4G Technology For forthcoming generation.

K.Bhuvaneshwari1, Nidhi ponnamma2

7th Semester, Telecommunication Dept., Bachelor of Engineering, G.S.S.S.I.E.T.W., Mysore, Karnataka.
1 bhuvi19@gmail.com 2 po_nid@yahoo.co.in

Abstract The fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile phone networks, into end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of IPv6, every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP based communications from a mobile device, right to the core of the internet, and back out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonise global roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobile communications device in the world. Keywords: 4G, Communication, bandwidth, mobile, multiplexing.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The 1G, or First Generation. 1G was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies,1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site. 1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country II.B. 2G, OR SECOND GENERATION 2G first appeared around the end of the 1980s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).

Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and more powerful; they have bigger screens and longer battery life, more features and more capabilities. Things like watching the football game on your mobile device, watching movies, videoconferencing, paying your bills and downloading music to the palm of your hand will become second nature in the future. Bandwidth will always be the limiting factor in the development of applications and devices, be it wired, or wireless. At the moment the wireless world doesnt have a large-cell, high bandwidth standard, that is capable of delivering the much needed speeds to a mobile device. The short fall of 3G networks is clear, its just not fast enough, offering 384kbps doesnt meet the requirements of what the end user has come to expect these days. Some people see 3G as a stop-gap, until a fully integrated IP network is created; some countries have even chosen to bypass 3G and head straight to 4G, a method which has its advantages, and its disadvantages II.A. 4G HISTORY At the end of the 1940s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, Improved Mobile Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialling and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.

III. 3G, OR THIRD GENERATION 3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITUs IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more. In 2001, Japan saw the first 3G network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384 Kbps locally, and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building.

The two major radio standards used for 3G are W-CDMA (wideband code division multiple access), and CDMA2000. W-CDMA is used in Europe, where CDMA2000 is used in the USA. In CDMA, one signal carries the data, this is then multiplied with a signal with a faster rate, that his more bandwidth, it uses TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). CDMA200 uses CDM (common code division multiplexing).

Fig.1. 4g mobile. IV. BANDWIDTH REQUIRED For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 kbit/sec, This is approximately 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated services digital network). Rates did increase by a factor of 3 with newer handsets to 28.8kbps. This is rarely the speed though, as in crowded areas, when the network is busy, rates do drop dramatically. Third generation mobile, data rates are 384 kbps (download) maximum, typically around 200kbps, and 64kbps upload. These are comparable to home broadband connections. Fourth generation mobile communications will have higher data transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 100 megabits per second on the move and 1000gigbits per second stationary, this is a phenomenal amount of bandwidth, only comparable to the bandwidth workstations get connected directly to a LAN. V. EVOLUTION OF 3G To understand 4G, we need to know about 3G. So how did 3G start? The idea didnt come from network operators, but from device manufactures. In 1996 Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) and Ericsson started development of 3G; then in 1997 in the USA the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) chose CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) as a technology for 3G; and then in 1998 the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) also chose CDMA; in the end, in 1998 wideband CDMA or WCDMA and cdma2000 were decided for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).

The most common analog system is FDMA, or, Frequency Division Multiple Access. It is a method where the spectrum is cut up into different frequencies and then this chunk given to the users. At one time only one user is assigned to a frequency. Because of this the frequency is closed, until the call is ended, or it is passed on to another frequency. For a proper call to take place, two frequencies are needed, one for sending and one for receiving, FDMA has been used for first generation analog systems only, this is due to the large bandwidth wastage highlighted above. TDMA, or Time Division Multiple Access makes use of the whole available spectrum, unlike FDMA. Instead of splitting the slots by frequency, it splits them by time, over all of the frequency. Each subscriber is given a time slot, as opposed to a frequency. Therefore many uses can sit on one frequency, and have different time slots, because the time slots are switched so rapidly, it seems like the channel is permanently connected. TDMA is used for 2G networks Code Division Multiple Access uses the spread spectrum method, the way it works means its highly encrypted, so its no surprise it was developed and used by the military. Unlike FDMA, CDMA allows the user to sit on all of the available frequencies at the same time, and hop between then. Each call is identified by its unique code, hence the term Code Division. CDMA is very bandwidth efficient. It also allows for soft hand off, meaning it can communicate with more than one base station at any one time, very handy isnt it? No wonder it was chosen for 3G. VI. 4GS ARISAL. 4G will provide unconceivable amounts of bandwidth to the palm of a user. Matching current Local Area Network speeds, 4G networks will provide 100MBps on the move. This is enough for studio quality video, multi channel surround sound and much more. 4G will be based on OFDM the next generation in access technologies (read the technical section for more info on OFDM), 4G will change the way we work, live and play. Cheap end user costs, fast, always on, reliable connectivity, where ever you are, whatever youre doing. Some people view 3G as a stop gap until the real 4G network arrives, something which is due around 2010, and will impact every one, everywhere.

X. 4G WIRELESS STANDARDS VII. IPV6 SUPPORT Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission. By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks. VIII. ADVANCED ANTENNA SYSTEMS. The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closedloop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter. IX. SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO (SDR) SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence. Fig 2. Elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. In September 2009 the technology proposals have been submitted to ITU-R as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies: LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

First set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced has been approved in June 2008. LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series

XI.

MAIN FEATURES OF

4G SERVICES OF INTEREST TO USERS.

The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.

XII. DEPLOYMENT PLANS In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, announced that they have received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile communications. Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced that it plans a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced that they intend to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their rollout by the end of 2010. On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of an international standard. Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EVDO carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS that went live in November 2009. Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities in the United States. It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s. In the United Kingdom, Telefnica O2 is to use Slough as a guinea pig in testing the 4G network and has called upon Huawei to install LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow people to talk to each other via HD video conferencing and play PlayStation games while on the move. Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE. AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011. The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 700 MHz spectrum for

Figures 3 demonstrate the key elements and the seamless connectivity of the networks.

public safety will provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations. TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cit future mobile phone development and advancement. The first mobile phone was invented in the United States back in the 1960s by Bell Labs, but the US mobile communications market has remained very much closed and far behind the international movement towards the open market of the global industry. Now the world is evolving rapidly into a personal communications era with true openness and freedom in mobile services, but in our opinion, the US is still lagging about ten years behind other countries, such as China, with regards to having a more open and competitive market in wireless communications. Though different regions have diversified approaches towards the next generation mobile communication technology (called 4th generation mobile, or 4G Mobile), the future trend is same: Convergence among fixed, mobile and wireless communications. No single wireless radio transmission technology (RTT) can do both broadband high-speed data-rate and seamless mobility, and therefore we need multiple RTTs to complement each other in any optimal way to ensure the information is delivered to the mobile user in a more costeffective way and in a more spectrum-efficient way. XIII. GLOBAL 4G OPEN MOBILE INITIATIVES More than ever, relationship-building and technology innovation are crucial. The 4th generation (4G) mobile technology is becoming the emerging solution to drive the new growth of the industry, and help foster state-of-the-art technology, novel partnership arrangements or transformational business models. Our 4G events, the world's leading platforms of the 4G industry, are steadfast in supporting the industry and confident in the ability to uncover and advance the opportunities. Future wireless mobile communications will be shifted from today's traditional transmission-specific radio technology to an interface-based technology in order to be more compatible with computer system architecture. The future mobile device will therefore be first and foremost a computer, then an open wireless architecture (OWA) low-power terminal. This OWA technology offers an optimal solution to open up the wireless increases data streaming for stationary users but also for mobile users.4G can be efficiently combined with cellular technologies to make consistent use of smart phones. The digital cameras attached in smart phones can be used to establish video blogs in scattered geographical regions. This gives the manufactures the opportunity to produce more

affordable user friendly 4G compatible devices. Famous iPod is one such device that supports the working of video blogs. Hence 4G is capable of providing new horizon of opportunity for both existing and startup telephone platform for complete openness and simplicity and would support the serviceoriented architecture and infrastructure that is necessary. The telecommunication companies like NTT Docomo from Japan and Sprint Nextel were also deploying 4G wireless technologies from the early 2006 along with 3G mobile technologies. The flexibility of 4G technologies to be used in combination with GSM and CDMA has provided it an edge over other technologies. The reason is that the high broadband capability of 4G not only companies. XIV. INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY 5G technology is on its way to change the way by which most of the users access their handsets. Users will go through a level of call volume and data transmission with 5G pushed over a VOIP enables gadget. With increasing awareness of customers with respect to upcoming technologies, affordable packages and good looks; it is very important that mobile producers must give an altogether decent package for keeping up the customer loyalty. The most important and leading motive of leading mobile phone manufacturers is the creation of best and latest technology to compete with innovative market giants. We have seen great cell phones one after another, with unbelievable traits. Apple has remained successful in shivering the electronic world by putting forth its latest iPhone 4G that take the market by storm. In such a small electronic piece huge features are getting embedded. There are very few mobiles left without mp3 player or/and camera. People are focusing on getting everything without spending a penny more. Keeping in mind the users pocket, economic cell phones are introduced with maximum features. With 5G technology you can hook you mobile phone to your laptop for broadband internet access. The characteristics especially video player, camera, mp3 recorder, messengers, photo treatment and games have made todays mobile phone a handheld computer. XV. BEYOND 4G RESEARCH A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by beam-division multiple accesses.

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them . These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio technology) to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network. XVI. CONCLUSION

As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. REFERENCES

1] Savo G. Glisic, Advanced wireless communications 2] Hendrick Berndt, Towards 4G technologies: services with initiative 3] http://www.m-indya.com/shownews.php?newsid=3340 4] http://4gmobile.com/ 5] http://4gmobile.com/