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Principles of physical and rehabilitation medicines part 2 Zsuzsanna Vekerdy MD, PhD
Remediation
Definition: remediation pertaines to the resolution of functional or structural deficits or the aqusition of new skills in the area of skilled movement, cognition or social function. usually an ACITVE LEARNING PROCESS Setting a GOAL remediation strategy (e.g. operant conditioning, etc.) Learning process (Snel): aquisition maintenance Scaffolding fluency generalization
Restoration of self-esteem positive social reinforcement for the patient and the family members - negative reinforcement avoiding unpleasent experiences and consequences
Objective: to recover sufficient perception, cognition, voluntary movement to enable task performance in safe and effective manner Combine / alternate with adaptive or /and compensatory approaches
Compensatory strategies
1. To teach an individual to perform a taskt within his or her capacities example: conductive education (Pet) To modify the enviroment to permit accomplishment of the task despite limitations in ability or skills example: use of systems, devices To provide an agent or assisting person with task requirements or perform them entirely example: momchild diad
2.
3.
Enviromental modifications
Enviromental barrier
Personal barrier
musculo-skeletal and neurological disorders, amputations, pelvic organ dysfunction, cardio-respiratory insufficiency and the disability due to chronic pain and cancer.
Management
Pharmacotherapy
Spasticity control Pain management Treatment of depression, epilepsy, mood disorders Continuation of previous medications (MD, hypertonia, arrythmia, etc.)
Other
Manual therapy Nutrition / special feeding technics Prescription of assistive technology devices, orthoses and protheses
Special problems
1. Spasticity and pain management 2. Continence 3. Immobility syndrome (pressure sores, contractures, PAO, osteoporosis, etc.) 4. Eating and swallowing disorders (malnutrition) 5. Behavioral and mood disorders, complience problems
Treatment of spasticity
physiotherapy p.o.pharmacot.
ITB
general
SDR
reversible
orthoses
BTX-A
irreversible
Orthopedic surgery
focal
BTX-A: Botulinum-A toxin ITB: Intrathecalis Baclophen SDR: Selective dorsal rhizotomy
Pain control
Analgetic drugs baseline pain control
Paracetamol / non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, tramadol, slow-release narcotics, etc.
TENS (transcutan electric nerve stimulation) Distraction Aromatherapy Relaxation technics Reinforcement and coping strategies Virtual realty therapy
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
Immobility syndrome
Involved body structures and functions Central nervous system (CNS) Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Gastrointestinal organs Urinary system Musculosceletal system Skin
CNS
Axiety Sleep disorders depression Behavioral problems Mood disorders Intellectual deterorientation
EACH ONE INFLUENCES NEGATIVELY THE REHABILITATION PROCESS
Cardiovascular function Orthostatic hypotension (SCI ! sitting / standing position) Tachycardia Reduced cardiac reserv capacity Thrombosis or /and embolisation
Gastrointestinal
Loss of apetite Weight loss Hypoalimentation / hypoproteinemia / malnutrition constipation
Respiratory function Reduced vital capacity and functional vital capacity Weak expectoration capacity Pneumonia, brochitis
Urinary system
Bladder incontinence Recurrent uro-infections (PERMANENT CATHETER!! / INTERMITTENT) Bladder-stones Secondary spastic bladder
continence
Bowel and bladder control
Oral pharmacotherapy Intravesical pharmacotherapy Neuromodulation Electrotherapy Intravesical Physical training (bladder training) Special assistive devices Behavioral therapy Surgical interventions
Urodinamical assessment
Musculosceletal system
Weakness /reduces strength in muscles fatigue Muscle atrophy contractures Fibrotic degeneration of muscles osteoporotic high risk of fractures
Occupational therapy
Occupational therapy
Goal: to reach as much independence as possible with people who have functional limitations in everyday life activities Objectives: activities specifically aim at improving personal skills Main activity areas:
Development of motor functions Training with prostheses Development of cognitive functions
ADL activity training Assistive devices training Preparations for active life
Social training
Objectives of OT
Improving motor and sensory abilities Relearn skills in self-directed activities (personal grooming, household activities, etc.) Teach compensatory stretegies Use special tools Changes in home enviroment safety, barrier-free, facilitate functioning Apraxia treatment
Main goals Feeding (oral) Independent eating skills with special assistance Independent eating without assistive devices
Target groups
Adults
Stroke TBI
Children
Cerebral palsy TBI Other CNS lesions Mental retardation Autism
Special utensils
Other facilities
Dysarthria
Dystonic cerebral palsy
Mutism
Communication
Speech Writing Gestures Sign language Symbols (Bliss) Communation devices
Bliss symbols
man logos woman human
roof
parent
family
Further readings
J.A.DeLisa (ed): Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation /Principles and practice/ 4th ed. 2005. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Baltimore, NY,
London, BA, HK, Sydney, Tokyo
White Book On Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in Europe. 2006 www.euro-prm.org M.P.Barnes, A.B.Ward (eds): Textbook of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000. Oxford University
Press
G.E. Molnar (ed): Pediatric Rehabilitation. 3rd Ed. 1999. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
NY, London, BA, HK, Sydney, Tokyo
www.rehab.dote.hu