Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
OVERVIEW
What is a Fired Heater Main Components How does Fired Heater Work Selection of Fired Heaters Design Parameters Typical Design Parameters for different Fired Heaters Special Design Consideration Roles and Responsibility of Fired Heater Engineer Fired Heater Design Thumbs rule
FIRED HEATER
A combustion equipment Produces energy by combustion
T2 > T1
fuels Provide the necessary heat to the process fluids (inside tubes) for different process:
FLUE GAS
Distillation
Fuel
Air
MAIN COMPONENTS
VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL FIRED HEATER
MAIN COMPONENTS
BOX TYPE FIRED HEATER
OPEN
DAMPER
BURNER
CLOSE
ID Fan
BURNER
OPEN
FD Fan
FD Fan
BURNER
50%
50%
CLOSE
ID Fan
HEAT TRANSFER
APH
FD Fan FD Fan
BURNER
50%
50%
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PROCESS DESIGN PARAMETERS
Process unit & heater type Number of passes Heat absorbed Fluid flow rates, temperature & pressure (inlet and outlet) Fluid Properties (viscosity, specific heat, thermal
conductivity) Fouling Factor Average Heat Flux Turndown and overdesign requirements
DESIGN PARAMETERS
OTHER SPECIAL DESIGN PARAMETERS
Thermal efficiency required Draft mechanism and Air pre heater requirement Forced draft fan & drivers Induced draft fan & drivers Soot blowers Fuel type
:LOW/ Slight Outlet Temperature, F :715 to 800 Pressure drop, psi :50 to 75 Mass velocity, Lb/(sec-ft2) :250 to 350 (Except outlet tube) Radiant heat flux, Btu/(hr-ft2) :9000 to 12000 Size outlet tubes for less than sonic velocity
:MEDIUM/HIGH Outlet Temperature, F :840 to 890 Pressure drop, psi :210 to 350 Mass velocity, Lb/(sec-ft2) :300 to 400 Radiant heat flux, Btu/(hr-ft2) :8000 to 12000 Minimum process fluid velocity, ft/sec :6
Impacts:
Pressure drop inside tube Poor Heat transfer Increase in tube metal
: : :
More radiant surface area required More process fluid pressure drop More passes to fit pressure drop More expensive heater Lower inside film temperature
Tube Layout Tube Diameter Number of Tubes Tube Metallurgy Software used: FRNC Type
Type of Fuel Draft mechanism
Burner selection
Refractory
Refractory material Refractory Thickness Design code: As per ASME C 680 code Thickness of Plate/ Structural member sizes Wind/ Seismic Calculation Software used: STAAD Pro
Structural calculation
INPUT PARAMETERS
Design duty (Q)
Type Process Stream Mass flow rate (m) Inlet temperature (Tin) Outlet temperature (Tout) Design pressure (Pdesign) Inlet Pressure (Pin) Outlet Pressure (Pout) Allowable pressure drop (P) Efficiency (E) , minimum Specific Heat Capacity (Cp) @ inlet Specific Heat Capacity (Cp) @ outlet Average radiant Heat Flux Rate Combustion Excess Air
40 MM Btu/h
Vertical Cylindrical/ Horizontal Convection Box, Gas Fired
Hot Oil 1931062 lb/h 482 F 518 F 150 psig 60 psig 30 psig 30 psi 85% 0.567 Btu/ lb.F 0.584 Btu/ lb.F 10,000 Btu/ft2.h 20%
= = =
Q= QR+QC
QR= the radiant heat transfer absorbed by radiant heater coils from fuel combustion QC = the convection heat transfer absorbed by convection heat transfer coils from fuel combustion
QC
QR
QC
BWT
%Excess air =
TMT = Tout+ Est.50F = 518 + 50 = 568F From the graph, BWT = 1440F
Stack temperature is a function of excess air and overall heater efficiency. = = = calculated efficiency + Radiation loss 85 + 1.5 86.5%
From the graph shown on the right for 470F and 1440 BWT, we obtain the convection duty split as 32.5%.
= 0.325 =0
QR
Total Effective tube length = (RAD Surf) / (Tube DO x /12) Assumption : 6 inch (in) pipe is selected having a OD of 6.625 in
(Tube DO x )/12
= 15.28 ft
than 2.75, in accordance with API 560: = 30.6/15.28 = 2.0 (Approx) < 2.75 The design therefore complies with API 560.
12000 Btu/hr/ft3
For vertical cylindrical heaters L/D ratio: <2.75 For vertical tube box heaters H/W ratio: <2.75
or 6m
Minimum distance between refractory and tube centre is 1.5 X Nominal
diameter
REFERENCES
ANSI/API STANDARD 560
Thank You