NAME : ______________________________ SCHOOL : ______________________________ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 4 NOTES, EXAMPLES & EXERCISE 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2.

1 Quadratic Equation and Its Roots 1. The genaral form of quadratics equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants, with the condition a 0 and x is an unknown. Example 1 : Express each of the following in the general form. ( x + 1 ) 2 = 16 Solution : ( x + 1 ) 2 = 16 x2 + 2x + 1 =16 x2 + 2x + 1 16 = 0 x2 + 2x 15 = 0

Exercise 2.1 1. Express the following equation in the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0. Then , state the values of a, b and c. (a) x2 6x = 3 (b) ( x 4 ) 2 = 1 2. x cm (x + 4 ) cm The diagram above shows a rectangle with sides (x + 4 ) cm and x cm. Give that the area of the rectangle is 60 cm2, find the value of x . 2.2 Solving a Quadratic Equation 1. A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be solved by (a) Factorisation (b) completing the square (C)using a formula 2. The formula for finding the roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is b b 4ac x= 2a -13. Using S.O.R. and P.O.R. a quadratic equation can be written as
2

x2 ( S.O.R ) x + ( P.O.R ) = 0 where S.O.R = sum of roots P.O.R = product of roots 4. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , b c S.O.R = and P.O.R = a a Example 2 : Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation. x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 Solution : x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 (x + 2 ) ( x + 5 ) = 0 x= -2 or x = -5

Example 3 : Solve the following quadratic equation by quadratic formula. 3x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 Solution : a=3 , b=6 , c=2 x= x = 6 6 4(3)(2) 2(3)
2

- 6 12 6 x = -0.4226 or -1.577

Example 4 : Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square. x2 + 8x 6 = 0 Solution : x2 + 8x 6 = 0 x2 + 8x = 6 ( x + 4 )2 = 6 + 42 x+4 = 22 x = -4 22 x = 0.6904 or -8.6904

Example 5 : Form a quadratic equation with the roots -2 and 4 . -2Solution : S.O.R = -2 + 4 = 2 P.O.R = -2 4 = -8 The quadratic equation is : x2 ( S.O.R ) x + ( P.O.R ) = 0 x2 ( 2 ) x + ( -8 ) = 0 x2 2x -8 = 0

Example 6 : If m and n are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 8x 3 = 0 , form the equation whose roots are 2m and 2n . Solution : If m and n are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 8x 3 = 0 , then b c m+n=mn = a a 8 3 ==2 2 =-4 For the roots 2m and 2n , Sum of roots = 2m + 2n = 2 (m + n) = 2 (-4) = -8 Product of roots = (2m) (2n) = 4mn 3 = 4 (- ) 2 =-6

Therefore, the equation which has roots 2m and 2n is : x2 (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 x2 (-8 ) x + ( -6 ) = 0 x2 + 8x 6 = 0

Exercise 2.2 1. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation. (a) x2 5x + 4 = 0 (b) 2x2 = 11x + 6 2. Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square. (a) x2 x 3 = 0 (b) 2x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 3. Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula.. (a) x2 2x 4 = 0 (b) 3x2 14x + 10 = 0 -3-

4. Form the quadratic equations which roots are : 1 (a) 1 , 7 (b) 4 , 2 5. Given that m and n are roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 11x 6 = 0 , form a quadratic equation with roots 3m and 3n . 2.3 Types of the Roots of the Quadratic Equation 1. The conditions for the nature of the roots of quadratic equations are ( a ) two real and distinct roots : b2 4ac > 0 ( b ) two real and equal roots : b2 4ac = 0 ( c ) no real roots : b2 4ac < 0 ( d ) two real roots : b2 4ac 0 2. ( a ) If a straight line intersects a curve at two distinct points, the condition b2 4ac > 0 is applied. ( b ) If a straight line touches a curve at only one point, the condition b2 4ac = 0 is applied. ( c ) If a straight line does not meet a curve, the condition b2 4ac < 0 is applied. b2 4ac > 0 Two real and distinct roots b2 4ac = 0 Two real and equal roots b2 4ac < 0 No real roots

b2 4ac 0 Two real roots

Example 7 : Determine the types of roots for the following quadratic equation. x2 12x + 27 = 0 Solution : x2 12x + 27 = 0 a = 1 , b = -12 , c = 27 b2 4ac = (-12) 2 4 (1) (27) = 144 108 = 36 > 0 Thus, x2 -12x + 27 = 0 has two distinct roots -4-

Example 8 : The quadratic equation x2 2px + 25 = 0 has two equal roots. Find the value of p . Solution : x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 a = 1 , b = -2p , c = 25 Using b2 4ac = 0 (-2p)2 4(1)(25) = 0 4p2 100 = 0 4p2 = 100 2 p = 25 p = 5

Exercise 2.3 1. Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations. (a) x2 + 9x + 3 = 0 (b) x2 12x + 36 = 0 2. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations which has equal roots. (a) x2 kx + 36 = 0 (b) 4x2 + 12x + k = 0 3. Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations which has no roots. (a) x2 + 2x + h 2 = 0 (b) (h+1)x2 + 8x + 6 = 0 4. The quadratic equation x2 + 2nx 16 = 0 has two different roots. Find the range of values of n . 5. The quadratic equation 9k + 6kx + ( k + 1 )x2 = 2 has two different roots. Find the range of values of k. SPM FOCUS PRACTICE PAPER 1 1. Solve the quadratic equation x ( x 4 ) = ( x 1 ) ( 2 x ). Give your answer correct to four significant figures. 2. The quadratic equation x ( x + p ) = 2x 4 has two different roots. Find the range of values of p . 3. Form the quadratic equation which has roots 2 and ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a , b and c are constants. -51 . Give your answer in the form 3

PAPER 2 1. Given that the x-axis is the tangent to the curve x2 + 3px + 9q2 = 0, find p in terms of q . 2. Given p and q are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 mx + 6 = 0 while 2p and 2q are the roots of the quadratics equation 2x2 + 20x + n = 0 . Find the values of m and n . 3. The quadratic equation x2 + ( r + 3 ) x + t2 = 0 has two equal roots. (a) Show that r = 2t 3 (b) Hence, determine the root if r = 3 . PAST YEAR QUESTION 1. Given that 1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation ( 3x 1 ) ( x 2 ) = p ( x 1 ) , where p is a constant, find the values of h and p . ( 2001 P1 Q4 ) 2. Solve the quadratic equation 2x (x 4 ) = ( 1 x ) ( x + 2 ) . Give your answer to four significant figures. ( 2003 P1 Q3 ) 3. From the quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a, b and c are constants. 1 . Give your answer in the form 2 ( 2004 P1 Q4 )

4. Solve the quadratic equation x ( 2x 5 ) = 2x 1. Give your answer correct to three decimal places. ( 2005 P1 Q5 ) ANSWERS Exercise 2.1 4. n < -4 or n > 4 1.(a) x2 6x 3 = 0 ; a =1 , b = -6 , c = -3 2 5. k < 2 (b) x 8x + 15 = 0 ; a =1 , b =-8 , c = 15 7 2. x = 6 SPM Focus Practice (Paper 1) Exercise 2.2 1. x = 3.186 or 0.3139 1 2. p > 6 or p < -2 1. (a) 1 , 4 (b) 6 , 3. 3x2 + 5x 2 = 0 2 2. (a) 1.303 , 2.303 (b)2.366 , -0.634 Paper 2 3. (a) 1.236 , 3.236 (b) 0.880 , 3.786 1. p = 2q 2 2 4. (a) x 8x +7 =0 (b) 2x 9x + 4 = 0 2. m = -5 , n = 48 5. 2x2 33x 54 = 0 3. (b) x = - 3 Exercise 2.3 Past Year Question 1. (a) Two different roots 4 1. p = -6 h = (b) Two equal roots 3 2. (a) k = 12 (b) k = 9 2. x = 2.591 or -0.2573 5 3. 2x2 + 5x 3 = 0 3. (a) h > 3 (b) h > 4. x = 8.153 or 0.149 3 -6 CHNG/ AMF4/ C2