LTE Workshop Presentation: Key Technologies and Standardization

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

| Alessandro Vaillant | TILAB Wireless Access Innovation
Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
| Alessandro Vaillant
LTE workshop
Standardization aspects and active fora System overview Key enabling technologies for Long Term Evolution LTE-SAE Architecture LTE numerology LTE numerology, peak data rates, UE categories LTE DL and UL physical layer OFDM, SC-FDMA, frame structure, PRB, channels MIMO in LTE MIMO techniques for LTE QoS in LTE QoS model in E-UTRAN, QCI and QoS attributes Deployment strategy for EPS introduction Trials results: LSTI: LTE / SAE Trial Initiative TIs trials LTE trial with Huawei LTE advanced Beyond LTE: standardization process
2 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
Acknowledgements
The colleagues Andrea Barbaresi, Giuseppe Catalano, Valeria DAmico, Gian Michele Dell'Aera, Roberto Fantini, Maurizio Fodrini, Daniele Franceschini, Bruno Melis, are gratefully acknowledged for the support provided in realizing this presentation
Standardization aspects and active fora
Terminology
LTE (Long Term Evolution): it is the evolution of the 3G radio access network. In standard, it is named Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN) SAE (System Architecture Evolution): it is the evolution of the 3G system architecture. It consist of a new core network full-IP named in standard Evolved Packet Core (EPC) On the whole, the system is named Evolved Packet System (EPS = EUTRAN + EPC)
3GPP Organization
3GPP Evolution
Release '99 Release 5 Release 6 Release 7 Release 8 (March 2000) : UMTS/W-CDMA (March 2002) : HSDPA, IMS (March 2005) : HSUPA, MBMS, IMS, Advanced receivers (June 2007) : HSPA+ (Dec 2008) : HSPA+ enh, DC-HSDPA, CSoHSPA
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP work on 3G evolution started in November 2004 Release 8 was frozen in March 2009 (even if latest spec in Sept 2009) Currently, LTE standardization work is in progress under Release 9
Freeze of R9 specifications expected by March 2010
Field trials held in 2009 (LSTI) Target Deployment in 2011

LTE-Advanced in 3GPP R10 (2010)
Requirements of LTE (R8): initial targets [TR 25.913]
Requirements of LTE: R8 and beyond

Release 8 LTE performance Downlink
Peak data rate Bandwidth Peak Spectrum efficiency Average Spectrum efficiency [bit/s/Hz/cell] Latency 326.4 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) 172.8 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 16.3 bit/s/Hz 1.69 (2x2 MIMO) 1.87 (4x2 MIMO) 2.67 (4x4 MIMO) Data plane : 10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 100 ms (idle to active state) 0.74 (1x2 SIMO)
Next Releases LTE-A (3GPP targets in TR 36.913) Downlink

1 Gbps (8x8 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz 30 bit/s/Hz 2.4 (2x2 MIMO) 2.6 (4x2 MIMO) 3.7 (4x4 MIMO)
Uplink
86.4 Mbps (1x2 SIMO) 172 Mbps (Virtual MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 4.3 bit/s/Hz (1x2 SIMO) 8.6 bit/s/Hz (Virtual MIMO)
Uplink
500 Mbps (4x4 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz 15 bit/s/Hz 1.2 (1x2 SIMO) 2.0 (2x4 MIMO)
Data plane : <10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 50 ms (idle to active state)
NGMN: Next Generation Mobile network

NGMN collaborates with several standardization body (like 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, 3GPP2, IEEE) and try to address their activities so that the different standards follow the requirements shared among NGMN operators In the NGMN alliance, TI is involved in the following groups:
The Operating Committee, that coordinates all the NGMN activities; The Steering Committee, that coordinates several technical project The IPR group, where the guideline for the IPR treatment has been shared. The Spectrum group. The Trial group, that ensure the collaboration between NGMN and the trial initiatives: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) and WiMax Trial Initiative.
System overview
Key enabling technologies for Long Term Evolution

This section presents the technical solutions for the evolved radio access and radio access network. These are the ingredients of the Long Term Evolution recipe!
Scalable Bandwidth
OFDM
MME/UPE MME/UPE
S1
Evolved Packet Core
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
eNB
X2 X2
eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
MIMO
Network Evolution
Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable Bandwidth
The UMTS spectrum allocation did not allow a larger carrier bandwidth than 5 MHz: using equaliser receivers WCDMA/HSPA provides attractive performance at 5 MHz, and at the same time the receiver complexity remains reasonably low. Higher bit rates can generally be obtained by using larger bandwidth, as a consequence LTE allows larger bandwidth than UMTS, reaching up to 20 MHZ. At the same time smaller bandwidth were needed to allow simpler spectrum refarming.
LTE was defined with a scalable bandwidth: 1.4 MHz, 3.0 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz are possible.
1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz
W-CDMA is not suitable to support flexible bandwith, moreover the equalization for large bandwidth may be too complex.
10 MHz 20 MHz
High Data Rates
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a particular form of multicarrier modulation (MCM). MCM is a parallel transmission method which divides a high bandwidth signal into several narrower bandwidth subcarriers and transmits data simultaneously on each subcarrier.
5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT
Guard Intervals Symbols
Sub-carriers
Frequency
Time
OFDM
In OFDM the frequencies of the individual sub-carriers are chosen in a way that they do not interfere with each other since they are orthogonal. The demodulator of one subcarrier does not see the modulation of the others, so there is no cross talk between subcarrier even if their spectra overlap. This allow to pack the subcarriers more densely than with traditional FDM thus increasing the spectrum efficiency.
OFDM
Fortunately, the apparently very complex processes of modulating (and demodulating) thousands of subcarriers simultaneously are equivalent to DFT operations for which efficient FFT algorithms exist.
OFDM is well suited for high data rate systems which operate in multi-path environments because of its robustness to delay spread. The introduction of a guard interval enables an OFDM system to operate in multipath channels without the need for a complex equalizer. A Cyclic Prefix is created simply by selecting the last part of an OFDM symbol, make a copy of it and place the copy in front of the symbol (hence the term prefix)
1 | 0 | 2 0 | 1 | | 2 |
| Alessandro Vaillant y1 x1
x 2 x 3 y2 y3
Multi-Antenna techniques
MIMO
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technologies are required to achieve the higher LTE bit-rate targets. MIMO is simpler to implement with OFDMA than with CDMA, and it is more effective, since OFDMA is more robust to multipath and MIMO can exploit rich scattering environment without being negatively affected by multipath. For this reason, MIMO schemes up to 4x4 are defined in the standard. MIMO can be used to provide both spatial multiplexing and space-time coding.
Spatial Multiplexing
Space Time Coding
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
MME/UPE
MME/UPE
S1
X2
eNB
Evolved Packet Core
Network Architecture Evolution
E-UTRAN
eNB
X2
eNB
X2
Based on the requirements of reduced latency and cost for Long Term Evolution, it is natural to consider system architectures that contain a reduced number of network nodes along the data path. This would reduce both the overall protocolrelated processing as well as the number of interfaces, which in turn reduces the cost of implementation and interoperability testing.
E-UTRAN
Network Evolution
The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing the EUTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE. A new interface (X2) has been defined between eNodeB, working in a meshed way (meaning that all NodeBs may possibly be linked together). The main purpose of this interface is to minimize packet loss due to user mobility. As the terminal moves across the access network, unsent or unacknowledged packets stored in the old eNodeB queues can be forwarded or tunnelled to the new eNodeB thanks to the X2 interface.
X2
S1
S1
X2
MME/UPE
MME/UPE
S1
X2
eNB
Evolved Packet Core
Network Architecture Evolution
E-UTRAN
eNB
X2
eNB
X2
From a high-level perspective, the new E-UTRAN architecture is actually moving towards WLAN network structures and WiMAX Base Stations functional definition.
Network Evolution
eNodeB as WLAN access points support all Layer 1 and Layer 2 features associated to the E-UTRAN OFDM physical interface, and they are directly connected to network routers. There is no more intermediate controlling node (as the 2G/BSC or 3G/ RNC was). This has the merit of a simpler network architecture (fewer nodes of different types, which means simplified network operation) and allows better performance over the radio interface.
Such architecture design has the approach in functional distribution as that used in the evolution to HSPA one-tunnel PS core network architecture.
LTE-SAE Architecture
E-UTRAN Architecture
The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.
MME / S-GW
MME / S-GW
S1
eNB
X2
S1
S1
S1
X2
E-UTRAN eNB
X2
eNB
E-UTRAN Architecture: eNodeB

From a functional perspective, the eNodeB supports a set of legacy features, all related to physical layer procedures for transmission and reception over the radio interface:
Modulation and de-modulation. Channel coding and de-coding.
Besides, the eNodeB includes additional features, coming from the fact that there are no more Base Station controllers in the E-UTRAN architecture:
Radio Resource Control Radio Mobility management Radio interface full Layer 2 protocol The eNodeB also implements Distributed RRM funct. e.g.: Set-up/Management/Release of the signaling and the transport bearers Admission Control Load Balancing, Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Subscriber Type auto-configuration/auto-optimization
E-UTRAN Architecture: eNodeB & SON

A new concept characterizing LTE is the auto-configuration/auto-optimization of the network (SON, Self Organizing Networks) in order to reduce the cost and the effort related to the network management Self-configuration: auto-configuration of the eNBs by means of automatic procedures (mostly performed in the pre-operational phase) Basic set up (authentication, downloading of the eNB sw, IP address, S1 set up, .) Initial Radio configuration (Neighbour list setup, coverage/capacity related parameter configuration) ANR: Automatic Neighbour Relation (R8). When the eNB detects (from the terminal report) a cell not included within its own Neighbour List, it includes this cell in the list and sets up the X2 intf toward the related eNB Self-optimization: utilization of the performance measurement/parameters found by the UE and eNB for the auto-tuning of the network. These procedures are performed in the operational state, that is when the RF interface is switched on Coverage and Capacity Optimisation, Load Balancing, Mobility Robustness,.
E-UTRAN Architecture: Radio protocols

User plane: the protocol stack comprises PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY sublayers (terminated in eNB on the network side) The PDCP, RLC and MAC perform the functions of header compression, ciphering, ARQ, scheduling and HARQ.
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Control plane: the protocol stack comprises NAS, (terminated in MME), RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY sublayers (terminated in eNB).
UE NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY
eNB
MME NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY
E-UTRAN Architecture: L3 radio protocols

Layer 3 is composed by the RRC (Radio Resource Control) that is terminated in the eNB on the network side The main layer 3 functions are: Broadcast of System Information related to the non-access stratum (NAS) and to the the access stratum (AS) Paging Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connections Security functions including key management Establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers (RB) Mobility functions including: Inter-cell handover, UE cell selection and reselection QoS management functions UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting

Layer 2 is split into Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC) and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP). The multiplexing of several logical channels (i.e. radio bearers) on the same transport channel (i.e. transport block) is performed by the MAC sublayer. In uplink and downlink, only one transport block is generated per TTI in the nonMIMO case.
Radio Bearers ROHC PDCP Security Security Security Security ROHC ROHC ROHC
ROHC = robust header compression Ciphering
RLC
Segm. ARQ
...
Segm. ARQ Logical Channels
Segm. ARQ
...
Segm. ARQ
Layer 2 Structure for DL

BCCH PCCH
(user plane)
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
Multiplexing UE1
Multiplexing UEn
HARQ Transport Channels
HARQ

The physical-layer model for Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) is described in the Figure. Processing steps that are configurable by higher layers, are highlighted in blue colour.
Node B
Channel-state information, etc.
N Transport blocks (dynamic size S1..., SN)
ACK/NACK ACK/NACK HARQ info
UE
Error indications
HARQ
HARQ info
HARQ
CRC CRC
Coding + RM Coding + RM
Redundancy for error detection
CRC CRC
Coding + RM Decoding + RM
MAC scheduler
Redundancy version
Redundancy for data detection
Interleaving
Modulation scheme Resource/power assignment Antenna mapping
Interl.
Deinterleaving
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Interl.
Layer 1 model for DL-SCH
Data modulation
Data modulation
Data modulation
Data demodulation RB mapping
RB mapping Resource mapping

Multi-antenna processing
Resource demapping
Antenna mapping
Antenna demapping
E-UTRAN/SAE Architecture
UTRAN 2G/3G SGSN GERAN
S3 S6a S11 S10 S12 S4
This architecture allows for independent scaling and growth of throughput traffic and control signal processing and operators can also choose optimized topological locations of nodes within the network in order to optimize the network in different aspects.
MME
S1-MME
HSS
Gx
PCRF
Rx
eNB E-UTRAN
X2
S1-U
Serving Gateway
S5
PDN Gateway
Operator IP Services
SGi
(e.g. IMS)
eNB
eNB: MME: PDN GW: SGi: PCRF:
evolved NodeB Mobility Management Entity (similar to the control part of a SGSN) access gateway to a Packet Data Network (similar to a GGSN) access point to the Internet/Intranet (equivalent to the Gi interface of the GPRS) Policy Control and Charging (PCC) Rules Function
Serving GW: local anchor point for intra-LTE and inter-3GPP mobility (similar to the UP part of a SGSN)
E-UTRAN/SAE Architectural issues

System optimized for broadband data transmission PS domain only
Always on approach: at the Attach UE receive an IP address and one (or some) default bearer
Logical split between Mobility Management Entity (MME) and User Plane nodes (Serving Gateway and PDN Gateway) Different implementation options in the co-location of logical entities are feasible E-UTRAN is characterized by a flat architecture. Only two logical interfaces are defined (S1 and X2) QoS is still based on the concept of EPS bearer but a label based approach is defined and Network Initiated sessions have a predominant role Procedures for interworking with non 3GPP access technologies
LTE numerology
LTE Numerology
An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) scheme is employed for downlink (DL) transmission. Scalable-OFDM (S-OFDM) technology is employed: the sub-carrier spacing f is fixed and equal to 15 KHz, independently from the transmission bandwidth so that the number of subcarriers is proportional to the transmission bandwidth.
Transmission BW Subframe duration Sub-carrier spacing Sampling frequency FFT size Number of occupied sub-carriers Number of OFDM symbols per sub frame (Normal/Extended CP) (4.69/9) 6, Normal CP length (5.21/10) 1* (s/samples) Extended (16.67/32) (4.69/18) 6, (5.21/20) 1 (16.67/64) (4.69/36) 6, (5.21/40) 1 (16.67/128) 1.92 MHz (1/2 3.84 MHz) 128 76 3.84 MHz 256 151 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 1.0 ms 15 kHz 7.68 MHz (2 3.84 MHz) 512 301 15.36 MHz (4 3.84 MHz) 1024 601 23.04 MHz (6 3.84 MHz) 1536 901 30.72 MHz (8 3.84 MHz) 2048 1321 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
7/6 (4.69/72) 6, (5.21/80) 1 (16.67/256) (4.69/108) 6, (5.21/120) 1 (16.67/384) (4.69/144) 6, (5.21/160) 1 (16.67/512)
LTE Numerology
An important characteristic of the LTE radio interface is that the frame duration and Transmission Time Interval (TTI) are harmonized with those of UMTS/HSDPA system. In particular the frame duration is equal to 10 ms while the sub-frame period, which corresponds to the Transmission Time Interval (TTI), is equal to 1 ms (compared to the 2 ms of HSPA). Also the sampling frequency of the baseband (BB) signals are harmonized: for UMTS/HSPA the baseband signal is sampled at 3.84 MHz, while for LTE the baseband sampling frequency is equal to (n/m)x3.84 where n and m are integer factors that depend on the LTE channel bandwidth. These features reduce the complexity and the cost of dual mode terminals that will support both radio interfaces.
LTE Numerology
The useful part of the OFDMA symbol (e.g. not considering the cyclic prefix) has a duration, equal to the inverse of the subcarrier spacing:
1 1 = = 66.7 s f 15000 The duration of the complete OFDMA symbol including the cyclic prefix (CP), which is introduced to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) among consecutive OFDMA symbols, is equal to: Tb =
Ts = Tb + Tcp
where Tcp is the duration of the cyclic prefix. In the LTE standard two CP lengths (normal and extended) have been standardized in order to facilitate the deployment in environments characterized by different values of delay spread. The normal CP has a duration of 4.69 s that corresponds to a transmission overhead = 100 Tcp Tb = 7 %, while the extended CP has a duration of 16.67 s that corresponds to an overhead of about = 25%.
LTE peak data rates

Downlink (20 MHz, code rate 1.0, 64-QAM)
LTE bandwidth [MHz] Number of PRB Number of control symbols per PRB Number of data subcarriers per PRB Modulation Number of TX antennas DL Peak Throughut [Mbit/s] 1.25 6 2 58 6 4 16.7 2.5 12 2 58 6 4 33.4
153.1 Mbit/s with 22 MIMO 306.2 Mbit/s with 44 MIMO

5 25 2 58 6 4 69.6 10 50 2 58 6 4 139.2 15 75 2 58 6 4 208.8 20 110 2 58 6 4 306.2
BUT with 2x2 MIMO in the 5MHz bandwidth the DL peak throughput would be similar to HSPA+
Uplink (20 MHz, code rate 1.0, Single transmit antenna)

LTE bandwidth [MHz] Number of PRB Number of control symbols per PRB Number of data subcarriers per PRB Modulation Number of TX antennas UL Peak Throughut [Mbit/s] 1.25 6 1 60 6 1 4.3 2.5 12 1 60 6 1 8.6
52.8 Mbit/s with 16-QAM 79.2 Mbit/s with 64-QAM

10 50 1 60 6 1 36.0 15 75 1 60 6 1 54.0 20 110 1 60 6 1 79.2
5 25 1 60 6 1 18.0
UE categories
Downlink capabilities
UE Category Category 1 Category 2 Category3 Category4 Category5 Maximum n umber of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI 10040 50000 100000 150112 300064 Peak Throughput supported by the UE [Mbit/s] 10.04 50 100 150.112 300.064 Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in DL 1 2 2 2 4
4 Rx antennas
Uplink capabilities
UE Category Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI 5032 25008 50000 50000 75056 Peak Throughput supported by the UE [Mbit/s] 5.032 25.008 50 50 75.056
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5
16-QAM only Support of 64-QAM

Details in 3GPP TS 36.306
OFDM in 3GPP Long Term Evolution

In 3GPP Long Term Evolution: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is to be used in downlink direction Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is to be used in the uplink direction
Downlink Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users. The subcarrier spacing in the OFDM downlink is 15 kHz and there is a maximum of 2048 subcarriers available. The transmission is divided in time into time slots of duration 0.5 ms and subframes of duration 1.0 ms. A radio frame is 10 ms long. Supported modulation formats on the downlink data channels are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
Uplink
SC-FDMA was chosen in order to reduce Peak to Average Ratio (PAR), which has been identified as a critical issue for use of OFDMA in the uplink where power efficient user-terminal amplifiers are required. Another important requirement was to maximize the coverage. For each time interval, the base station scheduler assigns a unique time-frequency interval to a terminal for the transmission of user data, thereby ensuring intra-cell orthogonality.
LTE downlink physical layer
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

X(f)
Power spectrum
Advantages High resistance to multipath propagation Low implementation complexity (IFFT/FFT) Sharp power spectrum decrease at the band edges
sub-carriers frequency
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) is eliminated at the receiver by removing the cyclic prefix (i.e. no need for channel equalizers or Rake receivers) Space-time processing operations performed independently for each subcarrier (lower receiver complexity that single carrier transmission) Disadvantages High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Power amplifiers with high linearity are required (critical issue on the terminal side) Sensitivity to frequency offset and phase noise
LTE frame structures

Downlink and uplink transmission are organized into radio frames with duration Tf = 10 ms. Two radio frames structures are supported Type 1 frame structure Applicable to FDD or Half Duplex FDD Type 2 frame structure Applicable to TDD The alternative frame structure has been defined to facilitate the coexistence with the 1.28 Mchip/s UTRA TDD system (i.e. the TD-SCDMA standard primarily adopted in China).
Type 2 frame structure Type 1 frame structure
0.5 ms
One radio frame = 10 ms
Half-frame = 5 ms
#0
DwPTS
#2
#3
#4
GP
UpPTS Subframe = 1 ms
Type 1 frame structure

Each Type 1 radio frame consists of 20 slots each of length Tslot = 0.5 ms. A subframe is defined as two consecutive slots where subframe j consists of slots 2j and 2j+1 For FDD duplexing, downlink and uplink transmission are separated in the frequency domain and both the downlink and uplink frame is composed by 10 subframes of 1 ms each.
Slot period equal to 0.5 ms Two cyclic prefix lengths : normal and extended Number of OFDM symbols per slot : 7 (normal CP) or 6 (extended CP)
Type 1 frame structure

Slot structure in a Type 1 frame:
Symb 0 Symb 1 Symb 2 Symb 3 Symb 4 Symb 5 Symb 6
Normal CP
TCP = 5.21 s
TCP = 4.69 s
Symb 0
Symb 1
Symb 2
Symb 3
Symb 4
Symb 5
Extended CP
TCP = 16.6 s
Tsymb = 66.7 s
Tslot = 0.5 ms
Ts =
Tsymb 2048
1 f 2048
Ts = sampling time = 32.6 ns

f = subcarrier spacing = 15 KHz
Tsymb = OFDM symbol duration = 66.6 s

Physical Resource elements and blocks (PRB)

Physical Resource Block (PRB): is the smallest unit of bandwidth assigned by the
scheduler at physical level. One PRB is composed by a set of 12 adjacent subcarriers (180 KHz) allocated on a slot-by-slot basis (0.5 ms).
Resource element (RE): each subcarrier in the resource grid 84 REs are contained in one PRB FDD frame type 1 normal cyclic prefix
freq time
k=0 l=0
DL N symb
DL RB N RB N SC subcarriers RB N SC subcarriers
DL RB N SC 1 k=N RB
OFDM symbols
Slot
DL 1 l = N symb
Resource Element (k,l)
Physical Resource Block (PRB) 42 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
Physical Resource elements and blocks (PRB)

In the following table is represented the number of PRB per slot as a function of E-UTRA channel bandwidths:
Channel bandwidth BW [MHz] Number of active PRB s per slot ( NRB) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
15
25
50
75
100
The minimum size of the physical resources that can be allocated corresponds to the minimum TTI, i.e. one subframe of 1 ms. Therefore, the quantum of resources that can be allocated corresponds to two PRBs, e.g. 14 OFDM symbols (in case of normal CP, or 12 for the extended CP) of 12 subcarriers (180 kHz).
Resource allocation for DL Control Channels

The main DL control channels are formed by aggregation of Control Channel Elements (CCE). Each CCE is, in turn, an aggregation of 9 RE Group (REG) distributed over 1,2 or 3 consecutive OFDM symbols in the beginning of each subframe. Each REG consists of 4 consecutive REs that are not used for other purposes. This means that 4 REs in a REG need not be strictly consecutive, since some REs are consumed by antenna Reference Signals.
DL Control Channels
DL control signalling is located in the first n OFDM symbols (n 3) of a subframe and consists of: Control Format Indicator (CFI), which indicates the amount of resources devoted to control channel use. CFI is mapped to the Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH). HARQ Indication (HI), which informs of the success of the uplink packets received. The HI is mapped on the Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH). Downlink Control Information (DCI), which controls with different formats basically all the physical layer resource allocation in both uplink and downlink direction and has multiple formats for different needs. The DCI is mapped on the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Control Data
Frequency
Time
180 kHz
PDCCH resource allocation from PCFICH
LTE Physical Channels (DL)

Physical broadcast channel (PBCH) Mapped to four subframes within a 40 ms interval
eNB
PBCH PCFICH PDCCH
UE
It carries the system information needed to access the system, such as RACH parameters. Physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) Informs the UE about the number of OFDM symbols (1-3) used for the PDCCHs (i.e. for control information that can vary between 1 and 3 for each 1 ms subframe). It is transmitted in every subframe in the first symbol of the subframe and occupies 4 REGs (16 REs). It exact allocation is cell specific and calculated by the UE using the Physical Cell Identity (PCI). Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) Informs the UE about the resource allocation and H-ARQ information related to DL-SCH and PCH. Carries the uplink scheduling grant. The DCI mapped on the PDCCH has different formats and depending on the size DCI is transmitted using one or more Control Channel Elements (CCEs). It is mapped in the first n OFDM symbols (n 3) of a subframe.
| Alessandro Vaillant eNB

PDSCH PMCH PHICH
LTE Physical Channels (DL)

Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
Carries the DL-SCH. It uses the remaining REs after the allocation of PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH and DL RSs. Thus not all the 84 REs in a PRB can be used for actual data transmission. Physical multicast channel (PMCH) Carries the MCH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
UE
Carriers ACK/NACKs in response to uplink transmissions. It is located in the first symbol of the subframe and occupies 3 REGs (12 REs). The resources for the PHICH are configured on semi-static basis, i.e. the UE knows where to look for it (in terms of Res)
LTE Physical Channels (UL)

Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) Carries the UL-SCH Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) Carries ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission Carries Scheduling Request (SR) Carries CQI reports Physical random access channel (PRACH) Carries the random access preamble
eNB
PUSCH PUCCH PRACH
UE
LTE Channels Architecture

CONTROL PLANE RRC USER PLANE IETF
SRB PDCP
SRB
SRB
SRB
SRB
DRB
DRB
RLC
Logical BCCH Channels
PCCH
CCCH
DCCH
MCCH
MTCH
DTCH
MAC
SCHEDULING PRIORITY
MUX/DEMUX HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels BCH
RACH
PCH
DL-SCH
MCH
UL-SCH
Physical Channels
PBCH
PRACH
PHICH PCFICH PDCCH PDSCH
PMCH
PUSCH PUCCH
DL Reference Signals
The Reference Signal (RS) consist of known reference symbols inserted in the first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot. RS sequence is a pseudo random sequence that is a function of the slot number and cell ID 504 unique cell IDs (PCI) WCDMA has 512 P-SC
180 kHz
Normal CP
Frequency
1 ms Time
DL Reference Signals for one or two antennas case

R0 R0
One antenna port
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
l=0
R0 l=6 l=0
l=6
Resource element (k,l)
R0
R0
R1
R1
Two antenna ports
R0
R0
R1
R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
R0
R0
R1
R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0
R0
R1
R1
UE measurements
For the UE the following measurements are to be performed inside the LTE system: Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), which for a particular cell is the average of the power measured (and the average between receiver branches) of the resource elements that contain cell-specific reference signals. E-UTRA Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which is the total received wideband power on a given frequency. E-UTRA RSSI is not reported by the UE as an individual measurement (as indicated in the early versions of specs until June 2008), but it is only used in calculating the RSRQ value inside the UE. Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is the ratio of the RSRP and the EUTRA (RSSI), for the reference signals.
LTE uplink physical layer
Single Carrier FDMA

Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) accommodates multiple-user access It was chosen in order to reduce Peak to Average Ratio (PAR), which has been identified as a critical issue for use of OFDMA in the uplink where power efficient amplifiers are required. Another important requirement was to maximize the coverage. For each time interval, the base station scheduler assigns a unique time-frequency interval to a terminal for the transmission of user data, thereby ensuring intra-cell orthogonality. Slow power control, for compensating path loss and shadow fading, is sufficient as no near-far problem is present due to the orthogonal uplink transmissions.
DFT
(size M)
Subcarrier Mapping
IFFT
(size NM)
CP insertion
Subcarrier mapping
Two subcarrier mapping schemes analyzed during the standardization Distributed Localized
Distributed Mapping
Localized Mapping
3GPP decided to use only the localized mapping for LTE uplink in order to better exploit Adaptive Modulation and Coding rather than to increase the frequency diversity.
Uplink Transmission Scheme

Based on single-carrier FDMA, UL sub-carrier spacing f = 15 kHz. While the maximum transmission bandwidth is up to 20 MHz, the minimum transmission bandwidth is down to 180 kHz, equal to the 12 x 15 kHz sub-carriers in the downlink direction or, rather, one resource block. One PRB corresponds to 12 adjacent sub-carriers during one slot period (0.5 ms). The number of resource blocks can range from 6 (1.25 MHz) to 100 (20 MHz)
MIMO in LTE
Multiple antenna techniques in LTE

Support for multi-antenna techniques is an integral part of LTE still from the Release 8 Performance requirements set assuming all terminals support at least two receiving antennas LTE terminals are expected to support all the MIMO techniques present in the 3GPP standard An important aspect is the selection of the proper MIMO technique that the network must perform for each user depending on its channel conditions (e.g. SINR value, user speed, channel correlation) Adaptive MIMO The following MIMO techniques have been standardized in the Release 8 of 3GPP LTE :
LTE downlink (Release 8) Transmit Diversity (SFBC) Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) Spatial Multiplexing with a single user (SUMIMO) Spatial Multiplexing with two users (MU-MIMO) Linear Precoding Beamforming LTE uplink (Release 8) UE antenna selection (optional) Receiver diversity at the eNode B Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Transmit Diversity (SFBC, space frequency block coding)

Increases the robustness of the radio link -> suitable for cell edge users; enhance coverage Open loop technique (no feedback from the UE) -> suitable for high mobility users Based on the application of a space-time code (Alamouti) over two adjacent OFDM subcarriers Provides spatial diversity for transmissions for which channel dependent scheduling is not possible or convenient Primarily intended for common downlink channels. Can also be applied to user-data transmission (e.g. VoIP), where the low data rates may not justify the overhead associated with channel-dependent scheduling
MIMO 2n f
A1
MIMO 4n
Alamouti code on two adjacent OFDM subcarriers Alamouti code applied on each couple of antennas
S1 S2
* S2
A2
S1*
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)

technique)
CDD is an open-loop transmit diversity technique (also applicable together with SM Introduces virtual echoes that increase the frequency selectivity of the channel and thus it is particularly useful in flat channels characterized by low frequency diversity (e.g. small delay spread channels) Open loop technique -> suitable for high speed users Consists in the application of a linear phase shift (as a function of frequency) on the data subcarriers transmitted from the various antennas. The linear phase shift is applied at the transmitter before the IFFT operation and has different slopes for the transmit antennas
Channel response seen by the UE without CDD Channel response seen by the UE with CDD

Spatial Multiplexing
Increases the peak data rate -> suitable for users in good channel conditions (high SINR, near eNodeB) Based on the simultaneous transmission of multiple parallel data streams over the same time-frequency resources -> the stream separation is performed a the UE receiver The data streams can be directed to a single UE (SU-MIMO) or multiple UEs (MU-MIMO)
Linear precoding
Increases the robustness of the radio link -> suitable for both cell edge users (single stream transmission) and users in good channel conditions (multiple stream transmission) Closed loop technique -> suitable for low mobility users Consists in the multiplication of the streams to be transmitted by a precoding vector or matrix The optimum precoding vector/matrix is selected by the UE from a finite set, called the codebook, known to both the receiver and the transmitter The UE receiver sends as feedback to the eNode B the index of the selected matrix (PMI)
Codebook for 2 Tx antennas
Codebook index Number of layers 1 0
PMI
PMI Traffic channel
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 j 1 1 2 j
UE1
Traffic channel
UE2
Estimate CSI1 Select matrix
eNodeB
Estimate CSI2 Select matrix
PMI
3
Note: the PMI index may change with frequency 63 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
Beamforming
Exploits antenna arrays with element spacing of half wavelength (/2) or less The signal weighting is performed at baseband level by means of suitable complex weights that permit the maximization of the array gain in the direction of the useful signal and, at the same time, to place a minimum of the radiation diagram in the direction of the interfering signals For FDD duplexing the Direction of Arrival (DoA) can be estimated from the uplink sounding signals (i.e. long-term DoA based beamforming is one candidate for FDD)
Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 2 Base Station 1 Base Station 2
Increase coverage and capacity by means of spatial filtering of the co-channel interference
Effect of channel correlation on MIMO performance

The main idea behind MIMO is to establish independent parallel channels (at the same frequency) between multiple transmit and receive antennas Due to fading correlation, the number of independent parallel channels is reduced Fading correlation is determined by antenna distance, Angle Spread (AS) of electromagnetic waves, number of received echoes and presence of LoS (Line of Sight) SU-MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing) is the technique most affected by channel correlation
Fading correlation vs. antenna distance SU-MIMO 4x4 theoretical capacity vs.correlation
Adaptive MIMO in LTE

The different MIMO techniques standardized in LTE are optimal in different channel conditions In particular the selection of the optimum MIMO technique should be performed by the E-UTRAN network taking into account the SINR value (derived from the CSI), channel correlation (derived from the Rank Indicator) and mobile speed (derived from uplink reference signals)
Open loop spatial multiplexing (SU-MIMO, SU-MIMO with CDD)
SINR
high
MU-MIMO
Closed loop spatial multiplexing (SU-MIMO with precoding)
medium
low low medium high Fading correlation
low
Closed Loop MIMO techniques
medium
Open Loop
high
User speed
Transmit diversity (SFBC)
Single layer precoding
MIMO techniques
Adaptive MIMO
An important feature of an LTE network is the selection of the proper MIMO technique for each user depending on its channel conditions (e.g. SINR value, user speed, channel correlation)
Extended Pedestrian A v = 3 km/h High channel correlation
Adaptive MIMO
Impact of channel correlation on SU-MIMO performance
Impact of user speed on open and closed loop MIMO techniques
Impacts of MIMO techniques on network performance

Several antenna techniques supported; each antenna technique is suitable for a particular channel condition: Open loop or closed loop Single data stream/multiple data streams Network performance are affected by channel conditions: SINR cell edge or close to eNodeB User speed Channel correlation An important aspect is the selection of the proper MIMO technique that the network must perform for each user depending on its channel conditions Adaptive MIMO
QoS in LTE
QoS model in E-UTRAN

The EPS QoS architecture (TS 23.401) has been substantially simplified as compared to legacy network. The bearer model itself is very similar to the GPRS bearer model, but it has fewer layers. EPS supports the always-on concept. There are two types of bearer: default and dedicated bearer.
With a default bearer is meant basic IP-connectivity between UE and some external Packet Data Network (PDN). Such bearer does not guarantee any level of QoS and is typically used for signalling purposes only (or service with very low requirements). The EPS QoS architecture has been substantially simplified as compared to legacy network. With a dedicated bearer is meant any other bearer, besides the default one, that is established between the UE and the same PDN. There may be zero, one or more dedicated bearer active for each PDN (but only one default bearer).

In E-UTRAN, a bearer can be GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) or non-GBR
In case of GBR bearer, the transmission resources needed to supply a minimum guaranteed bit rate in the access network are permanently assigned The non-GBR bearers do not have any resource permanently assigned A default bearer is always non-GBR.
Subscription data in the HSS sets a maximum limit, for each PDN, on the bit rate that the network should provide for a non-GBR bearer. This parameter is called the Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR). It limits the aggregate bit rate that can be expected to be provided across all non-GBR bearers and across all PDN connections of the same APN. Each of those non-GBR bearers could potentially utilize the entire APN AMBR, e.g. when the other non-GBR bearers do not carry any traffic The UE-Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (UE-AMBR) is subscription parameter stored in the HSS that limits the aggregate bit rate that can be expected to be provided across all non-GBR bearers of a UE. Each of those Non GBR bearers could potentially utilize the entire UE AMBR, e.g. when the other Non GBR bearers do not carry any traffic. GBR bearers are outside the scope of UE AMBR. The GBR and MBR denote bit rates of traffic per bearer while UE-AMBR/APN-AMBR denote bit rates of traffic per group of bearers.
| Alessandro Vaillant Note: A default bearer is always non-GBR
AMBR

Both default and dedicated bearer are also associated with Uplink and Downlink TFT (Traffic Flow Template) and a set of QoS parameters. The TFT identifies the traffic flows (SDF, Service Data Flow) mapped on the EPS bearer. It is a specification of a packet filter to be applied to all IP packets sent over a given bearer. A TFT could, for example, only allow TCP/IP packets or UDP/IP packets or only packets with a certain port or destination address (or any specific combination of port, address and protocol) The set of QoS parameters is composed by:
QCI (QoS Class Identifier), a scalar that identifies the type of traffic forwarding in the access network (related to the scheduling mechanisms) ARP (Allocation and Retention Priority), a value of priority that can be used by the eNB in order to decide which bearer to release in case of lack of resources GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) e MBR (Maximum Bit Rate), only defined for the GBR bearers. Note that a Release 8 network is not required to support differentiation between the MBR and GBR, and the MBR value is always set to equal to the GBR.
The QoS parameters are translated, in a implementation dependent way, into radio interface parameters that are passed to the eNB packet scheduler (MAC) in order to fullfill the requirement of the established QoS context.
The concept of QCI

Each EPS bearer is associated to a QCI, a scalar value The QCI is a pointer to a set of parameters that control the type of traffic forwarding on the eNBs
These parameters, that can be access-specific, are pre-configured by the operator on the access nodes (e.g. scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue management thresholds, link layer protocol configuration)
Some values of QCI are standardized and are related to a set of characteristics specifying the expected behavior in the link between the UE and the gateway
The QCI Characteristics consist of Bearer Type (GBR/non-GBR, implicit in the QCI value), Packet Delay Budget (PDB) e Packet Loss Rate (PLR) The QCI Characteristics are not signaled on the S1 interface It is up to the operator/manufacturer to choose how to configure the eNBs in order to guarantee that the SDF associated to a specific QCI are used in a way respectful of the related QCI Characteristics
QCI definition (TS 23.203)
QCI mapping (TS 23.401)
QCI and QoS attributes
E2e QoS in case of an IMS/PCC based service

Application Function SAE Bearer establishment 4 1 Rx Signalling (service infomation) S7 PCRF 2 PCRF defines PCC rules and enforces them on P-GW The PCC rule is linked to a QCI
MME S10 S1-u 4 S-GW/P-GW (PCEF) PCC Rule QCI, GBR, MBR, ARP 3 The PDN GW derives QCI, GBR, MBR and ARP from PCC rule
4 UE eNode B
S1-c
In the EPS bearer establishment

The eNB sets up the Radio Bearer based on QCI and GBR UL packet filters are set up at the UE and DL packet filters on the PDN GW,
Deployment strategies
LTE traffic steering (VoIP): SR-VCC

In LTE many services, such as the legacy based on CS domain (e.g. voice, videocall) or the new ones (presence, chat, gaming, ecc.) will be based on IMS architecture (PS domain). Within IMS a new functionality called Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) provides the ability to transition a voice call from the VoIP/IMS packet domain to the legacy circuit domain. The solution does not require UE capability to simultaneously signal on two different radio access technologies, therefore it is called a Single Radio Solution and it is specified in 3GPP TS 23.216. The selection of the domain or radio access is under the network control in SRVCC and SR-VCC enhanced MSC Server (called S-IWF) deployed into the CS core network. This architecture has been defined to enable re-use of already deployed CS core network assets to provide the necessary functionality to assist in SR-VCC. By the way during the initial phases of LTE deployment, IMS is likely not to be available and it will be necessary to introduce proper traffic management policies in order to provide continuity for voice services towards UTRAN and GERAN domains.
83 83 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
LTE traffic steering (VoIP): CSFB

In order to support the steering of voice service from LTE to UTRAN/GERAN in an early network without IMS a functionality called CS fallback (CSFB) has been introduced in core network in order to support the change from PS to CS domain and the change of RAT. CS fallback requires interworking between RAN (for HO management) and core nodes (e.g. MME and MSC) introducing an impact on signalling and call setup delay. Two options exist for CSFB to UTRAN
Based on PS handover (included in 3GPP rel 8): Normal PS HO to UTRAN must be supported (pre 3GPP rel-8). Based on RRC Connection Release with Redirect (recently added in 23.272, CR in S2-094200): In case PS HO is not supported. No upgrade of UTRAN or SGSN needed.
This issue does not apply for LTE data cards but only for voice capable handheld. For this reason within 3GPP R8 new features for interRAT management were introduced, such as dedicated priority, subscriber type, RAT indicator, that guarantee a greater flexibility to the operator for traffic steering based on service type and user profile.
Dedicated priority information for camping

The possibility to implement selective camping based on terminal basis is possible thanks to the feature of dedicated RAT/Frequency priority, introduced in 3GPP Rel-8 for GERAN, UTRAN and E-UTRAN [3GPP TS 25.304, 36.304]. With this functionality is possible to signal to the terminal the camping priorities that overwrite the ones broadcasted by the serving cell. Moreover thank to the Subscriber Profile ID (SPID) for RAT/Frequency Selection Priority (RFSP) is possible to set a parameter on the UE profile that allow a customization of camping priorities for each RAT. It is important to note that the SPID functionality is optional for the core network and the commercial availability shall be verified with the vendors.
Dedicated priority: example
An example of EPS introduction guidelines

Overlay E-UTRAN network Progressive migration towards a converged core network. Converged core network
Low mobility LTE data cards
Non ToIP LTE handsets
ToIP LTE handsets
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE 2G/3G/HSPA
> 2014
Progressive coverage extension
2G/3G/HSPA
2010-2012
Mobile Broadband selected areas
2G/3G/HSPA
2012-2014

The initial deployment of LTE will target data services In an early phase no IMS/VoIP will be provided on EPS; voice services will be ensured by CS domain and GERAN/UTRAN accesses UTRAN coverage will further improve and network stability will be better than LTE for a long time Best LTE/UTRAN usage for voice-capable handset could be as follows:
UTRAN layer is used as reference layer Access to LTE is subject to the requested service (3G->LTE PS redirection)

The introduction of EPS may be divided in three phases Phase 1 (2010-2012)
The EPS scenario will be focused on data services on data cards. Mobility Management will consider a scenario of low mobility and bidirectional PS handover with 2G/3G coverage. The LTE network will be in overlay with the 2G/3G PS network
Phase 2 (2012-2014)
Handsets without ToIP. In such a scenario CS fallback for Voice CS + SMS is required to support such services on UTRAN. Specific camping strategies could be envisaged to reduce CSFB occurrences of voice-centric users to limit impacts on call setup delay. Progressive migration towards an EPC-GPRS integrated core network is expected together with first availability of interworking functions with non-3GPP accesses
Phase 3 (>2014)
Handsets with ToIP. In such a scenario SR-VCC or PS HO may be deployed to support voice service continuity. Core network complete migration is expected
A possible strategy for EPS introduction (LTE-SAE)

Progressive coverage extension
Type of deployment
LTE phase 3
2014: handset 2G/3G/LTE with ToIP SR-VCC support Core network complete migration
LTE phase 2 LTE phase 1

2010-2012: data card 2G/3G/LTE Data services Network architecture with dedicated EPC nodes deployed in addition to the already in use GPRS core network Service continuity with 2G/3G coverage Low Mobility Frequencies 2.5 GHz and BW 10-20 MHz 2012-2014: handset 2G/3G/LTE without ToIP CS fallback for Voice CS + SMS Progressive migration towards an integrated core network 2G/3G/LTE with combined nodes MME/SGSN and PGW/SGW/GGSN First network availability of interworking functions with non-3GPP accesses
Mobile Broadband selected areas
LTE: Long Term Evolution EPC: Evolved Packet Core CS: circuit switching MME: Mobility Management Entity PGW: Packet Gateway SGW: Serving Gateway SR-VCC: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
2010-2012
2012-2014
> 2014
LTE trials
LSTI: LTE / SAE Trial Initiative

The LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) is an open initiative driven by vendors and operators launched in May 2007. Its objectives are mainly to: drive industrialization of 3GPP LTE/SAE technology, demonstrate LTE/SAE capabilities against 3GPP and NGMN requirements and stimulate development of the LTE/SAE ecosystem. Representatives of LSTI are from all across LTEs global ecosystem counting, for the time being, 42 members
The information on NGMN/LSTI activities are confidential and under NDA

The LSTI work activities are based on three different phases namely: Proof of Concept (PoC), Interoperability Development Testing (IODT) and Interoperability Testing (IOT) and, finally, Friendly Customer Trials (FCT).
Applications
Proof of Concept
partially compliant Vendor + test UE or UE partner
IODT
Compliant over key subset Vendor + UE partner pairs
IOT
Compliant Multiple Partners Vendors and UE
Trials
Compliant +form factor UE Operator + Vendor + UE partner
Towards standards compliancy and commercial conditions

LSTI Activity Timing
2007 2008 2009 2010
Proof of Concept IODT IOT Friendly Customer Trials PR/Marketing

preparation
preparation preparation

PoC (examples of proof points): Peak data rates: LSTI measured results from lab and field align with 3GPP LTE design targets, easily surpassing the requirements (100/50Mbps for DL/UL) Latency: measured reaction times of unloaded Base stations all meet 3GPP/NGMN target of 10ms (cell loading and weak signal conditions result in slight increases) Power control: initial LSTI results demonstrate power control is working to maintain desired received power at the eNodeB Speeds: the LSTIs initial results demonstrate support of up to 350km/h (little impact to throughput is seen at 120km/h compared to 30km/h)
Single Cell Single UE Lab
MIMO Field
Multi UE
Multi cell

Friendly Customer Trials: In particular Friendly Customer Trials represent the final stage in testing the technology before it is commercially rolled out. Operators will be running field trials, based on bilateral agreements with selected vendors, testing mobile broadband applications, using precommercial form factor terminals, connected to a cluster of pre-commercial eNodeBs and EPC. During January 2010 LSTI members will share their first results on Latency and State transition Throughput and Capacity The next delivery are expected in March and June. The LTE/SAE Trial Initiative shall complete its mission by H1 2010
Q1 Q2
2008
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
2009
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
2010
Q3
Q4
Friendly Customer Trial Milestones - Define Trial technical framework - Define test strategy & tests plans - Negotiate agreements - Run Friendly Customer Trials
M.10 M.11 M.12a M.12b
TIs LTE trials
Prototypal trial with Ericsson (Nov 2008)

Tests with Berta terminal provided by Ericsson Using 20 MHz bandwidth it was possible to reach 10 Mbps as maximum throughput mainly due to processing constraints
Tests with Big UE terminal provided by Ericsson Using 20 MHz bandwidth it was possible to reach 158 Mbps as maximum throughput
Prototypal trial with Huawei (Sept 08-Feb 09) Phase 1

Lab testing only Tests were focused on LTE/EPC aspects and X2/S1 procedures Max # of sim. users = 3 System instability affected dramatically the investigation on the radio technology. It was not possible to get a full picture of the system from the point of view of radio part. Control Plane procedures on interfaces showed a good level of compliancy with the standard. Because of the prototypal status of the solution, UE were kept always in active mode and Attach/Detach were executed manually.
Multimedia client LTE UE Prototype eNodeB Prototype S1 SGi SAE Prototype VOD Server
R
FTP/HTTP Server
R
Internet
IMS CSCF
Prototypal trial with Huawei (May 09) Phase 1bis

Second phase of lab testing held at Huaweis premises in Shanghai. Test were focused on radio aspects, such as SIMO, MIMO and capacity The system was more stable with respect to the previous phase. However some feature were still unavailable/unstable: Uplink scheduling; MIMO SM. During the trial an in-field demo was held: Only one eNodeB was used One route close to the eNodeB was considered (75% of time in LOS) Services: videostreaming, video call & UDP traffic.
Trial with pre commercial equipment Huawei (July09-Dec09) Phase 2

For phase 2 lab (July) and in field testing (from August) was carried out on the same topics of phase 1 (i.e. LTE & EPC, X2 & S1) This trial is currently on going with another handset vendor A press release was held in October 2009
and for the future?
Next trial plans

NSN: starting from Q1 2010 Ericsson: to be confirmed. ALU lab and in field Q1-Q2 2010
LTE trial with Huawei
Trial Architecture
Trial Architecture
During performance tests and demo activities up to four UEs were connected over the air to the eNodeBs installed in different places in Turin The setup of the trial was made of six sites: four macro sites equipped with three sectors each and two micro sites in via Garibaldi and piazza Statuto equipped with one sector each. An additional indoor site was also installed inside the Auditorium of via Reiss site for demo purpose. Finally the core network was hosted inside the test plant of via Borgaros premise During performance tests and demo activities up to four UEs (provided by Huawei ) were connected over the air to the eNodeBs.
1
TITOLO PRESENTAZIONE, ALLINEATO IN BASSO E A DESTRA, MASSIMO 2 RIGHE
6 13 3 6 0 1 2 1 8 7
5 12 9 11 3 5 2 4 4 10
Site number 2 Azimuth and PCI
In field measurements
In field measurements
Test object list
A Test Object List (TOL) was agreed with the vendor. The tests were grouped into 4 categories: Preliminary drive test. The purpose of these tests was to characterize according to LSTI requirements the coverage of the cell used for test. Stationary test Latency. The purpose of these tests was to evaluate the end to end round trip delay in the considered trial configuration. Taking into account the trial architecture, these tests could be used to evaluate the radio interface latency. Moreover, tests on C-plane latency (idle to active time) were also performed. These tests were carried out with different packet sizes and in different interference conditions. Throughput. The purpose of these tests was to evaluate the throughput achieved in different interference conditions and with different services. Mobility test Throughput. The purpose of these tests was to evaluate the LTE performance in mobility (e.g. FTP/UDP throughput, handover KPIs, etc). The UE was moving under the LTE coverage considering different interference conditions (e.g. loaded/unloaded system). Demo activities. The purpose of these activities was to show LTE performances when up to three UEs were downloading data from an indoor cell end a fourth UE was moving inside a van under an outdoor cell coverage.
Demo results

The purpose of these activities was to show LTE performances when up to three UEs were downloading data from an indoor cell and a fourth UE was connected to an outdoor cell The scenario considered during the demo was the following: The core network and the demo eNodeB BBU were hosted in Telecom Italias test plant; The demo eNodeB RRU was hosted in Via Reiss Romoli premise. The connection BBU-RRU was made using a commercial naked optical fibre; Site 1 was equipped with cells having PCI=1 and PCI=2; FTP server, Video On Demand (VoD) server and VideoConferencing (VC) server were connected to core network. The VoD streaming were coded at 30Mbps (UDP traffic), while the VC required 5Mbps both in uplink and downlink. The FTP service was used on all UEs to load the downlink in order to fill the sector capacity of the demo site; Three UEs camped under the demo cell were loaded with the following services: UE2: FTP download + VoD download; UE3: FTP download + VoD download; UE4: FTP download + VC. One UE was moving within the coverage area of Site 1 (see Figure 5-47, Figure 5-48 and Figure 5-49) with the following services: UE1: VC;
TITOLO PRESENTAZIONE, ALLINEATO IN BASSO E Mobility tests with unloaded system A DESTRA, MASSIMO 2 RIGHE
UDP downlink (throughput distribution)
TITOLO PRESENTAZIONE, ALLINEATO IN BASSO E Mobility tests with unloaded system A DESTRA, MASSIMO 2 RIGHE
UDP downlink (RSRP distribution).
Demo results

In the configuration considered for the demo, the number of PDCCH symbols was reduced in favour of the PDSCH that could have more symbol to transmit data. With this setting, more radio resources were available for user traffic and a cell throughput capacity of about 140Mbps was reached (45-46Mbps for each of the three UEs). Anyway, this configuration had some stability issues since a script potentially risky for the system had to be used for fixing the number of RBs to 32 for each UEs and for reducing the output power of RRU in order to improve the quality of the RF signal. Without this script a maximum throughput of about 100Mbps was reached (34mbps for each UEs)
LTE advanced
4G: IMT advanced

The ITU-R process towards IMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced Systems & Key features of IMT-Advanced IMT-Advanced Minimum Requirements Evaluation methodology & External Evaluation Groups The 3GPP candidate: LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced Timeline LTE-Advanced Requirements New features of LTE-Advanced
IMT-Advanced Systems
ITU coordinates efforts of government and industry and private sector in the development of a global broadband multimedia International Mobile Telecommunication system, known as IMT. Since 2000, the world has seen the introduction of the first family of standards derived from the IMT concept: IMT-2000. IMT-Advanced systems are mobile systems that include the new capabilities of IMT that go beyond those of IMT2000. Such systems provide access to a wide range of telecommunication services including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet-based. IMT-Advanced systems support low to high mobility applications and a wide range of data rates in accordance with user and service demands in multiple user environments, providing a global platform on which to build the next generations of mobile services.
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R
ITUITU-R M.1645: M.1645 Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 115 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
Key features of IMT-Advanced

The following key features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs (in line with user trends and technology developments). A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner. Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks. Capability of interworking with other radio access systems. systems High quality mobile services. User equipment suitable for worldwide use. use User-friendly applications, services and equipment. Worldwide roaming capability. Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications.
Source: ITU-R M.1645
The IMT-A timeline

The ITU-R schedule spans over the 2008-2011 timeframe.
WP 5D meetings
2008
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 Step1 and 2 (20 months)
2009
No.5 No.6 No.7
2010
No.8 No.9
2011
No.10
(0)
Submissions NOTE: Submissions are accompanied with self evaluations
Step 3 (8 months)
(1)
Step 4 (16 months) Steps 5,6 and 7 (20 months)
(2) (3)
Steps 8 (12 months)
Evaluations (External External evaluations) evaluations
(4)
Steps in radio interface development process:

Step 1: Issuance of the circular letter Step 2: Development of candidate RITs and SRITs Step 3: Submission/Reception of the RIT and SRIT proposals and acknowledgement of receipt Step 4: Evaluation of candidate RITs and SRITs by evaluation groups (0): Issue an invitation to propose RITs (1): ITU proposed cut off for submission of candidate RIT and SRIT proposals March 2008 October 2009 Step 5: Review and coordination of outside evaluation activities Step 6: Review to assess compliance with minimum requirements Step 7: Consideration of evaluation results, consensus building and decision Step 8: Development of radio interface Recommendation(s)
Critical milestones in radio interface development process:

(2): Cut off for evaluation report to ITU June 2010 (3): WP 5D decides framework and key October 2010 characteristics of IMT-Advanced RITs and SRITs (4): WP 5D completes development of radio February 2011 interface specification Recommendations
IMT-Advanced A2-01
ITU-R minimum requirements
The minimum requirements for IMT-Advanced Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) were concluded in ITU-R WP5D meeting in July 2008. Several of the requirements have different values for different test environments. environments An RIT can enter the process to become an IMT-Advanced technology if it fulfils the minimum requirements for at least one test environment. However, it cannot be accepted as an IMTAdvanced technology unless it fulfils the minimum requirements in at least three of the test environments. The test environments have been chosen to model and investigate different typical deployments. Evaluation of candidate IMT-Advanced RIT/SRITs will be performed in selected scenarios of the following test environments: Base coverage urban: an urban macro-cellular environment targeting continuous coverage for pedestrian up to fast vehicular users. Microcellular: an urban micro-cellular environment with higher user density focusing on pedestrian and slow vehicular users. Indoor: an indoor environment targeting isolated cells at offices and/or in hotspot based on stationary and pedestrian users. High speed: macro cells environment with high speed vehicular and trains.
ITUITU-R M.2133: M.2133 Requirements, evaluation criteria and submission templates for the development of IMT-Advanced
All the requirements in just one glance
The 3GPP candidate: LTE-Advanced
The ITU has coined the term IMT Advanced to identify mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. In order to meet this new challenge, 3GPPs Organizational Partners have agreed to widen 3GPPs scope to include systems beyond 3G. In 2008, 3GPP held two 3GPP IMT-Advanced Workshops: Shenzhen, April 2008 (www.3gpp.org/ftp/workshop/2008-04-07_RAN_IMT_Advanced/) Prague, May 2008 (www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/tsg_ran/TSGR_40/LTEAdvanced%20workshop/) The goal of these workshops was to investigate what are the main changes that could be brought forward to evolve the eUTRA Radio Interface as well as the eUTRAN in the context of IMTAdvanced. In particular, the LTE-Advanced Study Item (SI) was initialized in order to study the evolution of LTE, based on a new set of requirements. This initiative has been collecting operator's and manufacturer's views in order to develop and test innovative concepts that will satisfy the needs of the next-generation communications. The requirements were gathered in Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA. The resulting Technical Report 36.913 was published in June 2008 and a liaison was sent to ITU-R covering the work in 3GPP RAN on LTE-Advanced towards IMT-Advanced. 3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced.
3GPP LTE-Advanced timeline w.r.t. ITU-R

RAN #39 RAN #40 RAN #41 RAN #42 RAN #43 RAN #44 RAN #45 RAN #46 RAN #47
3/08 3GPP
LTE-Advanced SI Approved
6/08
9/08
12/08
3/09 5/09
9/09
12/09
LTE-Advanced Specifications
3/10
3GPP work on ITU-R Step 2 Technology Development
3GPP LTE3GPP LTEAdvanced Advanced Complete Early Technical Submission to Submission to ITU-R 3GPP work on ITU-R Step 3 ITU-R
Technology Submission
Initiate 3GPP LTEAdvanced Self-Evaluation IMT-Advanced Evaluation Group(s) Formed (notify ITU-R)
3GPP LTEAdvanced Final Submission to ITU-R including Updated Technical Submission & Required SelfEvaluation
LTE-Advanced Specifications to ITU-R ~ Jan 2011

[~Release 10 ] [~RAN #50 12/10]
3GPP Q&A with evaluation groups (as required)
INDUSTRY
Evaluation of ITU-R Submissions
WP 5D #1
WP 5D #2
WP 5D #3
ITU-R 3/08
ITU-R Circular Letter 5/LCCE/2 Process & Timelines
6/08
ITU-R Circular Letter Addendum 5/LCCE/2 + Requirements & Submission Templates
10/08
Steps 1 & 2 Circular Letter & Development of Candidate RITs 3/08 to 10/09 Step 3 Submission 3/09 to 10/09
WP 5D #4 WP 5D #5
WP 5D #6
10/09
Eval Reports
WP 5D #6
ITU-R Evaluation Criteria
3/09
WP 5D #4
6/09
10/09
Step 4 Evaluations 1/09 to 6/10
Source: 3GPP RP-080651
3/09
Cutoff for Evaluation Reports to ITU-R June 2010
6/10
WP 5D #8
Requirements: R8 and beyond

The Table summarizes some requirements of the Release 8 LTE system and of the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) that is targeted for the next releases of the 3GPP specifications(1).
Release 8 LTE Downlink

Peak data rate Bandwidth Peak Spectrum efficiency Average Spectrum efficiency [bit/s/Hz/cell] Latency 326.4 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) 172.8 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 16.3 bit/s/Hz 1.69 (2x2 MIMO) (3) 1.87 (4x2 MIMO) 2.67 (4x4 MIMO) Data plane : 10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 100 ms (idle to active state)
(1) 3GPP TR 36.913 , Requirements for LTE-Advanced (2) Achievable also by means of Carrier Aggregation
Next Releases LTE-A (3GPP targets in TR 36.913) Uplink Downlink

1 Gbps (8x8 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz (2) 30 bit/s/Hz 2.4 (2x2 MIMO) (1)
Uplink
500 Mbps (4x4 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz (2) 15 bit/s/Hz 1.2 (1x2 SIMO) (1)
86.4 Mbps (1x2 SIMO) 172 Mbps (Virtual MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 4.3 bit/s/Hz (1x2 SIMO) 8.6 bit/s/Hz (Virtual MIMO) 0.74 (1x2 SIMO) (4)
2.6 (4x2 MIMO)
2.0 (2x4 MIMO) 3.7 (4x4 MIMO) Data plane : <10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 50 ms (idle to active state)
(3) R1-072444, Summary of Downlink Performance Evaluation. Ericsson, TSG-RAN WG1 #49 (4) R1-072261, LTE Performance Evaluation - Uplink Summary. Vodafone, TSG-RAN WG1 #49
New features of LTE-Advanced

Main technical features under discussion: Support of wider bandwidth Carrier aggregation, where two or more component carriers, each with a bandwidth up to 20 MHz, are aggregated, is considered for LTE-Advanced in order to support downlink transmission bandwidths larger than 20 MHz, e.g. 100 MHz. Extended Multi-Antenna configurations Extension of LTE downlink spatial multiplexing to up to eight layers is considered. For the uplink spatial multiplying to up to four layers is considered. Coordinated Multiple Point transmission and reception This feature is considered as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput Relaying functionality Relaying is considered for LTE-Advanced as a tool to improve e.g. the coverage of high data rates, group mobility, temporary network deployment, the cell-edge throughput and/or to provide coverage in new areas.
3GPP TR 36.814, 36.814 Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical Layer Aspects, R9
Obrigado pela sua ateno
References
References
(available at http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/latest/../)
TS 36.101 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception . TS 36.104 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception . TS 36.201 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer; General description . TS 36.211 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation . TS 36.212 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding TS 36.213 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures . TS 36.214 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer - Measurements . TS 36.300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 . TS 36.302 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Services provided by the physical layer . TS 36.304 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode . TS 36.314 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Layer 2 -Measurements . TS 36.321 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification . TS 36.322 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification. TS 36.323 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification . TS 36.331 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification . TS 36.401 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Architecture description . TS 36.410 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 layer 1 general aspects and principles . TS 36.424 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2 data transport . TS 36.509 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); Special conformance testing functions for User Equipment (UE) . TR 36.814 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Further advancements for E-UTRA Physical layer aspects . TR 36.902 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Self-configuring and self-optimizing network (SON) use cases and solutions . TR 36.913 Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced) . 126 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary
For clarifications:
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LTE Workshop Presentation: Key Technologies and Standardization

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TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

2 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

3 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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Standardization aspects and active fora

4 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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5 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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6 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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 Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Freeze of R9 specifications expected by March 2010

Field trials held in 2009 (LSTI) Target Deployment in 2011

 LTE-Advanced in 3GPP R10 (2010)

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Requirements of LTE (R8): initial targets [TR 25.913]

8 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Requirements of LTE: R8 and beyond

Next Releases LTE-A (3GPP targets in TR 36.913) Downlink

9 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

NGMN: Next Generation Mobile network

10 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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11 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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Key enabling technologies for Long Term Evolution

Evolved Packet Core

12 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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High Data Rates

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

14 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

15 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

16 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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Space Time Coding

17 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

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Evolved Packet Core

Network Architecture Evolution

18 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Evolved Packet Core

Network Architecture Evolution

19 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

20 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

21 Telecom Italia strictly confidential and proprietary

TELECOM ITALIA GROUP

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE-Advanced in 3GPP R10 (2010)

Uplink (20 MHz, code rate 1.0, Single transmit antenna)

Physical Resource elements and blocks (PRB)