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Key People
Abraham Lincoln - 16th U.S. president; tested limits of constitutional powers with several controversial executive orders during the war
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not to offend slave owners in the border states, which is why, for example, the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves free in only the secessionist statesnot the loyal border states.
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addition, Congress passed the Morrill Land Grant Act, which provided federal lands to state governments to build new agricultural colleges.
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The Northern Economy
Ultimately, it was the Norths booming industrial economyassisted by the Morrill Tariff, the Legal Tender Act, and the National Bank Actthat won the Civil War. When war broke out in 1861, almost all of the nations factories were located in the North. Manufacturers also increased production of agricultural equipment to help the farmers in the West produce more wheat and corn to feed the troops. Oil production and coal mining became big industries during these years as well. Because the Confederacy had virtually no textile factories, Confederate troops often fought in tattered homespun uniforms. The South also had precious few rifle factories, so its troops were forced to fight with pistols, smuggled guns, and even old Revolutionary War muskets instead of the newer and more efficient rifles that Union soldiers used. Furthermore, the South had the misfortune of suffering severe droughts several summers during the war, so its troops were not as well fed as the Northern forces