Lovely professional university

FIBER OPTICS

Submitted by:Sanjay singh lodhi Roll no. A04 Section:- C6904 Reg no. - 10906727

Submitted to :Mr. Bharpur singh ( PHY 112)

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION OF FIBER OPTICS 2. WHAT IS FIBER OPTICS

3. FACTS ABOUT FIBER OPTICS 4. HOW FIBER OPTICS WORKS

5. TYPES OF FIBER OPTICS 6. APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE MODE & MULTI MODE FIBER OPTICS

7. FIBER OPTICS EXPERIMENT 8. HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS

9. APPLICATION OF FIBER OPTICS 10. ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mr.Bharpur Singh who has given me this Term Paper to bring out my creative capabilities. I am also thankful to him for their valuable suggestions on my term paper. I express my gratitude to my parents for being continuous source of encouragement and for their entire financial ad given to me. I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me by the library staff of L.P.U. My heartfelt gratitude to my friends, for helping me morally to complete my work in time

Fiber optics
The Romans must have been particularly pleased with themselves the day they invented lead water pipes around 2000 years ago. At last, they had an easy way to carry their water from one place to another. Imagine what theyd make of modern fiber-optic cables"pipes" that can carry telephone calls and emails around the world in a seventh of a second! Please note that in some countries, including the UK, fiber optics is spelled "fibre optics." If you're looking for information online, it's always worth searching both spellings. Photo: A section of 144-strand fiber-optic cable. Each strand is made of optically pure glass and is thinner than a human hair. Picture by Tech. Sgt. Brian Davidson, courtesy of US Airforce.

What is fiber optics?

A fiber-optic cable is made up of 100 or more incredily thin strands of glass or plastic known as optical fibers. Each one is less than a tenth as thick as a human hair and can carry 10 million telephone calls. A glass tunnel through which the light travels is created. When the light hits the cladding, it interacts with and reflects back into the core. Because of this design, the light can bend around curves in the fiber and makes it possible to travel further distances without having to be repeated.

The light that travels along the fiber is made up of a binary code that pulses on and off and determines what information a given signal contains. The advantage of fiber is that these on/off pulses can be: translated video, computer, or voice data depending on the type of transmitter and receiver used.

Facts About Fiber Optics

Fiber optics were needed because television cables were becoming more capable of carrying more information than copper wire so computer and telephone companies needed something to compete. Currently all new undersea cables are made of optical fibers. Experts say that sometime in the early 21st century, 98% of copper wire will be replaced by fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cable installed for copper wire that already needs replacing is less expensive since it only needs repeaters to amplify the signals running through it every six miles rather than every mile.

Optical fiber phone lines cannot be bugged or tapped. A fiber is thinner than a human hair.

How fiber-optics works

Light travels down a fiber-optic cable by bouncing repeatedly off the walls. Each tiny photon (particle of light) bounces down the pipe like a bobsleigh going down an ice run. Now you might expect a beam of light, travelling in a clear glass pipe, simply to leak out of the edges. But if light hits glass at a really shallow angle (less than 42 degrees), it reflects back in againas though the glass were really a mirror. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. It's one of the things that keeps light inside the pipe. The other thing that keeps light in the pipe is the structure of the cable, which is made up of two separate parts. The main part of the cablein the middleis called the core and that's the bit the light travels through. Wrapped around the outside of the core is another layer of glass called the cladding. The claddings job is to keep the light signals inside the core. It can do this because it is made of a different type of glass to

the core. (More technically, the cladding has a higher refractive index than the core. Light travels slower in the cladding than in the core. Any light that tries to leak into the cladding tends to bend back inside the core.) Optical fibers carry light signals down them in modes. A mode is the path that a light beam follows down the fiber. One mode is simply to go straight down the middle of the fiber. Another is to bounce down the fiber at a shallow angle. Other modes involve bouncing down the fiber at other angles, more or less steep.

Types of fiber-optic cables

single-mode optical fiber

It has a very thin core about 5-10 microns (millionths of a meter) in diameter. In a single-mode fiber, all signals travel straight down the middle without bouncing off the edges (red line in diagram). Cable TV, Internet, and telephone signals are generally carried by single-mode fibers, wrapped together into a huge bundle. Cables like this can send information over 100 km (60 miles).

multi-mode optical fiber

Each optical fiber in a multi-mode cable is about 10 times bigger than one in a single-mode cable. This means light beams can travel through the core by following a variety of different paths (purple, green, and blue lines)in other words, in multiple different modes. Multi-mode cables can send information only over relatively short distances and are used (among other things) to link computer networks together.

Application of typical fiber optics

Even thicker fibers are used in medical tools called gastroscopes (or endoscopes), which doctors poke down peoples throats for detecting illnesses inside their stomachs. A gastroscope is a thick fiber-optic cable consisting of many optical fibers. At the top end of a gastroscope, there is an eyepiece and a lamp. The lamp shines its light down one part of the cable into the patient's stomach. When the light reaches the stomach, it reflects off the stomach walls into a lens at the bottom of the cable. Then it travels back up another part of the cable into the doctor's eyepiece. Different sizes of gastroscopes can be used to inspect different parts of the body. There is also an industrial version of the tool, called a fiberscope, which can be used to examine things like inaccessible pieces of machinery in airplane engines.

fiber-optic experiment
This nice little experiment is a modern-day recreation of a famous scientific demonstration carried out by Irish physicist John Tyndall in 1870.

It's best to do it in a darkened bathroom or kitchen at the sink or washbasin. You'll need an old clear, plastic drinks bottle, a flashlight (torch), some aluminum foil, and some sticky tape. Take the plastic bottle and wrap aluminum foil around the sides, leaving the top and bottom of the bottle uncovered. If you need to, hold the foil in place with sticky tape. Fill the bottle with water. Switch on the flashlight and press it against the base of the bottle so the light shines up inside the water. It works best if you press the flashlight tightly against the bottle. You need as much light to enter the bottle as possible, so use the brightest flashlight you can find. Standing by the sink, tilt the bottle so the water starts to pour out. Keep the flashlight pressed tight against the bottle. If the room is darkened, you should see the spout of water lighting up ever so slightly. Notice how the water carries the light, with the light beam bending as it goes! Photo: Seen from below, your water bottle should look like this when it's wrapped in aluminum foil. Don't cover the bottom of the bottle or light won't be able to get in. The black object on the right is my flashlight, just before I pressed it against the bottle. You can already see some of its light shining into the bottom of the bottle.

A brief history of fiber optics

1840s: Swiss physicist Daniel Colladon (18021893) discovered he could shine light along water pipe. The water carried the light by internal reflection. 1870: An Irish physicist called John Tyndall (18201893) demonstrated internal reflection at London's Royal Society. He shone light into a jug of water. When he poured some of the water out from the jug, the light curved round following the water's path. This idea of "bending light" is exactly what happens in fiber optics. Although Colladon is the true grandfather of fiber-optics, Tyndall often earns the credit. 1930s: Heinrich Lamm and Walter Gerlach, two German students, tried to use light pipes to make a gastroscopean instrument for looking inside someone's stomach. 1950s: In London, England, Indian physicist Narinder Kapany (1927) and British physicist Harold Hopkins (19181994) managed to send a simple picture down a light pipe made from thousands of glass fibers. After publishing many scientific papers, Kapany earned a reputation as the "father of fiber optics."

Application of fiber optics

1. We're used to the idea of information travelling in different ways. When we speak into a landline telephone, a wire cable carries the sounds from our voice into a socket in the wall, where another cable takes it to the local telephone exchange. Cellphones work a different way: they send and receive information using invisible radio wavesa technology called wireless

because it uses no cables. Fiber optics works a third way. It sends information coded in a beam of light down a glass or plastic pipe.

2. It was originally developed for endoscopes in the 1950s to help doctors see inside the human body without having to cut it open first. In the 1960s, engineers found a way of using the same technology to transmit telephone calls at the speed of light (186,000 miles or 300,000 km per second).

3. Fiber-optic cables carry information between two places using entirely optical (light-based) technology. Suppose you wanted to send information from your computer to a friends house down the street using fiber optics. You could hook your computer up to a laser, which would convert electrical information from the computer into a series of light pulses. Then youd fire the laser down the fiber-optic cable. After travelling down the cable, the light beams would emerge at the other end.

4. Your friend would need a photoelectric cell (lightdetecting component) to turn the pulses of light back into electrical information his or her computer could understand. So the whole apparatus would be like a really neat, hi-tech version of the kind of telephone you can make out of two baked-bean cans and a length of string!

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables Over Copper

1. Speed: Fiber optic networks operate at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second or higher, as opposed to 1.54 megabits per second for copper. A fiber optic system is now capable of transmitting the equivalent of an entire encyclopedia (24 volumes) of information in one second. Fiber can carry information so fast that you could transmit three television episodes in one second.

2. Bandwidth: Taken in bulk, it would take 33 tons of copper to transmit the same amount of information handled by 1/4 pound of optical fiber.

3. Resistance: Fiber optic cables have a greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables. Because optical fibers carry beams of light, they are free of electrical noise and interference.

4. Capacity: Fiber optics have a greater capacity for information which means smaller cables can be used. An optical fiber cable the size of an electrical cord can replace a copper cable hundreds of times thicker.