;(ext
o}=m? 9<;>]\epGm;>^`Dmt;>D`DFE]a=@isDJ?aDFqjD Z Gm;(edDFEvA>^xGyea9<=@;>Gmq"eh=T=@qj]eh=k>?aD`]aD`;e!GYo}D`b]a^FD`;Gm?B9<=@]`
dDF^`DF;(ehqf[@t]B=@ilDDFr>@]\[6]\ehD`il]:^xGmk>Gmr>q<D=yo]Bg>=%bd9<;>{@ Gm;>9jiGyea9<=@;gG Z DrD`DF;?aGmk>9jE>qj[
EvD Z D`q<=@kv9<;>{Gm;>E-^F=milkD`ea9<;>{o}=@?Yeag>DE>DoQGm^Neh=]BehGm;>EGm?BEGy]G]BA>^F^`DF]B]a=@?seh=+8);=@?aE>D`?~eh=
EvDF^F9jE>Dbdg>9j^pg-=yoeag>DDFr@]B[T]\ehDFis]Ft9<;ehDF?Bil]~=yo+D`; Z 9j?a=@;vilD`;ehGmq9j]a]aAvDF]Ft79j]YrDNeaeaDF?~]aAv9jehD`Eo}=@?
eag>D X' q<DxGy?a;>9j;>{eh=T=@qt(ehgvD!GmA6ehg>=@?k>?B=@k=m]aDF]?a]\ehqf[@tehg>DehDFisk=@?hGmqGy;>E]BkGyeh9<Gmqis=6E>D`q<]eh=c^F?BDxGyeaD@
^F=@;(eaDF;(eh]`6DF^`=@;>E>qf[@t'eag>DGmAveag>=@?c]aDFqjDF^Neh]Y@ gvD9j]aDGmEGmq<q7=mo X Gy]BehD`?Y)]aq<Gm;>E8Gm=@9]Bea=@;>D
]\epGyeaA>DF]h\:Gm]JGm;9j;>9jea9zGmq_D6kD`?a9<isDF;(eo}=m?^F?BDxGyea9<;>{Gm Gm;>9jiG1eh9<=m;^`=@;(ehDF;(eGm;vE9j;>]BehGmq<q&9fe=@;
Ev9jDF?aD`;(eDFr>@#]\[6]\ehD`il]]a=sGm] eh=^`=@ilk>Gm?aDehgvD=mAveh^`=@ilD`]F
~N1 PB1MFU<W m\~E>9<isDF;v]a9<=m;Gmq{@D`=@{@?aGmk>g>9j^xGmq9<;vo}=@?BiG1eh9<=m;]B[T]BeaDFiNt>DFrm#]B[T]\ehDFi

intuitiveness
visual

Streaming
distribution
presentation
by images and sound

Shockwave/Flash
interactive manipulation
of animation, balloon
based on still images

scenario

6Nu N#"N1NQ`N6uy)Ny%$cB1'&%}\

Web3D

w 
y`F
uN
aN
}a
1

x1x(
 hNa'&
u
%B)
`1

\N
1

uN
.F1}
B1%BQ
1

B1x
1B

/%1 0d
N1

freedom

PDF,ppt
Presentation by
graphs and text

`
1
V

3D CG based expression
of products and
walkthrough simulation
better rendering out of
smaller size data

Web pages by HTML

presentation by
text, image, illustration, animation
through hyperlink

explanation/ text

vNuN%VuB p%`Nv\FB%

F%u_wmu}
yja6 j%BxBNm6vf`%BjyJBxh6vyjyyJfvN
xfy>fv`yv@\pjF
u %uNn1h`Q1ua!%\1`1`\`NVuu\N
uNNd%}\11uuuB+d`\Nu\&1m\
N u'BNdN1u"1dunuN11%u71%
N@\xxNuB`h<
uNyu1'%7@1&11hNu\NB`ya+uBn`
u\NJ%VNQ1)u7cNV%\amj N(}Vu N
`%BBNVux`vVNuyv1\u

FBu\
 N

<

'








B

TN1}


)uQ\
'&

a

u p
N
F+NBF
}a
u 
Q`u1

*TQ
N,+-+

upV
`1\
N
xdQ\
\yx
ua

3 2}N
""4 &


   !

y`QVpNTN  hx  \u\NB`ya65yQ>N  Bx87

u`  hw%}\:9w  BNBB.`1(x%BN\N1u&\NuF
Q1VN6
"u1QB\ (xJun`u\n1%\`\N1
u`  hd%}\-N1`unuu`unu  N; (@: !B
%upF%u1m\N1Nu_Bu  u\%aQBQ< 5yBp`
1Nya`dxvuN  cNJ =@BNB%1Bp`
NBxFNu\FV@\B1`x<BN1uuN1N un1Q
Tu>
FBu\&N1+ya`n`unTuB\Nu`B
F1nNuN1B

L'SID>QeR_Mm@'ZbD>Q\S-@'NC@1S#SID6Vai@1P@'VW;D^P;Q\RWnQeV4V^L'MOMOL'S
WnL
D^j'D,PnuUNIPnLbZbXiVWQ\RWnaC@1WWnaID,u@1P;Dq@1B\BgV^@'NC@1AIB\DqL1vXbWnQ\BEQ\p^Q\SIo
SID^]@1B\o'L'P;QEWnaIML'SZI@1W;@
VL'MONIP;D,R;RnQEL-SvL'PWnP@1SiRMOQeRnRnQEL-S
@1SCZZbDVL'MONIP;D,R;RnQEL-S@3W@OVB\Q\D^SW, RRnQ<W;D'
:Q\o'XCPnD>4RnaIL3]RW;aIDMm@1Q\SOvD,@1WnXIP;D,RL'vWnaIDD^Aik'lNCPnLbZYT
XCVWRQ\SV^L'MONC@1P;QeRL-S]Q<W;aWnaCDUL1W;aID^PhNIP;LbZbXCVWRGXiRDZQES
WnaID>SWnD,PnSCDWD^SYjYQ\PnL-SIMOD^SW,
r4V^V^L'PZbQ\SIohWnLOWnaCD>WnDVaISIL'B\L'o-Q\V,@1BSID,D,ZIR@'SCZ
NIP;DvD^P;D^SiVD,R
L1v:V^BEQ\D^SW;R,YD,@-Va8NIP;LYZIXCVW_aC@'Rs@3WnWnP@'VWnD,ZZbQEyD,PnD,S-WVB\Q\D^SW;R
@'RsvL'B\B\L3]R^H
'[4Q\D^]NyL'Q\SW6HK4d%b _CQ\V^PnLRL'vW
Fb#`bVaILbVcY]_@j'D,k-lHIsLYD^Q\SIoiiJL'MONC@'yI#PnQeRL-SbL-cQe@I
`b@'MmRXISCo
kIKdKXCB\RnD,k-lHIKB\D,VW;PnQeVqrPnW;R,CrXIWnLbZbD,Rnc@'SCZS-W;D^B
@'R_NC@'PW;SID^PR
CKfg@1WW;Q\V^DhHK?:L3u'L'W;@h@'R@hNC@'PW;SID^P
:Q\o'XCPnDFRXIMOMm@1P;Q\p^D,RW;aIDVaC@1P@'VWnD^P;QeR W;Q\V,RL'vD,@-Va
D,ACk'lNIPnLbZbXiVW6W;aC@3WG@'NINiD@1P;D,ZWnLai@j'D8@3WnWnP@'VWnD,ZQEW;R
VB\QED,S-WR^

? @1ACBEDGFIHKJL-MONC@1P;QELRSUT#VL-S-W;QESYXIDZ
SC@ [4Q\D^]_T `baILbVc d#XIBeRD^T fg@1WW;Q\V^D
MhD NiL-QESW ]_@j'Dk'l k-l
ZI@ RMm@'BEB RnMm@1B\B RnXIAbT
aIQ\o'a
;W @ ZI@3W@
ZC@3W;@
ZIQEjYQeRQ\L'S VL-MONIPnD
RQ\p^DqL-S RnQ\p^DqL'S RnMOLYL1WnaIT R;RQ\L'S
WnP@1SCRT W;P;@'SCRT Q\SIo
MOQ\R;RQ\L'S MOQeRQ\L'S
jQ MOL3jQ\D RWnD,PnD,L Q\SWnD,PT
Jsr4l
D^] p^LYL'M
jYQ\D^]
@-VW;QEj-D jYQE]sD^P
D^P WnD^tW
@'SIQ\MO@
j'DVWnL-P
W;QEL-S
ZbQ\R c'D,u
Ni@1PnWnQeVB\D ZIuSi@
ZbQ\MOD^SbT
NIB vP;@'MOD W;QEMOD
MOQeV
RnQEL-S
@u @1SIQ\Mm@ B\Q\SID
B\Q\o'aW
VL-MOMhD,SW
WnQ\L'S
@'SIQ\MO@1T Q\SIo
VP;L-R;R
W;QEL-S
RnD,VW;QEL-S

functionality

wyxez
{i|~}O3y,,C:I!i%bi3
,{C|Y3y:
JXIP;P;D^SWnB\u'W;aID^P;Ds@'PnD#vL'XIP%Mm@3 L-PV^L'MOMOD^PVQe@1BYk'l
J_RL'vW ]s@'PnDNIP;L'o-P;@'MmR^1Si@1MOD^B\u'Y@u-@C`YL'vWnMm@1o-D'Yk'l
@3t1@'SCZfgQEo-aW ]s@j-D'3ZbL'MOQ\SC@3W;QESCoQ\SGW;aIDsCD^BeZhL1viRW;@'SCZYT
@1B\L'SIDNIBe@3WvL-PnMG?:D,VaCSIL'B\L'o-Q\V,@1B\BEuRNyD,@'cYQESIoiD,@'VaVL-MT
NC@1SYu6ai@'RK@-VaIQED,j'DZGXINhW;L6@1SOD,XIQ\j3@1B\D^SW#V^@'NC@1AIQ\B\Q<W u6]QEWna
PnD,o-@'P;ZW;LUMhLbZbD,BEQ\SIoi!F-8P;D^SiZbD^P;QESCoC@'SCZ!k-
@1SbT
QEMm@1WnQ\L'SZbXIDWnLRnD^j-D^P;DV^L'MONyDWnQEWnQ\L'SW;aC@3W
aC@'ZBe@'RWnDZ
vL'P>u-D,@1PR,8rB\L'SIo]QEWnaW;aID8ZbD^j-D^B\L'NIMOD,S-W6L'vW;aID8SWnD,PT
SIDWDWRnV,@1NyDOJL-PnN4NIPnL-NiLRDZ[f[QEPnWnXi@1BD,@'B<T
Q<W u@1P;cYXINf:@1SIo-XC@1o-D4QES'-IQEWnaW;aIQeR^@XiRD,P>Q\R
@1AIB\DsWnL6R;VP;L'B\BI@1SCZhp,LL-MQ\SOL'Sm@>k3TZbQ\MhD,SWnQ\L'SC@'Bbo'D^L-MODWT
PnQeVmQ\Mm@1o'DZbQ\RnNIBe@u'DZL'S@D,AAIP;L3]RD,P,`YL-MODUNIP;L'AbT
BED,MmRqDtbQ\RWnDZaIL3]sD^j-D^P]Q<W;a[fQ\SW;aC@3W>QEW6aC@'RWnL
AiD_NIP;L'o-P;@'MOMhDZ>XCRnQESCo6J#TBe@1SIo-XC@1o-D'3@1SCZGWnai@3WKQEWV,@1ShSIL1W
aC@1SiZbBED@1SYuWnaIQ\SIoMOL'P;D8VL-MONIBED^tW;aC@1SRnQ\MhNCBEDo'D^L-MODWT
PnQeVhRaC@'NiDRBED^W>@'BEL-SID@'SIQ\MO@1WnQ\L'S [4fV^@1SCSIL1WqaC@1SiZbBED
@1SIQ\Mm@3W;QEL-S#4WnaID,PW;LYL'BeRL-SUD^A
SID^DZ8W;LhRWnL-PnDq@hRD^W_L'v
QEMm@'o'D,Rq@'SCZRnaIL3]WnaID,M@'RqNCQ\VWnXIP;D,V,@1PZRnaIL3]R,ZbXIDOWnL
MOD^MOL'P;uqPnQeR W;PnQeVW;QEL-S:r4SCZ6AyD,V,@1XCRnDsL1vCB\QEMOQEWnDZGB\QEc-DKW;P;@1mV
V^@'NC@1AIQ\B\Q<W u-iW;aIDO-Xi@1B\Q<W uL'v#QEMm@'o'D,RZbQeRNCB\@u-D,ZL-S@8D^A
AIP;L3]RD,PQ\R4BEDRnRR;@3WnQeRv@'VW;L'P;uV^L'MONC@1P;D,Z
W;L8W;aIDV^L'XISWnD,PT
NC@1PnW;RRnaIL3]SL'SR W@1SCZbT@'BEL-SIDGNIBe@3WnvL'P;MmR^6CL'PDtI@1MONIB\D'
-r:[%rTk'lV,@1SaC@1SiZbBEDk'lJ_AIXbWQ<WRDtbDVXbW;QESIoRNyD^DZ
Q\RsW;LYLORnB\L3]]QEWna
WnLYLOBEQ\MOQ<W;D,ZNIP;L'o-P;@'MOMhQ\SIohV^@1Ni@1AIQ\BEQEW u'
`YQ\SCV^DWnaCDu-D,@1PF1-'IhRD,j'D,P;@'BRnL1vW ]_@1P;DVL-MT
NC@1SCQEDRPnQeVa]Q<W;aD^tbNiD,PnQ\D^SCV^DQESW;aIDSWnD^P;SID^WAIXCRnQ<T
SID,R;RmaC@-ZMm@'ZbDD^yL-PWROWnLNIPnLbZbXiVDRnL'MODW;aIQ\SIoAyDWW;D^P
WnaC@'S[fK@'SCZV,@1MODhXIN]QEWnaNIP;LbZbXCVWRqZbXIAIAyD,Z@'R
D^ACk-lG ?_aCD,RnD4NIP;LbZbXCVWR#Q\SCV^BEXCZID[QED,]NiL-QESW,C`baILbVc-T
]s@j-D,k-lGbdKXCB\RnD,k-lGI@'SCZf:@3WnWnQeVDm F3
?_aIDCP;RWWnaIP;D^DsNIP;LYZIXCVWR@'PnDsMm@'ZbDsQ\S`Ir@'SCZGWnaIDsB\@-R W

Engineering

Lattice

Electric commerce

engineering
education
document
model room
technical
Viewpoint
manual
maping
Shockwave3D

Entertainment

presentation

electronic 3D catalogue
commerse

:Q\o'XCPnD6FbH#JB\QED,SW, RNIP;DvD^P;D^SiVD,R

Pulse3D
game
entertainment

:4 I4bO_g4
IL-PWnaIQeRRXIAI D,VWIW;aID@'XbWnaIL-P4RnD^B\D,VWRaYubZbP;L'B\L'o'u
QESOP;D^Be@3WnQ\L'SGWnLWnaID_vL-PnDR W@'R%@NIP;QEMm@'Pnuqv@-VWnL-PvL'PZbD,RnQ\o'SbT
QESIo6WnD^MONyL'P@1By@1SCZmRnNC@3W;Q\@'BCMOLbZbD^BeRvL-P#k'lJ_jYQ\RnXC@1B\Q\p,@3T
WnQ\L'S
zx!wsY#i3I#g:Y
?_aID,RnDmZI@ubR^]sDOL1vW;D^SaID,@'P>@1AyL'XbW>W;aIDmZbDW;PnQ\MOD^SW;@'BKDvT
vD,VWRqL1v#aYXIMm@'SQESICXID^SiVDOXINyL'SL1WnaCD^P>4@1WnXIP;D'G`YXiVa
NIaID^SCL'MOD^SIL-S@'RVB\Q\MO@1WnQeVGVaC@'SIo'DD^NIQEWnL-MOQEp,D,R]aC@3WaC@'R
MO@-ZbDW;aIDVai@1SIo-DQESaYXIMm@'SBEQEvDRW uYBED-@V^@1W;@'BEubRWUQES
WnaIDOZbD,RWnP;XCVWnQ\L'SL1vW;aIDGD@1PnWna@1WnMOL-RnNIaID,PnD-SL'PZbD,PWnL
D,RW;@1ACBEQeRa@]D,BEBETAC@1Be@1SCV^D,ZD^SYjYQ\PnL-SIMOD^SW;@'B4RnV^QED,SCVD-]D
SID^DZW;LVP;D,@3W;DW;D^MONyL'P@1B>MOLbZbD^BeRZbD^MOL-SCR W;P;@1WnQ\SIoWnaID
QESWnD,P;@-VW;QEL-SAiD^W ]D,D^SMm@'SIcYQESCZ@1SCZSi@3WnXCPnD>W;aIP;L'XIo-aIL'XbW
WnaID>aIQeRWnL'P;u8L'v:W;aID>D,@'PW;a
:Q\o'XCPnDkRaCL3]RGW;aIDWnD,MONiL-P;@'BsMOLbZbD,B\R8ZID^MOL'SCRWnP@3W;QESCo
WnaIDmVL-PnP;D^Be@3W;QEL-SAyDW ]sD^D^SWnaIDOMm@1o-SIQEWnXCZbDhL1vaXCMO@'SQ\SbT
CXID^SiVDUL-SSC@3W;XIPnD@1SCZW;aID8Q\S-W;D^SCRnQEW uL'v_aYXIMm@'S@'VW;QEjT
Q<W;QEDR^r4V^V^L'PZbQ\SIoWnLWnaCDQESW;D^SCRnQ<W uL1vqaYXIMm@1S@'VWnQ\jQEW u
WnaIP;L'XIo-aaCQ\RWnL-Pnu-WnaIDm@'XbWnaID,P>NIP;L'NyL-RnD,RWnD,MhNyL'P@1BMOLbZYT

'Ey0;,q E  [ " \\\ S  \ C , CC

1e_ <
 ;^ ^ ; I ^'yn' 
W , X4  'E9
 [ %   \  ' E \& , E

[
s ^  ]
^-' '4^^ "8\ 
b\I E

^-- 1Z
^^ >  - [% ; E`_ 0 C 
W ,  XC s ba ' \\ V ^ [ 
W , ' Xb) n\

Y8 
9c ' P) n\
 d   4 ' '
e C \ ; 3
E O ; I3 bEC <  
 'f

\3s   I U C ; '  ,  

.i3 1 n  ;,  'h,E-   -n'
 I
 n I
_  b  \ 
b\I 
^-- 1%  'E\3_ ; g - 1     ;0 
\ - h  e n i   \ < I\  \\\
` n     -     
S j ,  

e ; > 6[  i      P  [  
W  X\ T
 [ %   ^ "  -   + k \ 3 
l I' ^,'
n "   C ; '6 ^^1   ,n\  m
 6 %  0 ;
$" \\\ S \ \ I' " 3 ^ n
 I 
E I    
%Y[ \ s+
; - "  ^[  " s     "o8G 
 ;

m8-  Ep;+8-   ;  CE ne 3 $; %Y[ b\I s  
-n    C- \ q8-  ;   n ;'10 ;, E
OE3s ;,  ) U I  , "  , 0 S'
 m   -   h  \ n r
 s^    ,  ,
E s  ?   ;  
W rXN  \  ' g ^
 ; ;  1   \  
u
, t
 % n
  1 \  1 \( ,  , "  -n ^^ \\\ S  E
E I1 jI  , n v C ;,  S \I    0 
    r  \ n \- Y
 [ ; n    Y$  
 1  ^ n-E '  % 
^
I   $; 
 [ % T
  b > [ G e ;  , q   E  1
z -
 6  n  ,q \     wx\
y "

  O 6  \ n , ^

b ` `{|  n '
k| #   $ 0  < \  e    E w}\$" s 
\ _  \  's  O\I

) $bEn 1\q1   , 0 I  ,\'
& i 8 ; 3 ~8-;9 -;  % "% I  ^
E 
,     ;U <  ; 0    /
^  1
C0 
'   E ^,  4
0 - C -E ' ^1i
$;0 
b n[ %E  T    a"  `
^  1! C  O1  
"
^  h\ s-  , 
E , 0 ;   ; 
 1em0 ;`

^0    u
^  1! ; - h1  


I

E , 8E  i n 

^e's-E\3q
C-;EC
   EC


C 1  > n nq -b 
 
  ; ;' '

 
 '\  b   n n E 

 \    ! ; Ie
" C E n'n, 

#  $ y, & % ; $   
'( 
 63      )
b  ' * % ' bn

 +  -E   \   I '  ,
 1e- ;    E  -   ;   ^-  ; 
I   ,E ;    O /.C3 \   I 0 
   ; "
  I 1      ; b
1   E     ;_  C';n,   n'e0 %    
b  \Ih  6  ; 1 
1  
 >1    )  
2  EC ^  b   3
^ 4GIC , n \ - ;-5 
 n ;  1      '\U b \ -E,6 
- ;   E  -   ; "7Y$  E ;,'n,   
.C3
1 IE9 8\    n :  ;
>10,000 yrs ago

[1]

10,000-200
yrs ago

[2]

bio-sphere

energy

solar
energy

bio-sphere

energy

solar
energy

energy

solar
energy

material
man-sphere

W YXZ 
 ^

[3]

bio-sphere

19th century
Litho-sphere
man-sphere

[4]

bio-sphere

energy
material

energy

flow of atom

solar
energy

21th century
time

mansphere

<

Litho-sphere
energy
flow of atom
material

\' ; '   i ;'  ^e

flow of bit

=>?=

@ACBEDFGB$HIKJ:LNM&HGO
  U b 9
n i  ;^
 i n 1  ^e

,'1 E> K &%Y n $  ' ;  P  Y \IRQ _  Q
'TS-8 ,E    I4 U    \ . U 
EC> &Y% ;
 #E8   #'  VY$ T I E

n ; 

VM&B$OJ3CO4J3|LNMNFNO ACBEDFGB$HIKJLCM&HGO
 \- )5 P
 b" \\\ '0# "

I; 7 " \\\ '0> " g b< ; , ; -
s- I
 \I i y 1_0  q ^ [ P   Cn
  
 b " \\\ ' 0 m -8 ;  CEI
i E I"  ^ [  Un  ^ -E  W ' X 
'

=>?=>G

spring

underground
stream
wadi

spatial
model
[c]
global
model

affluent

[$f,6
n[$~E
0P  V!$[,

5$s&&[$4 VP$4`$T,-$o4
&

$(3[u- h!$?$$r!6r0[EG69
 , 4-$
$s
T$|6
o
s:0
[06
E [V[ 6
E [$h$6[T,i$[
4
s
E$
 REE / 0s
6+50]$,
6$T4i- $ 6V6$R[T0?[!6E-

$ 40$RT6$[$$,E
[$$4
64!
 z$?0V $t
Y(
|V
m
$6 C 0i$[E$ 
4E 43 0/ $,6

70 R4
&
|4
+T$9$ !b$9$ &f

R$ h 
R,$E $/s0$m$444E
&3
 $, m0$
?,f
E $?
f
6$90
b$44R0[EG6T !$h$0
403
$`R0
[E h?0 nP
$[39|4E
&3V4,r-$$ uE(E& +
/?0+-

,&[$h-$$R$+
?E,$[E0[VE
 `E$P03t$`Ef$ ] [] [

i![!0[
E$o&EP`3
?$0
~
E
`
Y0z3?E Ehq3$E$?0[

,
0EE T0|0


R 044E[i03
$ 6P$6[
$ 3
`!$$
3 PR[[3$9|
,0
6?$?,003r$V|6T0?i50 /6
`

$,G6? P03t$46[$t
,$,&?E z0+
$ 6i[,7 | 
$? 639EE[[ 0:
$f
[446b
7 [hGZE  6$6
[$f
$90

+$6
!&+s
0, &E+
[6
,
0$ /6$`?04[  :!
T6, $ i
[V
6 5+0$3$[$

spatial
model [a]
desert
drainage
basin
>1000
Km

coastal zone

upper

affluent
2,000 Km

winter
snow

drainage basin

lower

desert

mountains

desert

summer
flood

biologically
barren

mountains

Ocean

barren

barren

atmospheric
circulation

1000 Km

spatial
model [b]

N[
i
o&3,?0:
EE [

h`q

$$0
$ E[U0($

q0$ ($,,6 0s3n
E
[
[
36[`
0[E?!`4[$![E67R[
T!f`$

fTE0[$ t&Y$u$ V  $  q
`-$3
E7
07$|?93$$[ ,640N6[T,?|30$
!f`0?,f
E$[6$iE T0,6r
5 $36[
0
6E[N
E
 969$[3:E
0j[06
Em$,R

,V$ 
(
u$44
6$G0[-!E !0:0
$Eo637$ 9$
r
&[$V[ i6$G0[C[
E?0[$
0i$
 [

3
E[

n$`C$36[(0
6E[
$,R
,
6/$V0 $0
s|?,f
ET
/6![E
 o6$G0[$3-PE  b30
4 04!
[
P$:

??
GGEG

+ &3n3q CV$C
VG34h-Z

qq

0!K030$`46?57$0

3h&&3$?N
0b$R|6T[N
b 0
 9$
[
a,[30$P[E7
0 0
7 57  $ 0q03+E 0q

fR$, s[ 6+
R[4[ C&[
P$R[T0?
[]
?5 456/$[ &E $
4$63|$,u$/E$6
+$4
644
5
6
Y5$K$[$$ $uE5TVY$ 0u3,
$V
$6
h0
[
K
EE
6
u$44h4E
&
0,P$
$[  
|
[$
[93 [EaC$s$4494
&
i?E
0$3n?,63Eq
K
$h
[$0$[V$


70[j60$ -$T,5
0
6 [&6[6,6

04 6$o$?0$
` 004[$m
E
R03($ro[6,![ s6
$$ z7$[
$R$6?59
`$
4K
,
$
]
 [&6[6,6
]
5z


0$
E 9 0

o[6,!6n[&6[[ ,6~[E, /$
E `[06
E! $ /&Gs$(
0]E
R
~V
ro 6[,![[&6[6,6z$
f 0/0$3/
+003!$?n4 03i$ 
[Tm[4[m0$ r 
4
0 /$

$ $$

$T
59$s6&[6[ 0[

4
6$i
|t[06
EP6[$!$ C$Ro f
6,!6r6&[6[ 0[
/]E[
n~$K
?,f
E9[[$a
0[$s6|-$h0$R-
$
$& 9&

 $$,|5[7 007$[$03

0$$ [[7
-$
$E?5
0
0$$ m[&6[[ ,60[$t$Y[,u $ `4$

 



  !"#%$ $"&'
 
 
& 
)(
"!*+
 %& $"&%-, 
.&/
0 12
3/45
0 6"

' 
,78.9
0;:$<=%
?>%@ AAA!#
0$@ "&;
0 19:B 
 .,C .$!4D
0 E"

F G:B 0H%, 

&IIJALK


="& 
 G 
0 /
1M"9:N$' OJ>KP

="& 
 1*GC$)""&/$<2 
O&% #8 += E4QN
 '-$)
?>%@ AAA
#.C$?"&R,  .9
 ES4TUC< '-"&R4Q6 9: S0, 
V$ ="& W  X$).$G
0 Y$ #8",C 0  .&Z *+ 0
",7O4

 '[#8%
0\@%
"']F
$ 2
C*+\@8
"'^_"&%="$
@"&H
 
 

6, 8

"$ = "&;>%@ AAAV#.C$
"`C,C  -, 6&%-$ , 9
 #Za
"b 
 
 ?9
#;" "$?
H& 
&%=", c
0"9
d
"V<",7*G9
0,
,C""d"&; -U#.&/;*!2
0X
N d;
0 1 -$ 
$&
4T$;4'
 b,78
9
0"$;*!X$e
F9
;
"L$0*+L
 %&
4f
*+V"&O*+$)
?"+
 +$ *+' 
" 0;-9
0g
0="&%
 d.,7

6
,
5"&OC,C 
-, ih""&% X$?07(
.j
0"9
V
 
 S-$cR,7 
0`, #%,7,
,C" /:g
0k
 
<"l,7*G9
01 M"=  ,7 !
 1 -$)
0#S48= *G"3X"&l

spatial [a] 1000 km mesh

[2] 2 meshes

temporal
[1]

alluvial fans
develop

deltas develop

Easter Is.

ancient civilizations
(Egypt, Mesopotamia
Indus, Yangtze)

Japan
water polltion
air pllution

the Sahara
desertification

[c] 40 meshes, global

change of components
in the air; O2 CO2
the Ice Ages

[2]

[3]

[4]

black out in USA

the Aral sea shrink

theYellow River cut off

little ice age between

1400-1800

ozone hole
foating plastics kill
ocean animals
global warming

Chinas air pollution

over Japan Sea

= 0'>%!*G9
0 S4Q
8X0 *+7
Cl$0,7 ", 

mnpo

qsrt8uv_wyxiz{?|Xv |t%v {N}~z

V zu rjcrj{D rt verj!qsz |2
" 0L %$)
F*+8#,7
0 9 C$)
$H$)=" 0= &%"

 ;$)="<%e
,7
!4N 880 *+

CB$ , 
",7R^4D:B/:B 0G

<!"#O, ",  0 
&Y<2=%
6= 69:Y:
g4T !$d8= *G\@

 
 /:= &b<2/"O  .&L

R 
G9
1
 /4T9
0
$'4

0  *!
*c<2 C$548
 B
, (_$)#%$)
 *1.
\^
<2
, *+
$
4Q= 
 
D,7*!"-, 

&\@" 9:B  .@%:  E:B'*c="$)

03'
,7
V4?"9
0=  @$ =",CW$+Y&%0$e
0,H$)"g4
GW
, (_$)#%$)

*;@
X
0L, "$ &  C9
5]O
= @bX" 
$ / "X#%$ , $)

@
 02$ 
$!= -&%  '$4Q9:N$1 >9
eUj D= X

0'"UDc, *+ 0  
"$)N$0,C 
*!

, X

"&:
/*G9eW
, (_$)#%$)

*+
-,,C""
$

 0=" =%

j
 ?
)
0!"$)
 #@ 
*+
 '
0$B  -, 9(
< 
e#E
;H$ .,7h,V 28,CL$)=,CR$d94
0 d
 !^_"&%=$e
0 -
 =%
5
p+ R= 
/
W, "$ &  G
0 R, ="$04T,
0$
09
 ;b<2
0kX="*+k"&L"
= 0 
`, ,  (
& ,7F
0W]O9
C$)="p $/= -&% "@
"Y=
 / 02$ 
$S
*G9
0W*G&%F4?
0 *+0D&I$ "
-*+%&% -$ N8#
  X
?
0"9
6
0X3O -, VL
 +
)
0Y"$)
 #O$  ="&R<
< d
!h""&;
0$",76;
0 1*G9
0E9= 0'> 

-$ "&;:B$B< = "&"X

#G4Q0
$)
.&/:
F+:-&%
9 7
e#S45
0 

$
"9
0d2"= 
;$

0 ="X

+ "<"g

0 1$ -"&
4Q0*yAAV
0+AA!' c = 01V="%(74

$e
C f?$
"1"9
0d2"= 
E0 :1@
2  1<
E&% 4Q0
$)
 !4QN -,7="g
0=  
=  1+=  (0X

$e
C?J j N"
.$,7X
X="
&+
0'< = &H]O$)
0
= .$ @
"&;<8# @ AAVc V"\45
"6
0 
$:B 01,7=%

& 9:;"&E&%$0".0
&G4Q0*y

 1-$ "&l
"$ 
X=  X
0#@ $)l<2
,
*+'$)

 
#G
 %&%.&l@
:",CE0 "&%
 .&H0, = 
= 0?*+X$ $ < 
"6

C\&% 4Q0
$)
0
;45
0 1-$)-"&E$ 
,
="$ 
&H
$0$X=
0

C$
!M"9:aX
0V
0 '$ "9:
:9
0 C$ @%:",CE&% 9$e
C9
.&Sh2$)  S,
8g
0.$ 
"
$ 64T,
0C$\,7X
0 < =%
0
&H
+*G38 

0 1g4Q1H
0 1-$)-"&H78
0 
*!
#H&%gS, = g
.
$e
C6f"#S
"1"9
0
$<"&% 
&S
 1<0 

-$)-"&/
7
0  
U8 '<2  "&H]O2$)
0
= .$ 
=  1G&%9:

Yrj| |t DNzS \ ojNv |XDrj)velrt vez{

\p
'OUp
F" p2Nd

X/T.T"
+ X\ kfTE2
8k9 W\8?%

f%
p W\8?%
6<
V:
5@9
 N=%
"j,70


$fdJa%(
*G
H&   -,
0 V
"?0$ 6"&S4T24[$e
0 B^e$)-&/$
H7 *+ D45
"d$ "9
0i*!%&%
j (Ji"&G
0 d
 *+2(
0\*+%&%  [$e
0 ^e$ "&;$D%, 
.&H4f
 !"

,7X$)

D0,C" $)
0$f$ .,7= -9
0
 


C$j$)=" 0= &%"

 10-$)1&S4T\45
0 $N$ "&;$B4Q9:N$1 U_.
$e
C  6 F#8$ -$B$  9:N$B
0"9

0 1 X
0

5-
c98%
p!s2i
8i!2d .XS77
T V592pTF92\
2kE
k
5O,  .9
GFJ,7X
0 X
14
 S[$)

1^e$e(
"&b,C   -,7@\J")
C$6"UV
E<2G  
"0
&Y$
4Q9:N$

f#X<%e7
C, $;:
 =%
H
078
="  (*G" "< =
E:

$)2
, gh".&E,7 02 

$
e. ^e$ -"&/
C 8#i
#8"2*+
$ H<%
0"
&/4Q *y'
020  -, 
*G\
p = *GF= 0
$

]F$)
?
0$< C0#G 0 07
0$B 9:&"U#8$
 09X-&%68= *GHh"=" .$*+&%64#8"$

h"=" 6:
F$)*G 8= *V<
4f#8"$
$D$)
.,
.&l

>

Take a photo
of a tree

texture map on
a transparent polygon
data size =
1 polygon
+ 1 Mb image

 0_88 

woods and forest

data size =
data size =
2 (polygons
N x2(polygon + 1Mb image)
+ 1Mb image)

`T.d 0

 0b
a; %
N? "!" %7.% 0
LQ1" .)
0"
0!4UL   Q%
N
6  ! 

70
90 + .  9C1" "c 

)-
B d 0C
9
c  "  "90E-10
YX Ob% "0 E08d XY
"' 8
0 G0X 
 ! UY   70 Xd .901
G
.
$
UL   7X0 X0
") S;%   V 8e
  ! UL fG) -
^ .I 09X-%
 )X 0
/
-7
")b
Q0
 /
UY   )
-
B ! 0 0 '"L 8


& "gC ]
UL  X
C9
UL 5
 hg5e0& #F8-) '"eCVO7 Xc -3 
1`h
UL 
 %
N ( 
 00
ic %

N"%

Z_
UY   0 07  X)C
]
Z?
X'_"
/C"0.dgC190"1)
8-7j
Q .6
17 X0B"7"% 

) %X"/
UY   %
X_

0 C S0V7
C'0G-)F bE 08
+
%%

 ;j
UY    %

N 
Q0 1
fC"0#



 01 je0 e "O g09 

TXe 
"


") ".S" 0
0d 
N CC"

9D 

")C  C %) 0"0 0

"  S
Q
a2 8 
8
 
8090


/0 Q 00 V G!  C H   \eC9 "
G) +-B" 0d-N) 0"0 0
H") +2 X" 

f8/e.0

 ;08 07G "

  "').
! ) d 8 07G
  2
;2X ;)./0
% "7 '
+ "T 7#

0



! 0
N  108 " $G  'G  C)"
X

% %

a
 1-% X0
l2 X"

)0
& SX
0  .0
'

g0;.C;0 (

  0

  (
)X 0
)#
!N%9"


.C * )"
 5 +
B,

B 0j d7e0 "70
-) - +

E  .2" #
"7" )  +
fgC
U. 8-
  
0 +
.% B/

B -Z 0
Q/  C ""0""G
6& X
" He0 "7 01
e")D c "CE"" #
B2

 -/0
.7# !G +X   #  03
-)# \0O% -!4
Q0
) /
7#
!0 5
i0 S8+
 
1
& 8"60 )X  .O0O%7
- 

+e
Cj
 " 6. 0    "%0
7

 -
e0

E"7"  )X X0  ! G 09
8R %

N 7
BE%7
- .OS & + "
E0

i":
+%10 V  
D
D
70
 2

8% /
Q .eC 

;<;

a tree made of
two polygons

;5<k
l FJmon@B+N3E?FJ>qpM#Asr_MXMX>ut'EM#rWvLFGE>wAxB+>@P
y T@F5R(z\r_B#{GM;}|

=>@? A(B+CDCBAEFG>HFJI1KLB+?AMON/= ?CB+>QPSR3TQN%FG>@EDR#CDM

;5<k<~4=>HA(TQMRB+?(M:FJI1t'EM#rbn,FJED>wA
Z? +Y"+/).[XoZD
2X!_"k Y Q !
 " Ci 8 098
XG
 0 '7#+
 "X
;5<k<~G<~'t4KLRFJ>wAMX>wA?WRN%MOB+AEDFJ>
Z? 7X0 X00P70
90
XqD
Z  

2% 7

-%
}@D
Z  

2% 7
B -% s6
%-e0   %0
jQ 0
4Y
U W
 g0/$?
Z 
X(R
 _
 S
 0 H 8
0 
S?
Z 2?
"#) "L" %7.  I"B 
"8 "2`
C" "
"WG
 " "S" 0"-Q ^y
 e .N G
 9
F"; +
 C B
0d D 8
)0
/%X) "
&#
D
Z  

2% 7
B -% sG"D"%
OWQ "05i

 CG)
0j
GX#.c9B1 WZ? X
CQ0

XV
 8 

2X"!0 D)
0
W+9?18

X,X
%0 !Ej+
 " V  %)0F0+
 1
Z2  k
g %8. 

C)$
BR70
 R0 
X


" 
3 S  -
0 _YC% N S00""Qy0 ! %

 cVUL   "
O
BD "& V

UX)
-
B B 8
G%/U9-  W
XY20[
ZD
2XV_"
O"   
+
%-/_ \. )!  " 6  .)!
"%CdC"0.
Q .j V % +-" C X)]

BD S%%

 ! 
+ .

0 ^ +08-
Q
d
fC0D8-V 1_X
"7 

;<&kQ<D~J<*v]pCDER'vVN%MX?(MO>wA(BAEFG>

_kC% 10O%  _Z?

7X0 X050 S " /
.

3D CG contents creator

3D CG software

G( G"b
&Gb}^+&&-:1&^-(G+&#5
+sX3#X +b"+}G#" ^+'}##}+X -
&+:+}&#5L^+^+_}} L ^++J^]^+
}##}L+(^^&}]+}^9"_^}+*}^#+&X
+$ +
Jj +@(

+}^#+&*^ }"(_J%
*"(QJ}^^+^
X
"0#^X}s%]+w  } h^+_b++1(sh+
su ^(]^}/GO+W+^&+9}}&#5Y
+
}#&-L:3#
*^+d#+d}"+(23&}5X^+
-(+e #&}^} } X1 +}'}#&-7:3#j*^
2+b-( O*^&+- 1+s^G(&}]#Y#]
\j-(7 ^+$+^+*3^ ^ 5@_+$ #" L
 1JOs+ $*d2Xj"J# +$#-d
^s}^} O,1} W+0%+$5}#&- *
}b1+
^+h%+9*9}7^}4#-Wb#}O+#2h#+*
s}+#9^+Y%+:#} -&3#^[^+++
+^*%]%+]& s}XsX
3( ++&J#s'+^#+
#+'J"#&#\

3D CG data

Plug-in for conversion

Web3D creator

authoring tool

Web3D vendor

License

Client

client browser

Web3D data

file on server

server vendor

@&#+^]}d+%s_G%+^b & O

Viewpoint

Shockwave3D

A tool is
no charge

Server
vendor

pay charge

Web3D vendors

Web3D
contents
creator

have to buy
a tool

Web3D
contents
creator

no charge

Server
vendor

JbG(DJ
Y:S"#&#/+*++ O j&X&}[:
}
s+sX3# O^#s#}^"Wo:
}G
: }7
+0 }&0}d^+L&#^W^bWW%
^** G"}sh#$9+-2}9j^ X^+

+:
G&
"J }(@1++ @^} O^#7^++*J+*"+*3(
VG&}4+&W^5 :
}&b*2+jX&}Y
L
4
L5^+db %*+#}##X LxSS
G"#"&+#d+V+X1+ s%&#/"G+sW*+#}#
&Y^+bO^^}
+
2H^s} W}^^0^}j
b^49jjO^Wb#j}^1+}#
: }-s} 0s  }++J ^-W^+2-(
&
 }4}[   }+'^+9s+X}^# ^^}^+
b+b#-
:
&b  @ }bY^#&9J+b+&W^5

+1W^G(&}1sG+#2+]%+]@}#&-
\_V% }%+
5}@X
 "!#%$ '&()*++&,-%./0/12
3 %# 4$ 4%#25$6"61*287
9;:"<.=?> &*2).&*A@. 3 /B/"C 3 &D%E*FG
9;:"<.=?> &*2).&*A@. 3 /B :"H.=I DJF)E K+.)"!BELMG
9 L :"<=?> &*24.& N@. 3 MG
< (%2A.0O2)"4$ +2P%Q.R"4TS :%H.=I D F E
'&U0"C""C 3 +&JD%E*FV.;".&*2 .&"/$ ) 2)T7
< M$"6"6%1* &0;.0 21. 3 # 4$ +#W &U#.
2 4$!/%;X.!$%. 3 /&( 3 *+&M$M%./Y6+C
$U.)"!7
9;:"<.=<  3  H 6% 3 @. 3 ;B?K+.)"!
< !%B%Z.!$%. 3 NK+&UB[FNG
9;< %0."@. 3 NB :"H.=I DJF)E \""%!BU.
<  3 6 &.NB < F)L"G
F ]^7_EOF)]^7_` 9 L <  3 G
9;<  3 6 &;B < F < !%/B[F'aL"GcbdF'eTbfE%e
9;<  3 6 &"G

@+]+7b+/s}^#0}%f&9 }#+}^+

 #} "^+VV *dO+^(\@\^+L++GO"$\}"
++e+G"+5#^ }^(\ ^+]^+&*}^dQ*^^+2
1s}#$#e}}"+(^V }^W*]^+Y^+b#
&%1+b #"(
0#LQ+]Yh"&^#b}+X

+ :^_@+# +^]-(01}sh*0 ^(%"
&}}o+#_+j^s5Q^}4}+}^&} }^'

#}&\
5G*Y DXw
 &1G#&Ofh(*d*3 *}"&
+%$"
 2 ## O0&#s (}}&9bG%
}^ 1W3WG+V^b&G-s\^+*1++e5
5: H@:+(:J05@5(\_#GG
5\9Q\ JXG#Gw(XwW%X(DJ
+sX3##O OL%9X9+&}b^X
& L&^#
5\h]Q@D9V%XX@G
}XsX
3(d*3 *0}"&h/Y:+%$"1
G^G"+ +sO
3(O OL+]jb+"^s%
^#11&%(WW&}"&w+*1++&
5* JwGO3O'5QD@#G
+V%G@X
7^+%1j&W@&#+$b#-wLD^
W1
JO#}5&Xw}^} O&#+0#5&Q*^+%1]&
-s}&#+,
S XX&+b#(Q0% (3"X# 
^+j^b^ 2#X ^^(4^'Y} G&VL+/}
^s}^}^#WGH+%Xb&#:+&GOs+^+*3#
&}''+^+jd^2Y+X 0+'X# ^
" X" _+O(_}j^++J^ #}O+/+^ "+}

g;h"i.ji kdl*mnom)lWp
q4rs l*m;tUu+v sw k x"y{z|x}(k%~Ax s } s ~ s/. o%m s+ x
x%}m s kdl s x*k M v sw k)x%yT
q u t[z| kdl s x*k  ~4x s x ~ s x l s x*k ws o"oy
q i%y%vm;t['zi%}m w } s+ k N.s o mUk~  m^
i%}*k%~Ax s ~)vm w k k+m~ w } s k sW m w x
x s ~)v s m xo+y % l)^_U~m w+. ~x )_U~
m w+. ~8i%}m " mNx%}mNv  o%m)l  v s% m
v w m~"~"k 5.s ~~ o m
 %44. .)' (
)% "|%^J*
'. % ."."T)'O.+
d%.4+.'.'NN) 5T+
+ "."T)')4+%'T+J
4+%' _ 'd 4' T_'^f
..d-"_'+ % d' d
_ +.'
 %44cJ4' (%
J* %* )" "|%^ *
'J%.d'T.' .% . )..J
+ . +J ' J4Pd'+. .

U %4 J4.?J84 ( [.

'%"%J*
)   'dJ_  'Od%%'.

"."T)'" .+
  "."T)
^) T'_+_'J..+f
'J%'
^)
%^"A+.++ +_- " .
"."T)'M"+.. .+ '_
"."T)'A'_8+J 
'f 
"'J%'
  %4 J4. 84 J|(
"*
|

4
)

 Jf++U % "."T) )'
+_'''J4A % 
)'
 .W_4P+4T'U_+.+'
 Wd%%__++++.
T)'.d^ V;d".%P
"."T)'%


Yj;J>!?aIDA< GJX;J>KG=;DCE;ZEgLDuKA]m3N;ZIDNKA];?aLiGJL^>!w^;=9 ?
?`K;JYW<EhXp?AB_ID>bmknK9 L5w}XmK;cIz^L7L7mk[A];IM9>KX>Kz
YdIM?;J9X]IDA(?aLIDAAn;=L^nKA];A]Xw7X>Kz{X>Z?a`b;9;=YdLD?;ID9[
;JID<X>?a`K;tEgL^9 A]mFEh`K;J9 ;?`K;G=L^>!w^;=>@?X]L^>KIDA}< Gl`KL7L^A
<B7< ?a;=YX]<VL^ub?hLMp6?`K;JX9V9;IMGl`q

+00("-"
JV

;JmKIbCqC^L7LDpVB7n;=<X<u(IDAX]JIM?aXL^>pL^9
suKYdID>sIDNKX?aIM?a<>KmKXGIM?L^9bC;=mq{qq
FAuK;=wbZrsmbwMID>KGJ;=<iX>uKA?X]Yj;JmKX]IbCVX]mb;JL
ID>Km7X]z^>(IMA89 L}G=;J< <X]>bz7B7< ?;JYj<JC}v}rC
UF9 ;J;JG=;DC(nKn4q . [ . C D^^

`@? ?an^\EVEVEFq<`bL}Gl!EgI5wD;DqGJL^Y
`@? ?an^\EVEVEFqnKuKA<;JPDmqGJL^Y
`@? ?an^Mmb;=w^;=A]L^n%;J9=qw7X;=Ehn%L^X]>!?qGJLDY
`@? ?an^\EVEVEFqAoI\??aXGJ;MqG=L^Ycq n

P 

ID<uKmKIbC

qC^r

UA]LDN(IDASgA]XYZI\?aX]GSg`(IM>Kz^;

ID>Kmxr>KG=X];J>!?OSgXw7X]AX]JIM?aXL^>K<bCSgXw7X]A]XIM?X]L^>
ID>Km

:>@w7X9L^>KYj;J>!?JCnKnq 5 [ M Cr<ID@uK9aI

8ubNKA]X<`K;=9<JC("L^!B^LbC 5D^
D

ID<uK>KID9XCqCDV`K;gX]YdIDAoIB^I

nK9 X]<X>KzID>Km

?a`K;{cL^>b<L7L^>KKCDLDuK9>(IMA-LDpX]L^AL^z^X]GJIDA}GJX[
;J>KG=;DCw^L^A]P C(nKnqP [ ^ C 5^^ q
\

iIM?a< uKX

qC

(5a\(Z
(D

4l
CEgID>(IDYjX-8:uKNKAX]< `K;J9 <JC("L^!B^LKC D^^
M

vH9 X]z^`!?Cqvq

ID>Km

qbqCg(5a\(Z
D
89 ;J>!?aXGJ;IMA]ACb
\

4l

!"#%$'&($")+*"-,.0/.1324,56)"17

?X]L^>_X]>_?a`b;c<IDYd;eYdID>K>K;=9fEg;NK9L5Eh< ;iX?jL^>kI
<?lID>KmKIDA]L^>b;nbAoIM? pL^9Yq6rs<tpLDuK9:vH;=N(P^RxwD;J>KmbL^9<
ID9 ;dy(;=9G=;JAB3GJLDYdn%;=?X]>KzpL^9{?`K;|mK;ZpIMG=?aLi< ?lIM>}[
m(IM9m~L^>~?a`b;YZID9 D;
?Ct<L^Yj;|X]>bGJL^>!w^;=>KX];=>KGJ;e?aL\[
m(IBfEL^uKAmdN%;s< L^AwD;JmdX]>dIFp;
EB^;JID9<=qtpEg;snK9;[
n(IM9;V`KXz^`f@u(IDA]X?BPDRSVUxGJL^>!?a;=>!?a<tL^>;J>!w7X]9LD>}[

!]C

C D^!

`@? ?an^\EVEVEFq>K;
?lI\}<JqGJLDY|?a9ID>KGJ;M9aIMn(ID>@uKXq`!?aYjA
!ID< ?;J9h<A]ID>KmsL^Yj;n(IDzD;J

8:9;=<;=>@?ABDCFE;HGJID>K>KLM?ONK9 L.E;QPDRTSVUWID>KXYZI\[

;JN%;JAC
^