Sei sulla pagina 1di 8

Chapter 49

Combined Approach for Surface Mine Short Term Planning Optimization


Zhang Youdi, Cai Qingxiang Wu Lixin, Zhang Daxian China University of Mining & Technology
.
.

ABSTRACT
A two-step approach has been developed for surface

solving multi-objective decision-making problems; guided by GP mid term planning, the CAD technique and simulation software package for short term planning are able to be concentrated on their practicality and flexibility.

mine short term planning by the authors. The first step is mid term control and planning by the use of Goal Programming. This step gives optimal results for mid term planning (i. e. yearly or quarterly mine plan) as well as a macro control for short term planning (i. e. monthly or weekly plan. ) The second step of the approach deals with short term production scheduling by the application of CAD technique and Systems Simulation. An interactive color character graphic design system has been developed with a software package. The menu-driven and modulestructured package provides sufficient functions for surface mine short term planning and makes the model very flexible and user-friendly. This model has been applied to a large surface coal mine for short term planning optimization. Satisfactory results have been obtained. It is concluded that for complicated mining conditions this two-step combined approach gives an optimal control of mid term planning, makes the short term planning easier to avoid blindness; it has been proven that the Goal Programming is a powerful tool for

INTRODUCTION

The stratigic technical decision- making of a mine should be taken in the stage of long term planning, while the task of short term planning (usually under a yearly base of time period) is to arrange mining engineering to realize the objectives of long term planning, e. g. satisfy the requirement of mine production and ore quality, to balance mining and stripping volimes, and to get the best economic results. In the field of mine short terin planning, considerable work has been done on the application of Operations Research and computers in the past twenty years. Existing approaches for surface mine short term planning optimization can be divided into three groups A. Mathematical programming. For example, Linear Programming, Integer Programming, Dynamic Programming have been used (Davis, R. E. and to

500'
Williarns,,C. E.

23rd APCOM PROCEEDINGS

, 1973, Dagdelen, K.

and Johnson, T.

The software package is totally menu- driven and module-structured. These features provide sufficient functions for surface mine short term planning work and

'B.", 1986)
B. Systems Simulation, including CAD technique
(Davey, R. K.

make the model very flexible and user-friendly.

, 1979)
COAL SEAM PRODUCTION ALLOCATION BY GP

C. Hybrid approach. Most of them appeareh'in the last decade. Systenis simulation mixed with LP approach .Calder , P. can be taken as an example (Fytas, K. and . . . . N . , 1986, ~ i l k e ' , L. ~ . et al. , 1984)

In the past, single objective linear programming has


. How to handle the relation between mine long (mid)

been used to solve this problem by predecessors. There is only one objective involved, the others are a set of constraints. However, the main objectives which should be taken into consideration in developing open pit production planning are: ore production rate and stripping

term planning and short term planning to optimize the


'
, ,

gross economic results is still a problem to be well solved.

.
J,.

.A NEWLY. DEVELOPED MODEL


' r .

ratio, the demand of ore kinds and quality, location of working benches, productivity of mining equipment, ore storage and processing conditions, etc.

. .

In

these

A new-model has been 'developed for short term planning of a large surface coal mine. There are two
'

objectives, some search for maximum value (e. g. profit), some search for minimum value (e. g. cost), and some search for "exactly equal" (e. g. ore grade control ). ' These objectives are often 'incompatible, incomparable, and graddd with each other. I such a problem is solved as single objective decision, sometimes no solution is possible. Though the solution could be obtained, it might be far away from the mining practice. So we search for "the best" instead of "optimum:' solution which satisfies all the objectives and constraints. Here, goal programming is suitable.

main coal seams in the flat- bedded coal deposit. The sulfur content and ash content are quite different between the two coal seams, yet .they are fluctuant in their distribution. Coal quality blending is the most important problem in this mine. In general, it is also a typical case for, surface mining.
,

.
I

. The moc!el.iss composed of 1 3 sub-models (modules).

..

The,general,stucture , .. . . . . of the model,!


1.

shown in Fig. 1.

A ty~step approach has been developed for surface

Because single objective decision system is the subset of multiple objective decision system, the problems which can be solved by single objective linear programming can be solved by goal programming. There are many

mine shot,t,Ferm planning optimization as follows.

Step 1. Optimal control of coal seam production

allocation and scheduling. Goal Programming is used to realise m~lti~objective, decisionmaking for coal quality ., ,.
.\.

problems that can be solved by goal programming but not by single objective linear programming. Owing to the deviation variables included, besides maximization and minimization, goal programming can realize approaching the objective best, exceeding the objective best or lowering the objective best. This is unparalleled compared with single objective linear programming. Therefore, the application of goal programming is put forward to overcome the limitations of single objective linear,

and production optimization.

..
"

..
.

St;* 2.. Detail. arrangement and adjustment of mining design system and ,systems

and stripping production scheduling. This is realized by an interactive graphic simulation.


. .

, .

Continual changed topography

1. Inputs from geological database

2. Inputs from other databases

3. Coal seam

I
6. C o a l

4. Coal

I
.
stripping dumping module mnvnsion module simulation module and mining volume shovel '

I
6. 08

I
7. In-pit

I
8. Front location
9. Truck and

I I
file 9

10. Eguipment

production module

mining

blending

& material
requirement

allocation

module

I
I
file 6
fie 7

I
I
file 5 file 8

I
I
I I

I
I I

I
File 1 0

file 3

file 4

.
I
I

I
I

11. Pericd label files

12. Report outputs

13. Plot outputs

Fig. 1

General Structure of the model

23rd' APCOM PROCEEDINGS


programming. Let xln to be the decision variable of the block model. Here each variable xi, is allowed to take values of only 0 and 1. SC-expected ashw-ash
.

value of sulphur content. content of block (i , j ,k). value of ash content. upper limit and the lower limit of

ASH-expected Am...AmI.-the

coal production in the planning period. 6&,: 6 deviation variable of coal production deviation variable of coal production above or below A,,..

1 if block (i , j ,k) is mined in a certain period


Xljt =

6&. 6 , -

(0

otherwise

above or below A , .

.
objective value. variable of ash content above

6$, 6i -deviation variable of suplhur content In general, the goal programming model is as follows: Achievement function : mina = {PI (611 Production objective:
,

above or below the


6 : ,

+ d&), Pzd?, Pad:,

6-deviation
yield.

Pddt, Psaf )

or below the expected objective value. Ye-plant

'

+ dii - d?i = Am, C tij,zij, + 611 - d& = A,.


Ctij,Zij,
'

The model described above can be modified according to the requirements in the practical application, such as: changing the sequence of priority, adding the constraints

Sulphur objective
.

Ash objective:

'

.
=0
1

of the productivity of mining equipment, requirement of washed coal, space for equipment operation, etc. Take the surface coal mine quarterly planning as a case study. The vine's designed annual production is 1 5 million tons of raw cpal. Shovels and trucks are used in mining and stripping. There are two principal coal seams. The commercial coal is classified into 3 categories: Class A:.S<l.

zij,tij,(~ah;~. - ASH) Mining reachability constraint:

+ & - df

< zi-~j, Mining minimum precedence constraint: . . < .


zij a
Zij, Zi.j.&.

Mining maximum precedence constraint:


ZIJ

,< ZI.

J . P

Mining bench smoothing constraint: zip when Other constraints:


J

< XZ,-.~,
i

rr

2 d/D,

1%,Ash<l5%
Ash<45%

Class B: S < 2 . 2 % ,

st,dii.s:,,a~,st,a,d:,~r s& -611 = 0, a:, -6,


6 : df z,,,=O in the formulas: PI .PI.Ps.P~ .Ps-factor trB-coal S&-sulphur

2o
=

Class C: Sulphur content or ash content higher than above indices. Input the concerned parameters of quarterly ( o r

a;

=0

6; = 0
OT

1
of priority.

monthly) production planning and run the program. The case study results are obtained as Table 1 and Figure 2, Figure 3. The results produced are satisfactory in terms of mining practice. After blending, the coal quality saisfies the requirement.

PI>P,>P~>P~>P~ tonnage of block (i, j, k). content of block (i, j ,k).

APPROACH FOR SURFACE MINE SHORT TERM PLANNING OPTIMIZATION

503

Table 1. Quarterly coal production and quallty control plan (3rd quarter, 1990)

. . . -. .

In Figure 2 and Figure 3, the coal block is e x p r d by '1 ", otherwise, it $ .expressed , . by .
'2".

' A " , " B " , ' C "

represent the sequential monthly plan in this quarter.

Figurc 2 .

The quality control scheduling map (coal scam No. I )


A-1990.7 B-1990.8 C-1990.9
1

Figure 3.
'

The quality control adnduling map (coal scam No. 2)


A-1990.7 8--1990.8 C-1990.9

'504

23rd APCOM PROCEEDINGS


Letter and colour allocation
INTERACTIVE CHARACTER GRAPHIC DlCSI.CN SYSTEM. .

..

. ,;,.

The so- called color character graphic means that stripping benches are represented in letters, coal benches in digits a n d different colors are assigned to different benches. All blocks ,on the same bench are represented with kame letters or digits, Initializing all benches

By the use of the software package the yearly plan, monthly plan ;'even weekly 'plan can be quarterly plan ; worked out. The operational procedure is as follows:
1

'

'.

.
,-

Creating geological data files.

,..~

By the use of a plot-digit conversion program, all of the benches will be digitized and the corresponding
'

Running specially designed programmes, all of the benches in the' pit can be biocked in a given size (here 25

X 25(m)) aid

t k geological data fil& are established.

'

working files are set up,. in which a set of .{W (i, j) ) are obtained, where W ( i , j ) E { 0 , 1 , 2 ) . If W(i,j),=O then bldck (i ,j) is a mined block, W (i ,j) = 1, an un-mined block and W (i, j) = 2 , an air block. A sartple is shown in Figure 4.
'.

"

Some primary elements are contained in ;hifile&, s"ch:as loess amount, rock amount? sulphur and a+ content of each block.
. .

,!

'

11111111l1100000000000000000000000000000000000000011111222211122222222222 1111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111121122222222222 111111111110000000000000000000000000000000,00000~0011111112211122222222222 111111111110000000000000000000000000~00000000000011111112211112222222222 1111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000011111122222112222222222


,

iiiiiiiiii~ooooo~o~oooooo~ooooo~oooo~ooooooooooooooii~ii~~~~~~z~i
1111122222200000000000000000000000000000000000000001111122222222222222222 11122222222200000000000~0000000000000000000000000001111122222222222222222 1112222222220000000000000000000000000000000000000001111122222222222222222 1111222222220000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111222222222222222 1111222222220000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111122222212222222 1111122222220000200000000000000002000000000000000011111111111222112222222 1111112222200000200000000000000022000000000000000011111111111222112222222 1111111122100000000000000000000000000000000000000111111111111222211122222 1111111111110000000000000000000000000000000111111111111111111211111112222 1111111111111000000000000000000000000111111111111111111111111211111111122' 111111111111111111111~111111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111111111112~
~iiiiiiiiiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~iiiiiiliiiiiliiiir
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

'

11i1ii1iiiiiiiiliiiilililiil1iiiiiiiii11iiiiii1111iii1i1iiiiiiiii.iiiiiiii

1111111111111111111111111111112222111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111E11111111E1111111111112222.2111~1111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111~1111111111111111111122222221111111111111111111111111111111111111


'
'

..
.

. .

,
'

Figure 4
,

Current status of a bench


I.

hivided ' k t 0 three windows (shown in figure 5). The ~ntkractive production scheduling During the production scheduling, the. screen is exposed area of each bench will be displayed in window

1; in window 2 the numerical results and in window 3


the commands and prompts.
'

APPROACH FOR SURFACE MINE SHORT TERM PLANNING OPTIMIZATION

505

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5Status:F3 GGGHHHHHJ44NN911111000000000000000001SSSS99999MMMMHHHGFFEEEE GGGHHHHHJ44NN9111110OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSSSSS99999MMMMHHHGFFEEEE upleft:5700 71000 GGGHHHHHJ44NNR111111lllllOOOOOOOOOOOSSSSS99999JJMMHHHGFFEEEE 1GGHHHHHJJ44NNRS1111lllllllllllOOOOOlSSSS999999JJJJHHHGFFEEEE coordt:6125 71550 GGHJHHHJJL4NNR9S111SSSSSS11111111111SSSS999999JJJJHHHGFFEEEE HHJJJHHJJL4NNR99SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS9999999JJJHHHGFEEE 1--1240 (KBCM) JJJJHGHJJL4PNR9999999SSSSSSSSSSSSS999S99999999NNJJHHHGFFFFEE ================= ZHHHHJGHJJL4PQR999999999SSSSSSSS99999999999999PNNJJHHHGFFFFFE HHHHHGHJJL4PQR999999999SSSSSSSS99999999999999PNNJJHHHGGFFFEE Block HHHHHGHHHK4PQR9999999999SSSS9999999999999999PPNNJJHHHGGGFFEE ================= HHHHGHGHHK4PQR999999999999999999999999999999PPNNJJJHHGGGFFE locs: 0.000 3HHHHFFGHHK4PQRRR9999999999999999999999999999PPNNJJJHHGGGFF rock: 0.438 HHHFFFGHHK4PQRRRRRRRRR999999999999999999999PNNM4HHGGGGFE t o t 1: 0.438 HHGFFFGHHK4PPQRRRRRRRR9999999999993999999999PPNNMMHHHGGGFFFE HHFFFFGHHK4PPQQQQRRRRRR9929QQQQQQ99QPQQQ9PPPPJJ~lMM4HHGGFFFFF Bench 4GGFFF&GHBK4PPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPJJJJNHHGFFFFF ================= loes: 0.000 GFFFEEGHHK4PPQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPJJJNNNMMMHHGFF rock: 35.563 GFFFEEHHHK4PQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPJJJNNMHHGGFCF FFFEEEHHHK4PPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQPPPPPPPPPPPNNNJJNNNMMHGGGFCCt o t 1: 35.563

5HFFFEEHHHK4PPPPPPPQQQQPPPPPPPPPNNNNNNNNNNNJJNMMMMM4HHGGGFFCC
Fl-Quit FZ-Save F3-Dig F4-Ref i l l F5-Areadig. F6-Arearefill F7-Conf irm 'F8-Scroll F9-Elevation F10-Cleancoal
Figure 5 Screen design In the GP model, it has been allocated that how many coal blocks on each bench should be mined out in order to meet the coal production and quality requirements. On the given benches displayed in window 1, these blocks are automatically mined out and displayed in their reversecolor. The production and quality of raw coal and clean coal are displayed in the window 2. Now the,function keys shown in the window 3 can be used to adjust the results from the GP Model. The cursor is always glimmering and simulates the operating shovel. After the key F3 being pressed, the blocks which the curser passes will be mined one at a time. The calculated results are displayed in the window 2. After the key F 5 being pressed, by moving the cursor to form a closed area, the whole blocks within it will be mined out. The key F4 and F6 play the opposite functions of the keys F 3 and F5. The reverse-colored blocks can be recovered one at a time with Under the guidance of the GP results, the mining and stripping operations of the other benches can .be finished with the same method described above. The operator can decide which or how many benches to be displayed each time. All of the mining results can be saved in. defferent files to plot the drawing and output the report of the mining plan. coal and clean coal are displayed in the window 2. On the basis of the information above, the planning engineer can easily judge whether the engineering position of the benches, coal production and coal quality have met the requirements of the mining plan. After the key F 7 being pressed, the next layer beneath the reverse-colored blocks becomes visible. Then the results from the GP Model are adjusted and confirmed. Any part of the pit can be moved into or out of the window 1 with the key F8.

F4, blocks within a closed area with F6. According


In brief, the technical feature of the interactive
graphic design system lies in :

to the highlighted areas with different letters and colors, the areas being mined on each bench and the relative position between bench fronts are obviously shown. If the key F10 is pressed, stripping ratio and the indices of raw

1. Mining status and associated mining- stripping

23rd APCOM PROCEEDINGS


volume as well as coal quality indices can be clearlyf represented on the screen at "real-time" along with the mining simulation process. ;handled afterwards.
'

3. An interactive colour ,character graphic design system has been developed as a strong tool for quick and convenient production scheduling. Coloured mining plan and associated mining-stripping volume as well as coal
I

2. Multiple "mining" and "recovering" procedures


can be selected by the function keys which makes the mining simulation very convenient. 3. The structured

qtality indices can be distinc'ily represented on the screen

along with the mining simulation process. And multiple "mining

"C"

language is employed.
'

" and "recovering"

procedures can be selected

Controlled by which, multi-colour screen involving text colour and reverse colow makes the mining plan distinct and intuitional.
..
,

.,.

with one touch of the function keys.


..

.
.

4. A spcial

is developed to do the conversion

. .. .
. .

. .
,
'

. . .'. '. . , REFERENCES' ..,. . . .


. . ...
,

between ploi and digit, -by which exact mining volume associated with the front location can be obtained.
,

'

.I. ~ .a v i i ,R. E. and Williams, C . :E. , 1973, .

.. .

:. " Optimization procedwes'..for open pit mine


scheduling " , 1lth International symposium on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, University of Arizona.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
1. A'hybrid method has been developed for surface ;
mine short term includes two steps:
. - .

2.

Davey, R. K.

, 1979,

"Short Range Miie

The optimization approach


.

Planning", Computer Methods for the 80's in the Mineral Industry, Weiss, A. ;Ed.

, SME/ ,

AIME, New York.

he

first step is the optimal cpntrol of coal seam allocation and scheduling by Goal

production

3. ~ a g d e l e n , K. and Johnson, T. B.
; . "Optimum

1986;

Programming;
.

Open pit Mine Production Scheduling

.
.
,

by'.

Lagrangian . Parameterization

The second step is detail arrangement and adjustment of mining and stripping production.. schedulikg . by
,

", 19th
1986, "A

APCOM Symposium, SME/AIME.

interactive grpahic design system and systems simulation.

'

4. , Fytas,. K. and Calder, P. N.


: .

Computerized Model of Open Pit Short and Long

. 2. Goal programming can be effectively applied to.


mine planning optimization. multiple objectives can .be comprehensively considered according to their ,different priority.. The constraints,, such as ,mining rkchability , mining precedance , bench front smoothing, etc. are directly. included into the GP model instead. of being
. .

Range Production Scheduling", ,Symposium, SME/AIME.

19th APCOM

5.
. .
,

Wilke, F.

L. et al.

, " Ultimate

Pit and

., , . ..

. APCOM Symposium, IMM, London,


.

Production Scheduling Optimization ", . 18th

1984.

.
.

..

.
,

. '

Potrebbero piacerti anche