DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR

ENERGY EFFICIENT
BUILDINGS

Architect
Jiten Prajapati
Mumbai

September 2006
 Contents
ƒ Need for energy efficient buildings ?

ƒ Design guidelines for two commercial

buildings
ƒ Warm and humid climate
ƒ Hot and dry climate
 Need for Energy Efficient Buildings
‰ User behaviour has changed

‰ Commercial buildings are huge consumers of energy

‰Average mall - Rs. 25 lakh/ month
‰Multistoreyed office - Rs. 15 lakh/ month

‰ Large potential for energy conservation

‰ Can lead to a thermally comfortable indoor
environment
‰ Modern science has provided quantitative support
Example - a building without any
chajja’s in Mumbai
• No protection from
rains and sunshine.
• Has to be air-
conditioned and
artificially lit
• Manifold increase in
consumption of
energy
e.g. Similar building
pays Rs. 15 lacs as
energy bill per month
 What do we mean by energy efficient
buildings?
– Buildings that are comfortable for improving the
productivity of occupants.
• Understanding climate
• Incorporation of passive solar techniques
– Consumption of conventional energy is reduced
through appropriate design.
• Understanding thermal performance of building design
• Optimising design and operational parameters of the
building
 Warm and Humid Zone

Multi-storeyed air conditioned

office building
 Energy Conservation
Measures in the Design of
a Commercial Building
for Mumbai

J. Prajapati and J. K. Nayak

Energy Systems Engineering
IIT Bombay, Powai,
Mumbai - 400 076, India
 Type of Building Studied

TERR
• Fully glazed
TERR 7TH FLOOR

6TH FLOOR
TERR
south facade
FC
5TH FLOOR • Air-conditioned
4TH FLOOR GCW
and artificially lit
3RD FLOOR

2ND FLOOR
LEGEND
TERR = TERRACE
• Built-up
FC = FALSE CEILING
1ST FLOOR GCW = GLASS CURTAIN
WALL
Area = 7074
GROUND FLOOR

BASEMENT
GROUND LEVEL
sqm
SECTION • Conditioned
L
STAIRCASE Area = 5400
STORE PANTRY L
LIFT
LOBBY L
STORE sqm
STAIRCASE TOILETS TOILETS GCW

N • Ground + seven
GCW
OFFICE HALL

CABINS
storeyed RCC
CABINS
NOTE:
HATCHED PORTION INDICATES
AIR-CONDITIONED AREA
structure
GCW
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
Analysis of climate
 Performance of Building
800.00
Cooling
700.00
Heating
Energy Demand

600.00
(GJ/month)

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Month
Annual Load = 6384 GJ
Note:
Only cooling load in Mumbai (no heating load)
 Component-wise thermal gains

Surface
100%
Internal
80%
Convective
60%
Percentage

Air exchange

40%

20%

0%

-20%
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

month
Studies to Improve Building
Performance
PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED
Glazing Size
Glazing Type
Orientation (longer axis)
Shading
Colour of External Surfaces
Wall Type
Air Change Rate
Internal Gain
Scheduling of air changes
Setpoint for heating and cooling
Studies to Improve Building
Performance
Effect of Glazing Size

6500

6000
Annu al Load (GJ)

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE GLAZING
SIZE
(restricted
to 1.2m

GLAZING SIZE (% saving)

BASECASE (Full ht. glass) N.A.
(restricted to 1.2m height) 6.5
Studies to Improve Building Performance
Effect of Glazing Type

7000

6500
Annu al Load (GJ)

6000

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE

Double

Double
Single clear

reflective
low-E
clear

Double

coated
GLAZING TYPE (% saving)
BASECASE (single reflective coated) N.A.
Single clear -9.3
Double clear -6.9
Double low-E -0.9
Double reflective coated 2.2
Studies to Improve Building Performance
Effect of Orientation

6500
Annu al Load (GJ)

6000

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE N-S NE-SW E-W

ORIENTATION (longer axis) (% saving)

BASECASE (NW-SE) N.A.
N-S 6
NE-SW 7.7
E-W 2.1
Studies to Improve Building Performance
Effect of Shading

6500

6000
Annu al Load (GJ)

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE 10% 20% 50%

SHADING (% saving)
BASECASE (No shading) N.A.
10% 1.7
20% 3.4
50% 8.5
 Studies to Improve Building Performance
Effect of Colour

7000

6500
Annu al Load (GJ)

6000

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE dark grey

COLOUR OF EXT.SURFACE (% saving)

BASECASE (White) N.A.
dark grey -4
Effect of Wall type
WALL TYPE (% saving)
BASECASE (Concrete block wall) N.A.
6500
ACCB (e.g. Siporex) 2.4
6000
Annu al Load (GJ)

5500

5000

4500

4000
BASECASE ACCB
Studies to Improve Building Performance
Effect of Air changes

7500
Annu al Load (GJ)

7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
BASECASE 0.5 2 4
ACH

AIR CHANGE RATE (% saving)

BASECASE (1.0 ach) N.A.
0.5 1.7
2 -3.5
4 -10.8
Studies to Improve Building Performance

OTHER PARAMETERS (% saving)

INTERNAL GAIN
BASECASE (100%) N.A.
10% 51.6
50% 29.1
No internal gain 57.1

SCHEDULING OF AIR CHANGES 1.4

SETPOINT (% saving)
BASECASE (21 °C - 24 °C) N.A.
( 20 °C - 25 °C) 7.1
Comparison Between Improved
and Basecase Building
7000

6000
Annu al Load (GJ)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
BASECASE IMPROVED

Annual Load % saving

(GJ)
BASECASE 6384 N.A.
IMPROVED 4903 23
 Conclusions – Part 1
• Cooling load predominant in Mumbai
• Internal gains and external surfaces main
contributors to heat gain
• Effect of various parameters studied
• Savings of 23% of annual loads can be achieved by
optimising building design

Acknowledgement:
We are grateful to Solar Energy Centre,
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
for sponsoring the project
 Hot and Dry Zone

Low-rise passive cooled

office building
Passive Downdraft
Evaporative Cooling
(PDEC) System

Inspector General of Police

(I.G.P.) Complex, Gulbarga

Client:
Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation
Architects:
KEMBHAVI ARCHITECTURE FOUNDATION
ƒIdentification of Climatic Zone
ƒAnalysis of Climate

ƒAnalysis of Building Design

ƒIndoor Temperature
ƒCooling Loads

ƒPassive Technique
Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling Tower

ƒImplications of Design
 Climatic Zones of India

• HOT & DRY

• WARM & HUMID
• MODERATE
• COMPOSITE
• COLD & SUNNY
• COLD & CLOUDY Gulbarga
Bio-climatic
Chart
APR
COMFORTMAY
ZONE
MAR

JAN
 Inside Temperature
of a Typical Room
comfort fraction
40.00

38.00

36.00

34.00
temperature deg C

32.00

30.00

28.00

26.00

24.00

22.00

20.00
8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

2.00

4.00

6.00
tim e hrs

toa oC tn oC
tn +2.2 (upper comfort lim) tn -2.2 (lower comfort lim)
tia oC
 Cooling Loads - Typical Room

WALLS
VENTILATION 4%
19%
ROOF
29% WALLS

ROOF

GLAZING

INTERNAL LOADS
GLAZING
14%
INTERNAL LOADS VENTILATION LOADS
34%
Design of PDEC System CROSS BAFFLE WALL
TO DIVERT WIND
INTO TOWER

• Ambient hot-dry air is trapped, INLET OF TOWER

cooled by evaporation of water and
then introduced in the building. WATER SPRINKLER
TO COOL AIR BY
EVAPORATION
• Simple system based on shower
spray system developed by B.
WOOD CHARCOAL LAYER
Givoni TERRACE TO FILTER OUT DUST
AND INSECTS
• Cost = 17.5 lakhs FLOOR

BAFFLE TO DIVERT
• Area cooled = 1100sqm. AIR FLOW TO
DIFFERENT ROOMS
• Estimated Performance in May :
– Outside air temperature = 38
°C FIRST
COOL AIR EXITING
FROM PDEC TOWER
FLOOR
– Temperature of air = 25 °C
(at exit of tower)
• About 4 - 10 air changes per hour
Note: WATER COLLECTED IN
GROUND
DRAIN FOR RE-CIRCULATION
Approximate cost and area FLOOR
Estimated performance of PDEC tower
in various months
40.0 Ambient
PDEC tower
35.0
Temperature (°C)

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month

•PDEC system works very well in the summer months

For example,in May, the temperature of cooled air leaving the
tower is about 25°C while the corresponding ambient
temperature is about 38 °C. Thus, the drop in day-time
temperature is significantly high in May, i.e. about 13 °C.
Implications
of PDEC system
ADVANTAGES
• Low cost single pass system
• Easy to maintain
• Entry of birds and pests
prevented
• Charcoal tray to filter out dust
• Sophisticated water treatment is
not required
• Single tower serving multiple
floors
• Can be used for pre-cooling the
building at night

DISADVANTAGES
• High humidity
• Noise due to spraying of water
 Energy Savings

Estimated Savings
• Approx. Rs. 3.5 lakhs/ annum

Simple Payback Period

• 5 years
 Conclusions – Part 2
Passive solar architecture can be used
effectively in a non-conditioned building
in a hot and dry climate to:
– Provide indoor comfort
– Reduce consumption of energy

Acknowledgements:
Kembhavi Architecture Foundation, Hubli and
Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation,
Bangalore
Thank You