DESIGNING OF AN AUTOMATED POWER METER READING WITH ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the design and implementation of Automatic Power Meter (APM), The APM is implemented using an AT89C51and Zigbee Based power meter Communication Module. The design presents a new methodology for avoiding the high construction and maintenance costs in the existing meter reading technology. Using an APM with network technologies has become a trend today. The designed system avoids the human intervention in Power Management. If the Consumer doesnt pay the bill in time, the power connection will be disconnected from the remote server automatically. It displays the corresponding billing information on LCD and sends data to the server through the Zigbee Module. The based AT89C51 hardware system consists of a processor core board and the peripheral board. The entire programming is based on Embedded C/ASM Language. This system provides efficient meter reading, avoiding the billing error and reduces the maintenance cost. This paper also addresses advantages of implementing the Zigbee communication module and design detail and discusses the advanced security of the data communications/transmission.

EXISTING SYSTEM. Nowadays the eb meter readings are manually verified by the Respective eb person. The respective person goes to each and every home and they inform to consumer about the notification of eb reading for the current month. If the consumer is not available at home means, the EB person has to come on another day or have to wait for some time for note down the reading. Consequently this will make some water of time and delay.

PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system is fully automatic for reading the EB meter count. The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can be sent to the Electricity department on request. This system makes use of a zigbee for remote monitoring and control of Energy Meter. This system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter readings regularly without the person visiting each house. This can be achieved by the use of microcontroller unit that continuously monitors and records the Energy Meter readings in its permanent (non-volatile) memory location. HARDWARE MODULES IR SENSOR EB METER ZIGBEE TRANSRECEIVER

 LCD LIMIT SWITCH AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER MAX 232 (FOR SERIAL COMUNICATION) POWER SUPPLY PC

TRANSMITTER MODULE:

2X16 LCD DISPLAY

EB METER

IR SENSOR

AT89c51

Antenna

ZIGBEE MODULE

MAX 232 IC

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

RECEIVER MODULE:

RS 232 ZIBEE MODULE INTERFAC E

PERSONA L COMPUTE R

POWER SUPPLY

WORKING PRINCIPLE: A IR Sensor is fixed across the eb meter armature and it is connected at the port of the Arm controller . A small black trap is placed in the armature of the eb meter for counting the rotation of the meter. IR sensor is consist of IR led and phototransistor. IR led is a transmitter and phototransistor is a receiver. Normally the output of the ir sensor is in static high, whenever the black trap crosses the ir sensor, a static low signal is provided to the microcontroller and microcontroller assumes the pulse as a count or unit.

Here LCD is connected at the port 1 and used to display the units of the meter and the date. Zigbee is connected at the serial communication pin of the microcontroller. The TX and RX pin of the zigbee connected to the controller. In between this connected a max 232 ic is used for establishing the serial communication between the controller and the modem. Here the program is written for counting the eb meter reading for 30 days and send the message to the consumer at the end of the month. In this project two switches are used to feed the eb count and date

manually. When the microcontroller read the date as 30th of the month, it will communicate with zigbee for sending details, the user name, amount of unit consumed and total bill amount. Here limit switch is used for security purpose. If the user open the EB box, the microcontroller will block the all operation and send the alert to the eb unit. The operation will resumes after the eb person inspects the total box and instead of password protection, reset button is used to switch on the operation At the receiver end pc is used to receive the data through zigbee. After the completion of one month, the microcontroller starts to reads the data from the eb meter for the consecutive months. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION ELECTRICITY METER: An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles and energy used during a cycle. In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the electric rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in use. Also, in some areas meters have relays to turn off nonessential equipment. Electromechanical meters This mechanical electricity meter has every other dial rotating counter-clockwise.

The most common type of electricity meter is theelectromechanical induction watt-hour meter. [14][15] The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of

an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts. The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism which integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used over a period of time. The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils.

The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port both features usually belong to "general purpose computers", the line of nomenclature blurs even more. Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles Cellular telephones and telephone switches Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems Handheld calculators Handheld computers Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, DVD players and recorders Medical equipment Personal digital assistant Videogame consoles Computer peripherals such as routers and printers. Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.

Block Diagram Explanation:

This Project mainly consists of Power Supply section, Microcontroller section, Motor Driver section and a sensor.

Power Supply Section: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists of a 12V DC battery followed by a positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the required dc voltage for the Microcontroller circuit operation.

Microcontroller Section: This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section basically consists of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices according to the program being written. In transmitter the function of this block is to send the data from PC to RF transmitter. At reciver side this block is retrieve the data and do the function according to the command

Motor1, Motor 2: This section basically consists of the required circuitry to drive the motors. This is nothing but an H-Bridge circuitry to drive the motors which controls direction of the robot.

PC: This block acts as remote control. It is nothing but a personal computer. The commands from PC are transferred to MCU.

RF transmitter:

This block contains RF transmitter module along with an encoder circuit. When MCU sends the data to this module from here this data converted into Radio signals.

RF receiver:

This block contains a reciver module with a decoder circuit. The data from RF receiver is retrieved and pass it to MCU.

Schematic Diagram:

Schematic Explanation:

Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89s51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power supply is needed by the same. So in this project we are using +12V DC battery for providing the required voltage for the circuit operation. The12V DC battery is connected to the LM7805 regulator so that it allows us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. This regulated voltage is filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89s51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. This is required for the operation of the motor driver circuitry to drive the motors.

The microcontroller 89c51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly.

Receiver: The motor driver is nothing but a H-bridge circuitry for controlling motors. That is for the controlling of the robot direction. The motor driver circuitry includes the two H-Bridges. Each Hbridge will take care of controlling motor. Each H-bridge having two inputs. That is, four inputs of two H-bridges are connected to the port pins P2.0, P2.1,P2.2, P2.3 of the Microcontroller. According the logic values applied at the input of the H-bridge circuitry the direction of the robot will be controlled. That will be done through the software. Sensor is connected to P2.0.

HT12D IC is used to retrieve the data from RF receiver module. The function of this IC is to match the address of transmitter and collect the serial data and this data is transferred to microcontroller.

Transmitter:

The IC HT12E IC is used to encode the data from microcontroller and make it serial along with the destination address. This serial data is then transferred to RF transmitter.

The command to the destination is taken from the computer. Microcontroller serial communication is used. MAX232 IC is used in between microcontroller and PC. This IC is used to convert the logic levels for microcontroller and PC. So MAX232 is logic level IC with capacitors as supporting circuitry.

MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89S52)

Introduction A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.

Figure: micro controller Features:

 Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of insystem programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Block diagram:

Figure: Block diagram

Pin diagram:

Figure: pin diagram of micro controller

Pin Description VCC - Supply voltage. GND - Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2:

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. AT89S51, as shown in the following table. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the

RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit

in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Fig 6.2.3 Oscillator Connections

Fig 6.2.4 External Clock Drive Configuration

Serial Communication

Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel data transfer are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. Serial communication of the 8051

is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires. If data is to be transferred on the telephone line, it must be converted from 0s and 1s to audio tones, which are sinusoidal-shaped signals. A peripheral device called a modem, which stands for modulator/demodulator, performs this conversion. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. single byte at a time. In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission. This is in contrast to simplex transmissions such as with printers, in which the computer only sends data. Duplex transmissions can be half or full duplex, depending on whether or not the data transfer can be simultaneous. If data is transmitted one way at a time, it is referred to as half duplex. If the data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duplex. Of course, full duplex requires two wire conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one for reception, in order to transfer and receive data simultaneously. Asynchronous serial communication and data framing The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s; it is difficult to make sense of the data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute a character, and when the data begins and ends. The

synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a

Start and stop bits Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-oriented transmissions, while block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In the data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed between a start bit and

a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit (s) is 1 (high). Data transfer rate The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate. However, the baud and bps rates are not necessarily equal. This is due to the fact that baud rate is the modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per second. In modems a single change of signal, sometimes transfers several bits of data. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the same, and for this reason we use the bps and baud interchangeably. The data transfer rate of given computer system depends on communication ports incorporated into that system. For example, the early IBMPC/XT could transfer data at the rate of 100 to 9600 bps. In recent years, however, Pentium based PCS transfer data at rates as high as 56K bps. It must be noted that in asynchronous serial data communication, the baud rate is generally limited to 100,000bps.

Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel transfers are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires. The PC uses RS 232 as a Serial Communication Standard.

RS232 Standards

To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers, an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. In 1963 it was modified and called RS232A. RS232B AND RS232C were issued in 1965 and 1969, respectively. Today, RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since the standard was set long before the advert of the TTL logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converters such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.

RS232 pins RS232 cable connector commonly referred to as the DB-25 connector. In labeling, DB25P refers to the plug connector (male) and DB-25S is for the socket connector (female). Since not all the pins are used in PC cables, IBM introduced the DB-9 Version of the serial I/O standard, which uses 9 pins only, as shown in table. DB-9 pin connector

12345 6789 (Out of computer and exposed end of cable)

Pin Functions: Pin Description 1 Data carrier detect (DCD) 2 Received data (RXD) 3 Transmitted data (TXD) 4 Data terminal ready(DTR) 5 Signal ground (GND) 6 Data set ready (DSR) 7 Request to send (RTS) 8 Clear to send (CTS) 9 Ring indicator (RI) Note: DCD, DSR, RTS and CTS are active low pins. The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines namely Tx, Rx, and Ground. TXD: carries data from DTE to the DCE. RXD: carries data from DCE to the DTE SG: signal ground

8051 connection to RS232:

TXD

RXD TXD

2 3 5

Embedded Controller

RXD GND

MAX 232

The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a Line Driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa. The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are TXD and RXD and are a part of the port 3 (P3.0 and P3.1). Pin 11 of the 8051 is designated as TXD and pin 10 as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip.

MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used.

MAX-232 Logic Signal Voltage Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages (between -15V ... -3V and used to transmit a binary '1' and +3V ... +15V to transmit a binary '0') which are not compatible with today's computer logic voltages. On the other hand, classic TTL computer logic operates between 0V ... +5V (roughly 0V ... +0.8V referred to as low for binary '0', +2V ... +5V for high binary '1' ). Modern low-power logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower. So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for today's computer logic electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage can't be grokked at all by the computer logic. Therefore, to receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and the 0 and 1 voltage levels inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS-232) the low logic voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too.

RS-232

TTL

Logic

--------------------------------------------------------15V ... -3V <-> +2V ... +5V <-> 1

+3V ... +15V <-> 0V ... +0.8V <-> 0 All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a particular power supply and a couple of transistors or the once popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) ICs. However, since more than a decade it has become standard in amateur electronics to do the necessary signal level conversion with an integrated circuit (IC) from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232A or some clone). In fact, it is hard to find some RS-232 circuitry in amateur electronics without a MAX232A or some clone. The MAX232 & MAX232A

Fig: A MAX232 integrated circuit The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It

became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs. It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular. The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex). These clones sometimes need different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary. It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data sheet. The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A. A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V logic.

MAX232(A) DIP Package

No.

Name

Purpose

Signal Voltage

Capacitor Capacitor MAX232 MAX232A

C1+

connector

capacitor C1 output pump connector of

capacitor for should stand at 1F least 16V capacitor

100nF

V+

voltage +10V,

stand at least 16V

should 1F to VCC 100nF to VCC

C1-

capacitor C1 + connector

capacitor for should stand at 1F least 16V capacitor for should stand1F at

100nF

C2+

100nF

capacitor C2 connector

least 16V capacitor for should stand at 1F least 16V voltage -10V, capacitor

C2-

capacitor C2 output of

100nF

V-

pump / inverter Driver 2 output

stand at least 16V RS-232

should 1F to GND 100nF to GND

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

T2out R2in R2out T2in T1in R1out R1in T1out GND VCC

Receiver 2 input RS-232 Receiver 2 output TTL Driver 2 input Driver 1 input TTL TTL

Receiver 1 output TTL Receiver 1 input RS-232 Driver 1 output Ground Power supply RS-232 0V +5V 1F to VCC 100nF to VCC see above see above

V+(2) is also connected to VCC via a capacitor (C3). V-(6) is connected to GND via a capacitor (C4). And GND(16) and VCC(15) are also connected by a capacitor (C5), as close as possible to the pins. A Typical Application The MAX232 (A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers.

Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for

TX and RX

and the second one for

CTS and RTS.

There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the DTR, DSR, and DCD signals. Usually these signals can be omitted when e.g. communicating with a PC's serial interface. If the DTE really requires these signals either a second MAX232 is needed, or some other IC from the MAX232 family can be used (if it can be found in consumer electronic shops at all). An alternative for DTR/DSR is also given below.

The circuitry is completed by connecting five capacitors to the IC as it follows. The MAX232 needs 1.0F capacitors, the MAX232A needs 0.1F capacitors. MAX232 clones show similar differences. It is recommended to consult the corresponding data sheet. At least 16V capacitor types should be used.

If electrolytic or tantalic capacitors are used, the polarity has to be observed. The first pin as listed in the following table is always where the plus pole of the capacitor should be connected to.

Capacitor + Pin - Pin Remark C1 C2 C3 1 4 2 3 5 16 This looks non-intuitive, but because pin 6 is

C4

GND

on -10V, GND gets the + connector, and not the -

C5

16

GND

The 5V power supply is connected to

+5V: Pin 16 GND: Pin 15

The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is low always.

Output type: There are 2 types of output to select from: Momentary type: The data outputs follow the encoder during a valid transmission and the reset. Latch type: The data outputs follow the encoder during a valid

DC Motor

DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and torque. Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs. Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system. This family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors, induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and starters. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the

external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion. Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Fig 25: Block Diagram of the DC motor

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the

next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to continue rotating. In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

] Fig 26: Block Diagram of the DC motor having two poles only

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):

Fig 27: Block Diagram of the DC motor having Three poles You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions

from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:

Fig 28: Internal Block Diagram of the Three pole DC motor

H-Bridge:

Fig: shows the H-Bridge operation. The H-Bridge consists of a four PNP transistors such as Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. These transistors are arranged in a way that a DC motor M can rotate. A and B are represented as two inputs for operating a motor through the transistors. For the circuit operation, we are providing +12V DC as a VCC. The operation will be explained as follows:

The inputs A and B can be applied as a either logic 0 or logic 1 ie., may be either 5V DC voltage or Ground. If the input A =logic 0 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be ON state and Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor M can rotate in clockwise direction. If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic0 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and Q2 and Q3 will be ON state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor M can rotate in Anti-clockwise direction. If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. No current flows from in the circuit. The circuit will be in hold condition. The motor will not rotate any direction. So, there is no wastage of power will occur. Otherwise, if both inputs are low that is all transistors are come under working and more current will flows in the circuit. But the motor will be at hold condition. More power is wasted

IR sensor Theory of Operation

A line sensor in its simplest form is a sensor capable of detecting a contrast between adjacent surfaces, such as difference in color, roughness, or magnetic properties, for example. The simplest would be detecting a difference in color, for example black and white surfaces. Using

simple optoelectronics, such as infrared photo-transistors, color contrast can easily be detected . Infrared emitter/detectors or photo-transistors are inexpensive (usually under $1 per sensor) and are easy to interface to a microcontroller. In addition, standard red LEDs and Cds photocells work well too and fall in the same price range as the infrared photo-transistors. The theory of operation is simple and for brevity, only the basics will be considered. For more information about the physics of these sensors, please refer to an optoelectronics and heat transfer text. Suffice for now, we will consider the basic effects of light and what happens when it shines on a black or white surface. When light shines on a white surface, most of the incoming light is reflected away from the surface. In contrast, most of the incoming light is absorbed if the surface is black. Therefore, by shining light on a surface and having a sensor to detect the amount of light that is reflected, a contrast between black and white surfaces can be detected. Figure 1 shows an illustration of the basics just covered.

Figure 1. Light reflecting off a white and black surface. More light is reflected from the white surface compared to the black surface.Using what we know about light, and black and white surfaces, the objective of tracking a line is simple can be achieved using the appropriate sensors.

Figure 3. Infrared emitter and detector sensors.

Object Detection using IR light The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor. Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For detecting the reflected IR light, we are going to use a very original technique: we are going to use another IRLED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from another led of the exact same type! This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led Produce a voltage difference across its leads when it is subjected to light. As if it was a photocell, but with much lower output current. In other words, the voltage generated by the leds can't be - in any way - used to generate electrical power from light, It can barely be detected. that's why as you will notice in the schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately detect very small voltage changes.

2X16 LCD: Most LCD programmed in 8 bit configuration. Moreover LCD put on equipment that show the value of measurement, i.e. temperature, voltage, current, etc. There are a lot of tutorial show steps how to configure out in order to LCD on. But each LCD has own characteristic Basic Specifications Power requirements 4.8 to 5.5Vdc @ 3mA

User connector Connector pinout Serial Input Operating Temperature Initialization Instruction prefix LCD type Optimum viewing direction

5-pin header; 0.025" posts on 0.10" centers +5V GND SERIAL GND +5V RS-232 or inverted TTL, 2400/9600, N81 0 to 50 C switches LCD power; performs soft init ASCII 254 (0FE hex) Supertwist (STN), yellow-green 6 o'clock

LCD Instructions by Function This is different from our other serial LCDs, which use a protocol that's similar to a text terminal. The Backpack protocol's simplicity means that it can run at a very low clock rate (480kHz) for the lowest possible current draw.

Function Clear screen Home cursor

ASCII Value 1 2

Blank display (retaining data) Hide cursor Show underline cursor Move cursor 1 character left Move cursor 1 character right Scroll 1 character left Scroll 1 character right Set display address (position the cursor) Move to 1st character of 1st line Move to nth character of 1st line Move to 1st character of 2nd line Move to nth character of 2nd line Set character-generator address

8 12 14 16 20 24 28 128 + location 128 128 + n 192 192 + n 64 + address

POWER SUPPLY UNIT: The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Circuit Diagram

Transformer: Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level. Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. Filter: Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load

is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. Notice in the above diagram that a relay uses an electromagnet. This is a device consisting of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. When electricity is applied to the coil of wire it becomes magnetic, hence the term electromagnet. The A B and C terminals are an SPDT switch controlled by the electromagnet. When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the SPDT switch so that the B and C terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then the A and C terminals are connected. It is important to note that theelectromagnet is magnetically linked to the switch but the two are NOT linked electrically.

Software profile

The Keil tool chain consists of the following executables located in the c:\c51eval\bin directory:

Vision uvw51e.exe C Compiler c51.exe Assembler a51.exe Linker bL51.exe dScope dsw51.exe Vision IDE Vision is a Windows based front end for the C Compiler and Assembler. It was developed in the USA as was the printed manual set. Compiler, Assembler and Linker options are set with simple mouse clicks. Vision runs on Windows 3.1, 95 and NT. The Compiler, Assembler and Linker are DOS executables. They can be accessed with your favorite batch files if you prefer. This provides maximum flexibility. This Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has been expressly designed with the user in mind. A full function editor is included. All IDE functions are intuitive via pull down menus with prompted selections. An extensive Help utility is included. External executables can be run from within Vision. This includes emulator software. C51 C Compiler for the 8051, 8x931Hx and 8x931Ax [USB] The C51 ANSI compiler along with the A51 assembler is designed specifically for the Intel MCS8051 microcontroller family, including the 8x931 USB. The C51 is 100% compatible with existing 8051programs. Extensions provide access to all 8051 hardware components. Sample USB/931 code is available: www.keil.com/usb. C51 supports code banking. The

compiler can be run in either DOS mode or called from the Windows based front end Vision. run from Vision which is included with every Assembler and Compiler package.

Evaluation Version of the Keil Tool Set: The evaluation version of the Keil tool set is restricted to a 2K code size and the code must be located at 0x4000. Useful object code is produced. Other than these restrictions, the tool set works exactly as the full version does. This allows you to fully evaluate the features and power of Keil products. The full version has no restrictions and is fully ANSI compliant. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES: ZigBee is the most popular industry wireless mesh networking standard for connecting sensors, actuators, and instrumentation and control systems. The main advantages of ZigBee are: Power saving, as a result of the short working period, low power consumption communication, and standby mode. Reliability: Collision avoidance is adopted, with a special time slot allocated for those communications that need fixed bandwidth so that competition and conflict are avoided when transmitting data. The MAC layer adopts completely confirmed data transmission, that is, every data packet sent must wait for the confirmation from the receiver. Low cost of the modules and the ZigBee protocol is patent fee free. Short time delay, typically 30 ms for device searching, 15 ms for standby to activation, and 15 ms for channel access of active devices. of

 Large network capacity: One ZigBee network contains one master device and maximum 65,000 slave devices. There can be as many as 100 ZigBee networks within one area. Safety: ZigBee provides a data integrity check and authentication function. AES128 is adopted and at the same time each application can flexibly determine its safety property. APPLICATIONS:

Electricity departments Household Energy meter monitoring Industrial Energy remote monitoring Remote controlling systems

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE: The proposed system for energy billing is automatic without human intervention and consumer can directly know the amount he has to pay .So it is both consumer and EB friendly. The software can developed very easily with the present IT technology. Here the security measures are also taken in consideration so that this system overcomes the drawbacks in present system and also the new system does not give any such chances.

In future, this system can be improved by some additional features meeting the consumer requirements like emergency signal from the EB station employees; bill payment acknowledgement alarm etc., by just replacing the transmitter in the consumer side with a transmitter and receiver antenna. The receiver micro controller can be made designated for some other applications also.

REFERENCES 1. http://watthourmeters.com/history.html 2. Networking fundamentals: wide, local and personal area communications /Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy ISBN 9780470992906 3. ZigBee Alliance, www.zigbee.org 4. Nuvotem Talema http://www.talema-nuvotem.com/en/products/as.shtml 5. Instrumentacin Electrnica, Miguel A. Prez Garca, Juan C. lvarez Antn, Juan C. Campo Rodrguez, Fco. Javier Ferrero Martin, Gustavo J. Grillo Ortega. 6. http://www.meshnetics.com/