malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) This print-out should have 40 questions.

ns. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page nd all choices before answering. Read the hints when I have supplied them. Work ahead of schedule. 50 percent of this is due Wednesday, Oct. 17 001 10.0 points What kind of carbon-carbon bond is in a molecule of acetylene (C2 H2 )? 1. ionic 2. double 3. single 4. triple correct Explanation: To draw the dot structure for C2 H2 we must rst calculate the number of valence electrons available from the atoms: A = 4 2 (C atom) + 1 2 (H atoms) = 10 e Hydrogen can form only one bond, so carbon atoms must serve as the central atoms. We place the most symmetrical arrangement possible. The correct dot structure for the molecule should show a complete octet (8 electrons) around the carbon atoms, two electrons around each hydrogen atom, and a total of 10 valence electrons for the entire structure: H C C H As can be seen above, the carbon-carbon bond is a triple bond. (If using the S = N A rule to determine the dot structure, N = (8 2) + (2 2) = 20 e and S = 20 10 = 10 e . This would indicate 5 bonds and correspond to the structure shown above.) 002 10.0 points The molecule CF4 (is, is not) planar and (is, is not) polar. 1. is; is not 2. is; is 3. is not; is 4. is not; is not correct

Explanation: CF4 has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, which is not planar. The C F bond is polar, but in CF4 the shared electrons are arranged symmetrically around C, so there is no net dipole moment. 003 10.0 points

What group must atom A come from in the Lewis dot structure for CH2 A? The central atom is carbon, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and double-bonded to A. Both carbon and A follow the octet rule. 1. IVA 2. IIA 3. IA 4. VIIA 5. VIA correct 6. VIIIA 7. IIIA 8. VA

Explanation: Because A follows the octet rule, it must H have two lone pairs A valence electrons. C H and 12

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) C H A 1 4 e = 2 1 e = 1 x e = 4 e 2 e x e (x + 6) e

Draw the Lewis electron dot structure for NO 3 . What is the total number of non-shared electrons? 1. 12 2. 16 correct 3. 32 4. 14 5. 8

12 = x + 6, so A has 6 valence electrons and is in group VI. 004 10.0 points

What is the correct Lewis formula for oxygen (O2 )? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. O O O O O O O O O O O O

Explanation: The total number of valence electrons is 1 5 e (for N) + 3 6 e (for O) +1 e (from 1 charge) = 24 e N is the central atom, with the O atoms arranged around it. N will have an incomplete octet if we show one shared pair of electrons (a single bond) with each O, so one double N O O bond is necessary: O 006 10.0 points Draw the Lewis electron dot structure for SO3 . What is the total number of lone pairs of electrons on the three oxygen atoms? correct 1. 9 2. 5 3. 3 4. 7 5. 8 correct Explanation: To draw the dot structure for SO3 we must rst calculate the number of valence electrons available from the atoms: A = 6 1(S atom) + 6 3(O atoms) = 24 e We choose the least electronegative element

O O O O

Explanation: N = 8 2 = 16 A = 6 2 = 12 S = N A = 16 12 = 4 There are 4 shared electrons. The remaining electrons are placed around the oxygen atoms such that each has an octet. The Lewis dot formula for oxygen (O2 ) is O O

005 10.0 points Hint. When you are counting up the valence electrons to determine the Lewis structure, remember that this substance is an ion.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) as the central atom (sulfur in this case) and place the other atoms symmetrically around it. The correct dot structure for the molecule should show a complete octet (8 electrons) around each atom and a total of 24 valence electrons for the entire structure: O S O O As can be seen above, there are 8 lone pairs on the oxygen atoms. (If using the S = N A rule to determine the dot structure, N = 8 1 + 8 3 = 32 e and S = 32 24 = 8 e . This would indicate 4 bonds and correspond to the structure shown above.) Alternate Solution: SO3 has 24 valence electrons. 6 of these come from S, and the remaining 18 come from O (3 atoms at 6 electrons each). In drawing the Lewis structure for SO3 , three resonance forms must be depicted for S to obey the octet rule. Ultimately, 8 of the available 24 electrons are used to form the three O bonds, and the remaining 16 electrons S (8 pairs) exist as lone pairs on oxygen. 007 10.0 points

Explanation: The best drawing will show the valence electrons, the charges, and the appropriate ratio of ions for Mg3 N2 . 008 10.0 points Hint. This question is asking which ones are only ionic. Consider the following oxides: Z1) Na2 O Z2) CaO Z3) As2 O5 Z4) SO3 Which response includes all the oxides that are ionic and none that are covalent? 1. Z1, Z2, and Z3 only 2. Z2 and Z4 only 3. Z1 and Z2 only correct 4. Another one or another combination 5. Z3 and Z4 only Explanation: Metallic oxides are ionic; nonmetallic oxides are covalently bonded. 009 10.0 points Hint. Dont forget about exceptions to the octet rule. How many unshared valence electrons are there on arsenic in the covalent compound AsF5 ? 1. three

Which of the following is the best representation of the compound magnesium nitride? 1. Mg
2+

, 2

N
2

2. Mg2+ , 3. 3 Mg2+ , 2 4. Mg+ , 5. 2 Mg+ ,

N
3

2. eight correct 3. ve 4. two

N
2

5. zero correct Explanation: To draw the dot structure for AsF5 we must rst calculate the number of valence electrons

6. None is appropriate because magnesium nitride is a covalent compound.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) available from the atoms: 1 5 e (from As)+5 7 e (from F) = 40 e We choose the least electronegative element as the central atom (arsenic in this case) and place the other atoms symmetrically around it. In AsF5 , all uorine atoms are bound to the arsenic atom. In this molecule arsenic must have an expanded octet, or a share in more than 8 electrons. The correct structure is shown below:
F F As F

S = 32 22 = 10 e . This would indicate 5 bonds and correspond to the structure shown above.) 011 10.0 points Which of the following contains exactly one unshared pair of valence electrons? 1. H2 S 2. C2 H4 3. PH3 correct 4. SiH4 5. NaCl Explanation: The PH3 molecule contains exactly 1 unshared pair of valence electrons: H H P
H

As can be seen above, there are no unshared valence electrons on the arsenic atom. 010 10.0 points In the most stable arrangement for the C2 F2 molecule, the two carbon atoms would be connected by what kind of bond? 1. triple correct 2. double 3. single Explanation: To draw the dot structure for C2 F2 we must rst calculate the number of valence electrons available from the atoms: 2 4 e (from C) + 2 7 e (from F) = 22 e We choose the least electronegative element as the central atom (carbon in this case) and place the most symmetrical arrangement possible. The correct dot structure for the molecule should show a complete octet (8 electrons) around each atom and a total of 22 valence electrons for the entire structure: F F C C As can be seen above, the carbon-carbon bond is a triple bond. (If using the S = N A rule to determine the dot structure, N = 8 2 + 8 2 = 32 e and

You can check this structure for correctness by verifying that each atom has the correct number of electrons around it (8 for most elements, 2 for hydrogen) and that the structure shows the correct total number of valence electrons (calculated by adding up the available valence electrons from each atom). The C2 H4 molecule contains no unshared pairs; SiH4 contains no unshared pairs; NaCl (an ionic compound) contains 4 unshared pairs; and H2 S contains 2 unshared pairs. 012 10.0 points Hint. Draw the Lewis structures for each one. Which of the following exhibits resonance while strictly obeying the octet rule? 1. O2 2. ClO 3 3. H3 O+ 4. NO 3 correct

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) Explanation: The structure for the NO 3 ion is O O

2.4, while that of chlorine (Cl) is 3.0. Based on these values we should expect the bonding between Se and Cl to be 1. covalent and nonpolar. 2. covalent and polar with the Se end of the bond slightly negative. 3. unstable in any circumstances. 4. covalent and polar with the Cl end of the bond slightly negative. correct 5. ionic. Explanation: Since the electronegativity dierence is small (3.0 2.4 = 0.6), we expect that this bond will be covalent and polar (because the electronegativity dierence is not zero). Cl has a larger electronegativity than Se, so it will draw electrons toward itself and away from Se. This will make the Cl end of this bond slightly negative. 015 10.0 points Which of the following contains both covalent and ionic bonding? 1. CH4 2. NaNO3 correct 3. CO2 4. KF 5. C2 F4 Explanation: For NaNO3 the NO bonds are covalent and the NaN bond is ionic. 016 10.0 points Hint. Think about the number of valence electrons it actually has. Remember the saying that it takes two to tangle. Determine the molecular geometry of the molecule BeCl2 .

This is a resonance structure because the double bond could be placed at any of the O atoms. 013 10.0 points Hint. See your notes and the book for the formula to calculate formal charges. For the electron dot representation O 2 3 O 4 O N N O 1 O of N2 O5 , what are the formal charges on each atom going from 1 to 4 in order? 1. 0, 1, 0, 1 correct 2. 1, 1, 1, 0 3. 1, 1, 1, 0 4. 0, 0, 0, 0 5. 0, 1, 0, 1 6. 1, 2, 1, 0 Explanation: The formal charge is calculated by FC = group # (# bonds + # unshared e ) Thus FC1 FC2 FC3 FC4 = 6 (2 + 4) = 0 = 6 (1 + 6) = 1 = 6 (2 + 4) = 0 = 5 (4 + 0) = 1

014 10.0 points On the usual Pauling scale of electronegativities, the electronegativity of Selenium (Se) is

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) 1. linear correct 2. trigonal-pyramidal 3. trigonal-bipyramidal 4. Bent or angular 5. None of these 018 6. octahedral 7. trigonal-planar 8. tetrahedral Explanation: molecular geometry of BeCl2 = ? Cl Be Cl The central atom Be has 2 bonding pairs and no lone pairs of electrons. The two areas of high electron density make the electronic geometry linear and the molecular geometry linear. Cl Cl Be Be is an exception to the octet rule and only requires four valence e . 017 10.0 points The polyatomic ion SO2 3 has ? electronic arrangement and ? molecular shape. 1. trigonal bipyramidal; tee-shaped 2. tetrahedral; trigonal pyramidal correct 3. trigonal planar; trigonal planar 4. trigonal bipyramidal; seesaw 5. octahedral; seesaw Explanation: SO32 has 26 total valence electrons. 6 valence electrons are contributed by S, 18 (3 atoms at 6 electrons each) valence electrons 10.0 points

are contributed by O, and there are 2 additional electrons owing to the 2 charge this ion has. In drawing the Lewis structure for this ion, we discover that the central atom S has single bonds to each O atom and a lone pair. This makes the general formula for this ion AB3 U, which has a tetrahedral electronic geometry but a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry.

Which of the following molecules would have linear molecular geometry? 1. H2 O 2. None of the molecules listed 3. HCN correct 4. All of the molecules listed 5. SO2 Explanation: H C N

For the central atom C, RHED = 2 and lone pairs = 0, so the electronic and molecular geometries are linear. 019 10.0 points Hint. When you right an enthalpy number remember that you have to also show the direction the energy (heat) is owing. Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of n-heptane (C7 H16 ). Bond energy tables give the following values: C C : 346 kJ/mol O O : 498 kJ/mol C H : 413 kJ/mol C O : 799 kJ/mol H O : 463 kJ/mol O O : 498 kJ/mol O O : 146 kJ/mol C O : 358 kJ/mol 0 Using only bond energies, calculate Hrxn for the combustion of n-heptane. Hint: the reaction is exothermic. Assume all reactants and products are in the gaseous phase.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) Correct answer: 4432 kJ/mol. Explanation: The balanced equation is C7 H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2 + 8 H2 O We should consider what types of bonds appear in each of these molecules. n-heptane has 6 C C single bonds and 16 C H single bonds. O2 has O O double bonds. CO2 has C O double bonds with a special bond energy value, and each H2 O molecule contains 2 H O single bonds. 0 The equation we use for determining Hrxn using bond energies is
0 Hrxn =

1. All exhibit resonance

2. CO2 3 only 3. O3 , SO2 , SO3 , CO2 3 only correct 2 4. SO3 , I 3 , CO3 only

5. SO2 , SO3 only Explanation: All except I 3 exhibit resonance. Resonance occurs when more than one structure can be drawn for a compound involving changing the position of double bonds. O3 has 2 resonance structures, SO2 has 2 resonance structures, SO3 has 3 resonance structures, and CO2 3 has 3 resonance structures. I3 has 2 single bonds and no double bonds; there is no resonance for this structure. 021 10.0 points Which of the following compounds I) CH4 II) PCl5 III) XeF2 IV) MgCl2 are exceptions to the octet rule? 1. II and III correct 2. IV only 3. II, III and IV 4. III and IV 5. III only Explanation: MgCl2 is ionic.
H H C H H

BEreactants

BEproducts

So we need to calculate
0 Hrxn =

BE nheptane and oxygen BE carbon dioxide and water C) + 16 (C H) +11 (O 7(2)(C O) +8(2)(H O) O)

= 6 (C

= 6

346

kJ mol

+ 16 +11

413

kJ mol kJ 498 mol

kJ 7(2) 799 mol kJ +8(2) 463 mol = 14162 kJ/mol 18594 kJ/mol = 4432 kJ/mol 020 10.0 points In the following group of compounds,
2 O3 , SO2 , SO3 , I 3 , CO3

satises the octet rule.

identify those that exhibit resonance.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP)

Cl Cl Cl

Both P in

and Xe in

3. CH4 4. H2 CO 5. BeCl2 correct Explanation: A sp hybrid orbital would occur in a molecule where there are only two regions of electron density. Since berylium is an atom that does not fulll the octet rule (too small), you know that it has two valence electrons. So it will only form two bonds. Drawing a Lewis dot structure may help in answering this type of problem. 024 10.0 points This is a case in which P desires to be surrounded by ten electrons. The polyatomic ion PCl ? electronic arrangement and 4 has ? molecular shape. 1. tetrahedral; trigonal pyramidal 2. tetrahedral; tetrahedral 3. octahedral; square planar 4. trigonal bipyramidal; T-shaped 5. trigonal bypyramidal; tetrahedral 6. trigonal bipyramidal; seesaw correct Explanation: Because P desires 10 electrons, this means there are 5 regions of HED. This corresponds to trigonal bipyramidal electronic geometry. Eight of the ten electrons are bonding electrons. The other two electrons are a lone pair which gives seesaw molecular geometry. 025 10.0 points

Cl

Cl

F have 10 valence e , thus violating the octet rule. F 022 10.0 points For the electron dot representation of N2 O3 1 O 3 N N O 2 O what are the formal charges on each atom going from 1 to 3 in order? 1. 0, 0, 1 2. 0, 0, 0 3. 1, 1, 0 4. 0, 0, 1 5. 0, 1, +2 6. 1, 0, 1 correct 7. 1, 1, 0 Explanation: The formal charge is calculated by FC = group # (# bonds + # unshared e ) Thus FC1 = 6 (1 + 6) = 1 FC2 = 5 (3 + 2) = 0 FC3 = 5 (4 + 0) = 1 023 10.0 points Which of the following contains one atom whose bonding may be described in terms of sp hybridization? 1. SO2 2. H2 O

Xe

A molecule AB3 has eight shared electrons and follows the normal octet rule. Pick the true statement. 1. It has an angular geometry.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) 2. It must be an anion. 3. It is a polar molecule. 4. It is sp3 hybridized. 5. It exhibits resonance. correct 6. It has one lone pair of electrons on A. Explanation:

027 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points What is the hybridization of the center atom in structure C? 1. sp2 2. sp3 d2 correct 3. sp3 4. sp

B
The Lewis structure is A B

5. sp3 d Explanation: Structure C is an octahedron, with six regions of electron density, so the hybridization of the central atom is sp3 d2 . 028 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points What is the shape of D? 1. cubic 2. octahedral 3. angular 4. trigonal bipyramidal 5. tetrahedral correct 6. linear Explanation: Structure D has four regions of electron density around the central atom, so it is tetrahedral. 029 10.0 points If a compound of general formula AB3 has identical electronic and molecular geometry, then A must have what hybridization? 1. sp3 d2 2. sp3 d 3. sp

B
There are 3 RHED so it is sp2 hybridized. It has trigonal planar electronic and molecular geometry and is non-polar. This structure would have three resonant forms. 026 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points The boldface and lighter colored wedges are that way only to help you visualize the 3Dimensional arrangement of the electrons around the central atom.
X A X

A B C D For structure A, the electronic geometry is 1. tetrahedral. 2. linear. 3. trigonal bipyramidal. correct 4. cubic. 5. angular. 6. octahedral. Explanation: Structure A has ve regions of electron density around the central atom, so its electronic geometry is trigonal bipyramidal.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) 4. sp2 correct 5. sp3 Explanation: If the electronic and molecular geometries are the same, then there are no lone pairs. There are three regions of HED so it must be sp2 hybridized. 030 10.0 points Which of the following molecules is nonpolar? 1. BF3 correct 2. H2 O 3. NF3 4. CH3 Br 5. SO2 Explanation: The structure for BF3 is F F B F There are no lone pairs on B. This is a symmetrical molecule and non-polar. 031 10.0 points A molecule has an angular molecular geometry. The hybridization on the central atom must be 1. sp2 or sp3 or sp3 d. 2. sp2 or sp3 . correct 3. sp3 . 4. sp. 5. sp or sp2 . 6. sp2 . 7. sp3 or sp3 d. 8. sp3 d.

10

Explanation: Angular molecular geometry is only possible for tetrahedral and trigonal planar electronic geometries which are sp3 or sp2 hybridized, respectively. 032 10.0 points How many and how many bonds are there in formaldehyde (H2 CO)? 1. 2; 1 2. 5; 4 3. 14; 1 4. 4; 0 5. 3; 1 correct Explanation: C is double bonded to O and single bonded to each H. There are two single ( ) bonds and one double ( + ) bond. Thus, there are three bonds and one bond. 033 10.0 points For the combustion reaction of ethylene (C2 H4 ) C2 H4 + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2 O assume all reactants and products are gases, 0 and calculate the Hrxn using the following bond energy values: C C O C H C H O O O BE = 611 kJ/mol BE = 413 kJ/mol BE = 498 kJ/mol BE = 799 kJ/mol BE = 463 kJ/mol

1. 680 kJ/mol 2. 680 kJ/mol 3. 0 kJ/mol

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) 4. 1291 kJ/mol 5. 1291 kJ/mol correct Explanation:
0 Hrxn

11

035 (part 2 of 4) 10.0 points What is the hybridization of carbon 4? 1. sp2 BE products H) 2. sp3 d2 3. sp3 d 4. sp3 correct 5. sp2 d 6. sp4 7. sp Explanation: The molecule has the structure C C C C Carbon 4 has bonds to one carbon and 3 hydrogens or RHED = 4 which is sp3 hybridized. 036 (part 3 of 4) 10.0 points What are the bond angles of carbon 2? 1. 90 , 120 2. less than 109.5 3. 90 , 180 4. 180 correct 5. 109.5 6. 120 7. 90 , 120 , 180 Explanation: The molecule has the structure C C C C Carbon 2 has bonds only to two other carbons (double bonds). This is RHED = 2 or linear electronic geometry. Any linear molecule has 180 degree angles. 037 (part 4 of 4) 10.0 points

= = (C

BE reactants C) + 4 (C O) +3 (O 4 (C kJ 611 mol

O) + 4 (H

O) kJ + 4 413 mol kJ +3 498 mol kJ + 4 463 mol

kJ 4 799 mol kJ = 1291 mol

034 (part 1 of 4) 10.0 points Draw the Lewis structure for the following hydrocarbon molecule. The carbons are numbered one to four starting with the far left carbon as one. CH2 CCHCH3 What is the molecular shape of carbon 3? 1. tetrahedral 2. square planar 3. bipyramidal 4. trigonal pyramidal 5. trigonal planar correct 6. angular 7. linear Explanation: The molecule has the structure C C C C Carbon 3 has bonds to two carbons and one hydrogen or RHED = 3. This is trigonal planar molecular geometry.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) Carbon 2 has 1. 4 sigma bonds and no pi bonds. 2. 2 sigma bonds and 2 pi bonds. correct 3. 1 sigma bonds and 3 pi bonds. 4. 3 sigma bonds and 1 pi bond. 5. no sigma bonds and 4 pi bonds. 6. 2 sigma bonds and 1 pi bonds. Explanation: The molecule has the structure C C C C Carbon 2 has bonds only to two other carbons (double bonds). Double bonds are composed of one sigma and one pi bond, therefore two double bonds is two sigma bonds and two pi bonds. 038 10.0 points 3 (C + (H = (C (C H) + (C X) X) X) X)

12

H) + (X X) + (H

= (416 kJ/mol) + (220 kJ/mol) (274 kJ/mol) + (342 kJ/mol) = 20 kJ/mol

Consider the reaction CH4 (g) + X2 (g) CH3 X(g) + HX(g) , where X is a halogen-like atom (Group 7A). Calculate H for this reaction if bond energy tables give the following values: C H : 416 kJ/mol X X : 220 kJ/mol H X : 342 kJ/mol C X : 274 kJ/mol Correct answer: 20 kJ/mol. Explanation: H H C H H H+X X H C H
0 Hrxn =

039 10.0 points What types of intermolecular interactions does chloroform (CH3 Cl) exhibit? I) instantaneous dipole II) dipole-dipole III) hydrogen bonding IV) covalent bonding Recall that chloroform is tetrahedral elctronic geometry with C as the central atom. 1. II and III only 2. I and II only correct 3. II only 4. II and IV only 5. I, II, and III only Explanation: All molecules, because they have electron clouds, experience instantaneous dipoles. CH3 Cl is polar and thus experiences dipoledipole interactions. CH3 Cl does not contain any O H, N H, or F H bonds and therefore does not experience any hydrogen bonding interactions. Covalent bonding is an intramolecular interaction. 040 10.0 points After constructing the Lewis dot formula for

X+H

BErct

BEprod X)

= 4 (C

H) + (X

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh8-9 Bonding lachman (123AP) CCl 3 , give its electronic arrangement and molecular shape. 1. trigonal bipyramidal, seesaw 2. trigonal bipyramidal, T-shaped 3. trigonal planar, trigonal planar 4. tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal correct 5. tetrahedral, tetrahedral 6. tetrahedral, angular Explanation: N = 8(4) = 32 A = 1 + 4 + 3(7) = 26 S = 32 26 = 6

13