HW 13 Solutions

goldhagen (dfg358) HW-13 orin (57850) 1
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Multiple-choice questions may continue on
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before answering.
001 10.0 points
A 5.7 kg mass is attached to a light cord that
passes over a massless, frictionless pulley. The
other end of the cord is attached to a 2.6 kg
mass.
5.6 m
5.7 kg
2.6 kg
Use conservation of energy to determine
the nal speed of the masses after the heavier
mass has fallen (starting from rest) 5.6 m.The
acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s
2
.
Correct answer: 6.40271 m/s.
Explanation:
Let : m
1
= 5.7 kg ,
m
2
= 2.6 kg , and
= 5.6 m.
Consider the free body diagrams
5.7 kg 2.6 kg
T T
m
1
g
m
2
g
a a
Let the gure represent the initial cong-
uration of the pulley system (before m
1
falls
down).
From conservation of energy
K
i
+U
i
= K
f
+U
f
0 +m
1
g = m
2
g +
1
2
m
1
v
2
+
1
2
m
2
v
2
(m
1
m
2
) g =
1
2
(m
1
+m
2
) v
2
Therefore
v =
(m
1
m
2
)
(m
1
+m
2
)
2 g
=
5.7 kg 2.6 kg
5.7 kg + 2.6 kg
_
2 (9.8 m/s
2
)(5.6 m)
= 6.40271 m/s .
keywords:
002 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Calculate the speed of a satellite in a cir-
cular orbit near the Earth (just above the
atmosphere). Height of the atmosphere is
50000 m. Mass and radius of the earth are
6 10
24
kg and 6.37 10
6
m, respectively. G
= 6.7 10
11
N m
2
kg
2
.
Explanation:
Since the satellites circular orbit is entirely
caused by the gravitational force of the earth,
we set the gravitational force equal to the
centripetal force to get:
mv
2
orbit
R
=
GMm
R
2
v
orbit
=
GM
R
=
(G)(6 10
24
kg)
6.37 10
6
m + 50000 m
= 7913.08 m/s
If the mass of the satellite is 215 kg, what
is the minimum energy required to move the
satellite from this near-Earth orbit to very far
away from the Earth?
Correct answer: 6.73131 10
9
J.
Explanation:
Dene the system to be the satellite and
the Earth.
W = E
= E
f
E
i
= U
f
+K
f
U
i
K
i
=
GMm
r
f
+
1
2
mv
2
f

GMm
r
i
1
2
mv
2
i
Where
GMm
r
f
and
1
2
mv
2
f
are zero.
=
GMm
R

1
2
m
GM
R
=
1
2
GMm
R
=
(G)(6 10
24
kg)(215 kg)
2(6.37 10
6
m + 50000 m)
= 6.73131 10
9
J
The gure below is a graph of the energy of a
systemof a planet interacting with a star. The
gravitational potential energy U
g
is shown as
the thick curve, and plotted along the vertical
axis are various values of K +U
g
.
r
1
r
2
A
B
C
K
+
U
g
r, from star to planet
Suppose that K + U
g
of the system is A.
Which of the following statements are true?
A. The potential energy of the system de-
creases as the planet moves from r
1
to
r
2
.
B. When the separation between the two
bodies is r
2
, the kinetic energy of the
system is (AB).
C. The system is a bound system; the planet
can never escape.
D. The planet will escape.
E. When the separation between the two
bodies is r
2
system is B C).
F. The kinetic energy of the system is
greater when the distance between the
star and planet is r
1
than when the dis-
tance between the two bodies is r
2
.
Correct answer: B,C,F.
Explanation:
Statement A is false because as we move to
the right from r
1
to r
2
, U increases. State-
ment B is true because the kinetic energy is
given as the total energy minus the poten-
tial energy, and since the total energy is A,
and U(r
2
) = B, the kinetic energy is A B.
Statement C is true because the total energy
A is negative, which indicates a bound sys-
tem. Statements D-F can be understood from
the previous three explanations.
Suppose instead that K + U
g
of the system
is B. Which of the following statements are
true?
A. When the separation between the planet
and star is r
2
system is zero.
B. The planet and star cannot get farther
apart than r
2
.
C. This is not a bound system; the planet
can escape.
D. When the separation between the planet
and star is r
2
, the potential energy of the
system is zero.
Correct answer: A,B.
Explanation:
For statement A, refer to the explanation
for statement B for part 1. Here, the total
energy is KE = B B = 0, so this is true.
Statement B is true because in the region be-
yond r
2
, the kinetic energy would be negative,
and so this is not allowed. For statement C,
refer to the explanation for statement C from
part 1. The energy is negative and hence
its bound; the planet cannot escape. So this
is false. Statement D is false, because the
potential energy at r
2
is B.
Given the potential energy curve to the in-
teraction of two atoms as shown below. The
system is in a vibrational state indicated by
the heavy horizontal line. Answer the follow-
ing questions:
(a) At r = r
1
, what is the approximate
value of the potential energy of the molecule?
1. -0.7 eV
2. -0.4 eV
3. -1.0 eV
4. -0.9 eV
5. -1.6 eV
6. -0.2 eV
7. -1.4 eV
8. -1.2 eV
9. -1.3 eV correct
Explanation:
(a) The potential energy is about -1.3 eV.
(b) At r = r
1
, what is the approximate
value of the kinetic energy of the molecule?
1. 1.2 eV
2. 1.0 eV
3. 1.5 eV
4. 1.1 eV correct
5. 0.2 eV
6. 0.4 eV
7. 0.7 eV
8. 1.3 eV
9. 0.9 eV
Explanation:
(b) The kinetic energy is K = E U and
since E = 0.2 eV, so K = +1.1 eV.
(c) How much energy must be imparted
to the molecule so that it separates into two
atoms?
1. 1.6 eV
2. 1.2 eV
3. 1.0 eV
4. 0.4 eV
5. 1.4 eV
6. 0.7 eV
7. 0.9 eV
8. 1.3 eV
9. 0.2 eV correct
Explanation:
(c) The energy to separate (dissociate) the
molecule is 0.2 eV, i.e., enough energy is
added to allow the atoms to have zero en-
ergy at large r.
The radius of Mars (from the center of just
above the atmosphere) is 3400 km, and its
mass is 6 10
23
kg. An object is launched
straight up from just above the atmosphere of
Mars.
What initial speed is needed so that when
the object is far from Mars, its nal speed is
1450 m/s? Use G = 6.7 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
.
Correct answer: 5074.4.
Explanation:
Knowing that energy is conserved and that
U
f
= 0, we can write
U
i
+K
i
= U
f
+K
f
K
i
= K
f
U
i
1
2
mv
2
i
=
1
2
mv
2
f

_
GM m
r
i
_
v
i
=
v
2
f
+
2 GM
r
i
= 5074.4 m/s .
What initial speed is needed so that when the
object is far from Mars, its nal speed is 0
m/s? (This is called the escape speed.)
Correct answer: 4862.82.
Explanation:
Going through the same process (except
this time U
f
and K
f
are zero), we have
U
i
+K
i
= 0
K
i
= U
i
1
2
mv
2
i
=
_
GM m
r
i
_
v
i
=
2 GM
r
i
= 4862.82 m/s .
011 10.0 points
The escape speed from an asteroid whose ra-
dius is 8 km is only 7 m/s. If you throw
a rock away from the asteroid at a speed of
14 m/s, what will be its nal speed? Use
G = 6.7 10
11
N m
2
/kg
2
.
Explanation:
First use the escape speed to get the mass
of the asteroid:
v
esc
=
_
2 GM
R
M =
1
2
v
2
R
G
= 2.92537 10
15
kg .
Now, if v
i
= 14 m/s, then v
f
is found from
E
i
= E
f
:
U
i
+K
i
= U
f
+K
f
GM m
r
i
+
1
2
mv
2
i
= 0 +
1
2
mv
2
f
v
f
=
_
v
2
i

2 GM
R
= 12.1244 m/s .
012 10.0 points
You stand on a spherical asteroid of uniform
density whose mass is 1 10
16
kg and whose
radius is 12 km. These are typical values
for small asteroids, although some asteroids
have been found to have much lower average
density and are thought to be loose agglomer-
ations of shattered rocks.
How fast do you have to throw a rock so
that it never comes back to the asteroid and
ends up traveling at a speed of 3 m/s when it is
very far away? Use G = 6.7 10
11
N m
2
kg
2
.
Explanation:
E
i
= E
f
U
i
+K
i
= U
f
+K
f
K
i
= U
f
U
i
+K
f
Where U
f
is zero.
1
2
mv
2
i
= 0
GMm
R
+
1
2
mv
2
f
1
2
v
2
i
=
GM
R
+
1
2
v
2
f
1
2
v
2
i
=
(6.7 10
11
N m
2
kg
2
)(1 10
16
kg)
(12000 m)
+
1
2
(3 m/s)
2
= 55.8333
J
kg
+ 4.5
J
kg
v
i
= 10.9848 m/s
013 10.0 points
A force acting on a particle has the potential
energy function U(x), shown by the graph.
The particle is moving in one dimension under
the inuence of this force and has kinetic
energy 1.0 Joule when it is at position x
1
.
x
0
x
1
x
2
x
3
1
0
1
Position
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
(
J
)
Potential Energy vs Position
Which of the following is a correct state-
ment about the motion of the particle?
1. It oscillates with maximum position x
2
and minimum position x
0
. correct
2. It cannot reach either x
0
or x
2
.
3. It comes to rest at either x
0
or x
2
and
remains at rest.
4. It moves to the right of x
3
and does not
return.
5. It moves to the left of x
0
and does not
return.
Explanation:
In this case, the total energy of the particle
is conserved so at any point on the axis,
K(x) +U(x) = K(x
1
) +U(x
1
)
= 1.0 J + (1.0 J) = 0
K(x) = U(x) ,
where K is the kinetic energy of the particle.
Since kinetic energy 0 ,
K(x) = U(x) 0
U(x) 0 J ,
so the particle oscillates between position x
0
and x
2
.
A particle moving along the x-axis has a po-
tential energy U(x), as shown in the accom-
panying graph.
Scale factors: a = 4.3 m, b = 44 J.
0
a
2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a
1 b
2 b
3 b
4 b
5 b
U
[
J
]
x [m]
C
A
B
What is the force exerted on the particle
when x = 3 a (point A, the lowest point on
the curve)?
Correct answer: 0 N.
Explanation:
From the denition of Potential Energy, we
know
F =
d U
dx
.
In other words, the force on a particle at any
particular point is given by the negative of the
slope of the potential energy function at that
point.
At x = 3 a, the potential energy has a min-
imum; the slope of the function is zero at that
point. Therefore there are no forces on a par-
ticle at that point. (x = 3 a is an equilibrium
point.)
If the particle has a mass of 7.9 kg and is
released from rest at x = 5 a, what is the
particles velocity when it reaches x = a?
Explanation:
Using the Energy Principle:
U
init
+K
init
= U
final
+K
final
U
B
+ 0 = U
C
+
1
2
mv
2
Solving for v gives
v =
_
2
m
(U
B
U
C
)
=
_
2
m
(3 b 2 b)
=
_
2
m
b
=
2
(7.9 kg)
(44 J)
= 3.33755 m/s .
016 10.0 points
A rock far outside our Solar System is initially
moving very slowly relative to the Sun, in the
plane of Jupiters orbit around the Sun. The
rock falls toward the Sun, but on its way to
the Sun it collides with Jupiter. What is the
correct algebraic expression for the kinetic
energy of the rock, K
rock
immediately before
it hits the surface of Jupiter?
The symbols are dened as follows. The
masses of Jupiter, of the Sun and the rock are
denoted respectively by M
1
, M
2
and m. The
radii of Jupiter and the Sun are R
1
and R
2
respectively. The distance between Jupiter
and the Sun is d, where dR
2
R
1
.
1. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
2

GmM
2
R
2
2
2. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
2
+
GmM
2
d
2
3. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
+
GmM
2
d
correct
4. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
2
2
+
GmM
2
R
1
2
5. K
rock
=
GM
1
M
2
d
6. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
2
+
GmM
2
R
1
7. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
GmM
2
R
2
8. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
+
GmM
2
R
2
9. K
rock
=
GM
1
M
2
d
2
10. K
rock
=
GmM
1
R
1
2
+
GmM
2
R
2
2
Explanation:
From the energy principle, we have
K + U = 0
Initially the rock moves very slowly and is
far away from both Jupiter and the Sun, so
K
i
0 and U
i
0. Thus, the energy principle
simplies to
K
f
= U
f1
U
f2
But, we know that
U
f1
=
GmM
1
R
1
U
f2
=
GmM
2
d
Hence, the nal kinetic energy of the rock is
K
rock
= K
f
=
GmM
1
R
1
+
GmM
2
d
017 10.0 points
For a satellite and Earth system, which of the
following energy graphs of the satellites ki-
netic, potential, and total energies as a func-
tion of time would be impossible? Assume
that the satellite begins at an altitude of a
few Earth radii. Hint: remember that the
gravitational potential energy is always nega-
tive.
1. G
2. B
3. F correct
4. C
5. D
6. E
7. A
Explanation:
This graph is an escaping trajectory since
the total energy is positive. However, in that
case the potential energy should be decreasing
towards zero, yet it is constant in this graph.
Hence, the graph (F) represents the correct
answer.
A satellite is in a circular orbit a distance
r = 3R from the Earths center and has total
energy E
1
. What is the fuel energy required
to move it to a circular orbit of radius r = 5R?
(Caution: E
1
< 0)
1.
4
5
E
1
2.
2
5
E
1
correct
3.
2
5
E
1
4. E
1
5. E
1
6.
3
5
E
1
7.
1
5
E
1
8.
3
5
E
1
9.
1
5
E
1
10.
4
5
E
1
Explanation:
For a circular orbit at radius r, the potential
energy is given by
U =
GMm
r
The centripetal force is given by
mv
2
r
=
GMm
r
2
From this relation, the kinetic energy is given
by
K =
1
2
mv
2
=
GMm
2r
=
U
2
So, the total energy is
E = K +U =
U
2
+ U =
U
2
E =
GMm
2r
For the present problem
E
1
=
GMm
6R
E
2
=
GMm
10R
=
6
10
E
1
E
2
E
1
=
_
6
10
1
_
=
4
10
E
1
E
2
E
1
=
2
5
E
1
Find the kinetic energy of the satellite in the
nal orbit, where r=5R.
1.
3
5
E
1
2. E
1
3.
4
5
E
1
4.
1
5
E
1
5.
4
5
E
1
6.
2
5
E
1
7.
2
5
E
1
8. E
1
9.
1
5
E
1
10.
3
5
E
1
correct
Explanation:
Setting r = 5R
K =
GMm
2r
=
GMm
10R
K =
6
10
_
GMm
6R
_
=
3
5
E
1
020 10.0 points
Given: G = 6.67259 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
Voyagers 1 and 2 surveyed the surface of
Jupiters moon Io and photographed an active
volcano spewing liquid sulfur to heights of
44.4 km above the surface of Io. Ios mass is
8.9 10
22
kg, and its radius is 1820 km.
If the liquid sulfur reaches 44.4 km, calcu-
late the speed with which the liquid sulfur left
the volcano. Assume the top of the volcano is
very near the surface of Io.
Explanation:
The gravitational potential energy at the
moon Ios surface and hence the top of the
volcano is given by
U
1
= m
G
R
M
= m
(6.67259 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)
(1820 km)
(8.9 10
22
kg)
= m(3.26297 10
6
kg m/s
2
) .
The gravitational potential energy at the top
of the liquid sulfurs trajectory is given by
U
2
= m
G
R+h
M
= m
(6.67259 10
11
Nm
2
/kg
2
)
(1820 km) + (44.4 km)
(8.9 10
22
kg)
= m(3.18526 10
6
kg m/s
2
) .
The dierence in potential energy is
U = U
1
U
2
= m[(3.26297 10
6
kg m/s
2
)
(3.18526 10
6
kg m/s
2
)]
= m(77706.4 kg m/s
2
) .
The potential energy of the liquid sulfur at
the maximum height it reaches is equal to its
initial kinetic energy as it leaves the surface.
Therefore, we have
K = U
mv
2
2
= mGM
_
1
R

1
R+h
_
= m(77706.4 kg m/s
2
) .
From which it follows that
v =
2 U
=
_
2 (77706.4 kg m/s
2
)
= 394.224 m/s .
Which of the following choices corresponds
to a system of two electrons that start out
far apart, moving toward each other (that is,
their initial velocities are nonzero and they
are heading straight at each other)? Note
that the horizontal and vertical axes in each
plot are the separation between the particles
and energy, respectively.
K +U
U
K
(I)
r
K +U
U
K
(II)
r
K +U
U
K
(III)
r
K +U
U
K
(IV)
r
K +U
U
K
(V)
r
K +U
U
K
(VI)
r
1. Figure I correct
2. Figure II
3. Figure VI
4. Figure V
5. Figure III
6. Figure IV
Explanation:
When the two electrons are very far away
their potential energy is 0, and since they
have nonzero initial velocities, this means that
they are unbounded and thus have an overall
positive energy at r = , which is also equal
to the kinetic energy at that location. As
the electrons get closer, due to their Coulomb
repulsion their kinetic energies drop to 0 while
the potential energy rises. Thus the correct
answer is Figure (I).
Which of the diagrams corresponds to a sys-
tem of a proton and an electron that start out
far apart, moving toward each other (that is,
their initial velocities are nonzero and they
are heading straight at each other)?
1. Figure I
2. Figure VI
3. Figure II correct
4. Figure V
5. Figure IV
6. Figure III
Explanation:
When the two particles are very far away,
their potential energy is 0, and since they have
nonzero initial velocities, this means that they
are unbounded and thus have an overall pos-
itive energy at r = , which is also equal to
the kinetic energy at that location. As the
electron and proton get closer, due to their
Coulomb attraction their kinetic energies in-
crease while the negative potential energy de-
creases even further. Thus the correct answer
is Figure (II).
023 10.0 points
Four protons, each with mass M and charge
+e, are initially held at the corners of a square
that is d on a side.
1 2
3 4
d
d
They are then released from rest. What is
the speed of each proton when the protons are
very far apart?
1. v =
_
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
2 +
2
2
_
correct
2. v =
q
2
4
0
1
Md
3. v =
_
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
2
2
_
4. v =
q
2
4
0
1
Md
2
5. v =
_
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
2
4
_
6. v =
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
4 +
2
_
7. v =
_
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
1 +
2
4
_
Explanation:
Since none of the protons are moving, they
initially have zero kinetic energy and nonzero
potential energy, and when they are very
far apart they have 0 potential energy and
nonzero kinetic energy. Now for the initial
state, we must include every pairwise interac-
tion for the potential, but we must be careful
not to double-count. The resulting potential
would be given by the following interactions:
1 & 2, 1 & 3, 1 & 4, 2 & 4, 3 & 4, and 2 &
3. Also, because of the symmetry of the prob-
lem, each proton will have the same kinetic
energy at any given time. We conserve energy
and get:
E
f
=E
i
KE
f
+U
f
=KE
i
+U
i
4 KE
proton
+ 0 =0 +U
12
+U
13
+U
14
+U
24
+U
34
+U
23
4
1
2
Mv
2
=
1
4
0
q
2
d
+
1
4
0
q
2
d
+
1
4
0
q
2
2d
+
1
4
0
q
2
d
+
1
4
0
q
2
d
+
1
4
0
q
2
2d
2 Mv
2
=
q
2
4
0
_
4
d
+
2
2d
_
v =
1
2M
q
2
4
0
_
4
d
+
2
2d
_
v =
_
q
2
4
0
1
Md
_
2 +
2
2
_
024 10.0 points
In a star, a secondary fusion process in-
volves helium-3 and helium-4 fusing together
into beryllium-7. Helium-3 has a mass of
3.01603 u, helium-4 has a mass of 4.0026 u,
and beryllium-7 has a mass of 7.01693 u. The
atomic mass unit u is 1.66054 10
27
kg.
Each one of these fusion reactions will convert
rest mass energy into kinetic energy. If you
want to have a total of E = 85 J of energy
that has been converted from rest mass en-
ergy, how many of these reactions must take
place? Keep six signicant gures throughout
this problem, and use c = 2.99792 10
8
m/s.
14
.
Explanation:
The rest mass energy released by one of
these reactions is
(m
He3
+m
He4
m
Be
) c
2
= 2.5371 10
13
J.
In order to get the number of reactions to
produce energy E, we divide E by the energy
per reaction that is found above:
E
2.5371 10
13
J
=
85 J
2.5371 10
13
J
= 3.35028 10
14
.
025 10.0 points
Two protons are hurled straight at each other,
each with a kinetic energy of 0.45 MeV, where
1 mega electron volt is equal to 1.6 10
13
J.
What is the separation from the protons from
each other when they momentarily come to a
stop (a turning point)? Use
1
4
0
= 9 10
9
N m
2
/C
2
,
e = 1.6 10
19
C.
15
m.
Explanation:
Convert the kinetic energy of a proton to
joules to obtain KE
i,proton
= 7.2 10
14
J.
Dene the system to be the two protons, so
KE
i,total
= 2(7.2 10
14
J)
= 1.44 10
13
J .
Assume that they are initially very far
apart, so U
i
0. At the nal state, their
speeds are zero at the turning point, which is
the point of closest approach. The work done
on the system is zero and their rest energies
are constant. Thus, the total kinetic energy
is completely converted to the nal electric
potential energy.
KE
i,total
= U
f
K
i
=
1
4
0
q
1
q
2
r
Using q
1
= q
2
= 1.6 10
19
C, we obtain
r = 1.6 10
15
m .
026 10.0 points
Consider the decay of a hypothetical particle
X, which has a rest mass of 418 Mev/c
2
, into
2 pions,i.e.
X
+
+
Both the pions have the same rest mass,

139 Mev/c
2
.
In the X rest frame, i.e. in the reference
frame where X is at rest, the decaying two
pions are moving in opposite directions with
the same speed and the and same energy.
Determine the speed of
+
in the Xrest frame.
Note: Calculate the answer in units of c.
Hint: In the X rest frame, the total energy
of
+
is given by
m
X
c
2
2
.
Correct answer: 0.747 c.
Explanation:
let : m
X
= 418 Mev/c
2
and
m
= 139 Mev/c
2
.
From the energy principle: E
f
= E
i
=
m
X
c
2
. In the rest frame of X, the two pions
have the same momentum p and the same
energy E. So 2 E = m
X
c
2
. Since
E = m
c
2
and
=
1
_
1
_
v
c
_
2
,
So
2 E = m
X
c
2
2 m
c
2
= m
X
c
2
2 m
1
_
1
_
v
c
_
2
= m
X
1
_
1
_
v
c
_
2
=
m
X
2 m
_
1
_
v
c
_
2
=
2 m
m
x
_
v
c
_
2
= 1
_
2 m
m
x
_
2
v
c
=
1
_
2 m
m
x
_
2
v
c
=
1
_
2 (139 Mev/c
2
)
418 Mev/c
2
_
2
v
c
= 0.747
v = 0.747 c .
A 53 kg skier is at the top of a slope, as in the
gure. At the initial point A, the skier is 7.03
m vertically above the nal point B.
The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s
2
.
7.03 m
a) Find the dierence in gravitational po-
tential energy associated with the skier at the
points A and B if the zero level for gravita-
tional potential energy is at point B.
Correct answer: 3655.11 J.
Explanation:
Basic Concept:
U
g
= mgh
Given:
m = 53 kg
h
A
= 7.03 m
h
B
= 0 m
g = 9.81 m/s
2
Solution:
U
A
= mgh
A
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(7.03 m)
= 3655.11 J
U
B
= mgh
B
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(0 m)
= 0 J
U
g
= U
A
U
B
= 3655.11 J 0 J
= 3655.11 J
b) Find the dierence in potential energy if
the zero level is at point A.
Explanation:
Given:
h
A
= 0 m
h
B
= 7.03 m
Solution:
U
A
= mgh
A
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(0 m)
= 0 J
U
B
= mgh
B
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(7.03 m)
= 3655.11 J
U
g
= U
A
U
B
= 0 J (3655.11 J)
= 3655.11 J
c) Find the dierence in potential energy if
the zero level is midway down the slope, at a
height of 3.52 m.
Explanation:
Given:
h
A
= 3.52 m
h
B
= 3.52 m
Solution:
U
A
= mgh
A
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(3.515 m)
= 1827.55 J
U
B
= mgh
B
= (53 kg)(9.81 m/s
2
)(3.515 m)
= 1827.55 J
U
g
= U
A
U
B
= 1827.55 J (1827.55 J)
= 3655.11 J
030 10.0 points
A small mass is released from rest at a very
great distance from a much larger stationary
mass.
Which of the following graphs best repre-
sents the gravitational potential energy U of
the system of masses as a function of t?
1.
t U
correct
2.
t
U
3.
t U
4.
t
U
5.
t U
6.
t
U
7. None of these graphs is correct.
Explanation:
Since one of the masses is much larger, the
larger mass will be almost at rest while the
smaller mass will be the one that is accel-
erating signicantly. Potential energy goes
as
U(r) = G
M m
r
.
Therefore, it rapidly becomes more negative
as r becomes smaller. Moreover, r decreases
at a more and more rapid rate (as the mass
accelerates while falling). Hence, the poten-
tial energy of the system decreases faster and
faster with time.
A plot of this time functionality U(t) is
t U
Note: The gravitational potential energy as
a function of r (distance between the masses)
is
U(r) = G
M m
r
.
r
U

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goldhagen (dfg358) HW-13 orin (57850) 1

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Both the pions have the same rest mass,

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